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69-520: Bulgari ( / ˈ b ʊ l ɡ ər i / , Italian: [ˈbulɡari] ; stylized as BVLGARI ) is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1884 and known for its jewellery , watches , fragrances , accessories , and leather goods . Headquartered in Rome , the company was acquired by the French conglomerate LVMH in 2011, thus becoming one of the latter's subsidiaries . The silversmith and founder of

138-426: A degree of stylization is very often found in details, and especially figures or other features at a small scale, such as people or trees etc. in the distant background even of a large work. But this is not stylization intended to be noticed by the viewer, except on close examination. Drawings , modelli , and other sketches not intended as finished works for sale will also very often stylize. "Stylized" may mean

207-470: A keen interest in precious stones and jewels. During the Second World War , most new jewellery was crafted out of gold, as gems were scarce, and designs became more naturalistic. As the 1940s came to a close, Bulgari introduced Serpenti bracelet-watches. In the 1950s, some of Bulgari's best-known clients included Elizabeth Taylor , Anna Magnani , Ingrid Bergman and Gina Lollobrigida as Rome earned

276-531: A leading art historian of 16th-century Italian painting and mentee of Sydney Joseph Freedberg (1914–1997), who invented the term, was criticised by a reviewer of her After Raphael: Painting in Central Italy in the Sixteenth Century for her "fundamental flaw" in continuing to use this and other terms, despite an apologetic "Note on style labels" at the beginning of the book and a promise to keep their use to

345-425: A marked tendency to revive at intervals "classic" styles from the past. In critical analysis of the visual arts, the style of a work of art is typically treated as distinct from its iconography , which covers the subject and the content of the work, though for Jas Elsner this distinction is "not, of course, true in any actual example; but it has proved rhetorically extremely useful". Classical art criticism and

414-502: A minimum. A rare recent attempt to create a theory to explain the process driving changes in artistic style, rather than just theories of how to describe and categorize them, is by the behavioural psychologist Colin Martindale , who has proposed an evolutionary theory based on Darwinian principles. However this cannot be said to have gained much support among art historians. Traditional art history has also placed great emphasis on

483-446: A more specific meaning, referring to visual depictions that use simplified ways of representing objects or scenes that do not attempt a full, precise and accurate representation of their visual appearance ( mimesis or " realistic "), preferring an attractive or expressive overall depiction. More technically, it has been defined as "the decorative generalization of figures and objects by means of various conventional techniques, including

552-568: A partnership with Save the Children , including a co-branded jewellery collection, of which a portion of the proceeds goes to the charity. As of 2018, Bulgari's contribution has totalled $ 80 million. The Bulgari Art Award is an annual art award in partnership with the Art Gallery of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia. Sponsored by Bulgari, the $ 50,000 acquisitive cash award plus $ 30,000 residency in Italy

621-739: A reputation as " Hollywood on the Tiber " with the Cinecittà studios . At the same time, Bulgari went to a new style. The post-war boom saw a return to precious materials, particularly white metals covered in diamonds. In the 1950s, Bulgari launched its first floral brooches—called en tremblant because of their trembling diamond corollas. At the end of the 1950s, Bulgari began to establish its motifs, introducing structured, symmetrical shapes in yellow gold set with brilliant gems—chosen for their colour rather than intrinsic value. Among these multi-hued jewels, cabochon cuts were another innovation. These new pieces were

690-492: A significant departure from classical Parisian design. As one of the pioneers in using vibrant colored gemstones, Bulgari further demonstrated its craftsmanship in the 1960s with intricate designs like the Serpenti collection, where colorful enamel and stones, including rubies and diamonds, were meticulously fitted into the serpent's scales to create a vibrant and detailed finish. After Giorgio's death in 1966, his son Gianni led

759-432: A specially developed algorithm and placed them in similar style categories to human art historians. The analysis involved the sampling of more than 4,000 visual features per work of art. Apps such as Deep Art Effects can turn photos into art-like images claimed to be in the style of painters such as Van Gogh . With the development of sophisticated text-to-image AI art software , using specifiable art styles has become

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828-489: A strategic alliance with LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA , the world's leading luxury group. The agreement was based on a stock transfer of the Bulgari family's shares in Bulgari S.p.A. to LVMH, an all-share deal for €4.3 billion ($ 6.0 billion). Under the deal, the Bulgari family sold their 50.4 per cent controlling stake in exchange for 3 per cent of LVMH , thereby becoming the second-biggest family shareholder behind

897-534: A style, as style only results from choices made by a maker. Whether the artist makes a conscious choice of style, or can identify his own style, hardly matters. Artists in recent developed societies tend to be highly conscious of their own style, arguably over-conscious, whereas for earlier artists stylistic choices were probably "largely unselfconscious". Most stylistic periods are identified and defined later by art historians, but artists may choose to define and name their own style. The names of most older styles are

966-570: A total area of 14,000 square metres (150,000 sq ft), the Manufacture has been given a Gold LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) certification for sustainability in its design. The facility was built over the former home of the first goldsmith in Valenza, Francesco Caramora . The buildings follow the model of a Roman domus , and are built around a central courtyard. In March 2024,

1035-426: A widespread tool in the 2020s. Paolo Bulgari Paolo Bulgari (born 1937) is an Italian businessman and jewellery designer, a grandson of Sotirios Bulgari , the founder of the luxury brand Bulgari . Paolo Bulgari was born in 1937, the second son of Giorgio (Leonidas-Georgios) Voulgaris (1890-1966). His brother Gianni was born in 1935 and Nicola in 1941. In 2013, after allegations of tax evasion,

1104-517: Is a depressing affair indeed". According to James Elkins "In the later 20th century criticisms of style were aimed at further reducing the Hegelian elements of the concept while retaining it in a form that could be more easily controlled". Meyer Schapiro , James Ackerman , Ernst Gombrich and George Kubler ( The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things , 1962) have made notable contributions to

1173-536: Is a dominant factor in their valuation for the art market , above all for works in the Western tradition since the Renaissance. The identification of individual style in works is "essentially assigned to a group of specialists in the field known as connoisseurs ", a group who centre in the art trade and museums, often with tensions between them and the community of academic art historians. The exercise of connoisseurship

1242-416: Is easier to replicate by following a set of rules than style in figurative art such as painting. Terms originated to describe architectural periods were often subsequently applied to other areas of the visual arts, and then more widely still to music, literature and the general culture. In architecture stylistic change often follows, and is made possible by, the discovery of new techniques or materials, from

1311-451: Is handled in the Bulgari atelier in Florence , and twice a year presents its collections at Milan Fashion Week . In 2001, Bulgari formed a joint venture with The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company , a hotel brand owned by Marriott International , to launch Bulgari Hotels & Resorts, a collection of hotels and resort destinations around the world. Their distinctive settings and Italian design by

1380-425: Is it clear that any such idea was articulated in antiquity   ... Pliny was attentive to changes in ways of art-making, but he presented such changes as driven by technology and wealth. Vasari, too, attributes the strangeness and, in his view the deficiencies, of earlier art to lack of technological know-how and cultural sophistication. Giorgio Vasari set out a hugely influential but much-questioned account of

1449-696: Is largely a matter of subjective impressions that are hard to analyse, but also a matter of knowing details of technique and the "hand" of different artists. Giovanni Morelli (1816 – 1891) pioneered the systematic study of the scrutiny of diagnostic minor details that revealed artists' scarcely conscious shorthand and conventions for portraying, for example, ears or hands, in Western old master paintings. His techniques were adopted by Bernard Berenson and others, and have been applied to sculpture and many other types of art, for example by Sir John Beazley to Attic vase painting . Personal techniques can be important in analysing individual style. Though artists' training

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1518-418: Is more often used to mean the overall style and atmosphere of a work, especially complex works such as paintings, that cannot so easily be subject to precise analysis. It is a somewhat outdated term in academic art history, avoided because it is imprecise. When used it is often in the context of imitations of the individual style of an artist, and it is one of the hierarchy of discreet or diplomatic terms used in

1587-562: Is often attributed with the invention of the German word Zeitgeist , but he never actually used the word, although in Lectures on the Philosophy of History , he uses the phrase der Geist seiner Zeit (the spirit of his time), writing that "no man can surpass his own time, for the spirit of his time is also his own spirit." Constructing schemes of the period styles of historic art and architecture

1656-509: Is presented to mid-career Australian artists. The winners include: Stylized Style can be divided into the general style of a period, country or cultural group, group of artists or art movement , and the individual style of the artist within that group style. Divisions within both types of styles are often made, such as between "early", "middle" or "late". In some artists, such as Picasso for example, these divisions may be marked and easy to see; in others, they are more subtle. Style

1725-503: Is responsible for Bulgari's watch production. It was founded in 1980 and is headquartered in Neuchâtel . Bulgari Haute Horlogerie SA employs about 500 people. Fragrances include Goldea , Splendida and Omnia for women, BVLGARI Man , Aqua , the Classics , and Blv Pour Homme for men, as well as BVLGARI Le Gemme and Eau Parfumée . The creation of Bulgari accessories and leather goods

1794-486: Is seen as usually dynamic, in most periods always changing by a gradual process, though the speed of this varies greatly, from the very slow development in style typical of prehistoric art or Ancient Egyptian art to the rapid changes in Modern art styles. Style often develops in a series of jumps, with relatively sudden changes followed by periods of slower development. After dominating academic discussion in art history in

1863-491: Is the father of the current chairman of the company, Paolo Bulgari . In 1905, he unveiled the Via Condotti shop that would become the company's flagship. In its early years, Bulgari was known for silver pieces that borrowed elements from Byzantine and Islamic art , combining them with floral motifs. At the time, Paris was the apex of fashion and creativity, and its trends influenced Sotirio's designs for decades: jewels of

1932-560: The Arnaults in LVMH . The takeover doubled the size of LVMH's watches and jewellery unit, which at the time of the acquisition included Tag Heuer timepieces and De Beers diamond necklaces. The acquisition concluded on 4 October 2011 as Bulgari was delisted from the Borsa Italiana . In 2014, Bulgari celebrated the 130th anniversary of the brand. To mark the occasion, the shop at Via Condotti 10

2001-560: The Guardia di Finanza (tax police), raided the Bulgari office in Rome's Via dei Condotti, as part of a Euro 46 million seizure of assets. In May 2015, Paolo and Nicola Bulgari and 11 others were ordered by an Italian judge to stand trial on charges of tax evasion. Both deny the charges. In May 2015, Forbes estimated the net worth of Paolo Bulgari at US$ 1.3 billion. Bulgari lives in Rome. This business-related Italian biographical article

2070-484: The Milan Stock Exchange for the first time. In 1996, the brand launched its first accessories collection, beginning with silk scarves before developing a range of leather accessories and eyewear . In 1999, the brand launched the B.zero1 ring. The company has seen 150% revenue growth between 1997 and 2003. Bvlgari continues to build up many brands which has made them one of the most profitable luxury brands in

2139-1128: The Venetian island Corfu. The founder of the Bulgari brand was Sotirios Voulgaris ( Σωτήριος Βούλγαρης ), who was born in Paramythia , in March 1857; he originated from the Aromanian village of Kalarrytes , which was the largest center for silversmithing in the Balkans . He was one of eleven children of Georgios Voulgaris (1823–1889) and his Vlachophone Greek mother Eleni Strouggari. In 1881, Sotirios and his family moved to Rome , where in 1884 he opened his second jewellery store on via Sistina 85 (their first shop in Naples closed after burglaries). In 1888, he married Aromanian Eleni Basio, with whom he had six children: Constantine-Georgios (1889–1973), Leonidas-Georgios (1890–1966), Maria-Athena (1891–1976), Sofia (1893–1908), Alexandra (1895–1984) and Spyridon (1897–1932); Leonidas-Georgios

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2208-399: The art trade for the relationship between a work for sale and that of a well-known artist, with "Manner of Rembrandt " suggesting a distanced relationship between the style of the work and Rembrandt's own style. The "Explanation of Cataloguing Practice" of the auctioneers Christie's ' explains that " Manner of   ... " in their auction catalogues means "In our opinion a work executed in

2277-472: The "U" was replaced with the letter "V". Since then, the trademark is stylized BVLGARI in the classical Latin alphabet . The Voulgaris were a silversmithing family from Ottoman Epirus (now Epirus, Greece ). Whether or not they share the same paternal line with the Voulgaris family of Corfu is unclear, but Count Stefanos Voulgaris denied that the two are genealogically related. According to chronicles of

2346-432: The 19th and early 20th centuries, so-called "style art history" has come under increasing attack in recent decades, and many art historians now prefer to avoid stylistic classifications where they can. Any piece of art is in theory capable of being analysed in terms of style; neither periods nor artists can avoid having a style, except by complete incompetence, and conversely natural objects or sights cannot be said to have

2415-807: The Bvlgari jewellery house officialized and announced the creation of the Fondazione Bvlgari, an institution that is an extension of the brand's founding values, particularly its commitment to safeguarding historical heritage. Bulgari's jewellery collections include B.zero1 , Divas' Dream , Serpenti , BVLGARI BVLGARI , Parentesi , and a bridal line. Bulgari's watch collections include Octo , BVLGARI BVLGARI , Diagono and Haute Horlogerie creations for men, and LVCEA , Serpenti , Divas' Dream , BVLGARI BVLGARI , B.zero1 and High Jewellery timepieces for women. It mixes Italian design and Swiss watchmaking. The company's Swiss subsidiary, Bulgari Haute Horlogerie SA,

2484-467: The Gothic rib vault to modern metal and reinforced concrete construction. A major area of debate in both art history and archaeology has been the extent to which stylistic change in other fields like painting or pottery is also a response to new technical possibilities, or has its own impetus to develop (the kunstwollen of Riegl), or changes in response to social and economic factors affecting patronage and

2553-706: The Voulgaris family written in Venetian Corfu, the Voulgaris family of Saint Spyridon of Corfu descended from the royal figures of "barbarian" peoples who settled in Moesia near the Balkan – Haemus mountains, located in Bulgaria ", including Prince Stefan Lazarević and Khan Tervel , "kings of the Triballi , in the 16th century testament of the family, becoming such by taking refugee in

2622-583: The adoption of any style in any context, and in American English is often used for the typographic style of names, as in " AT&T is also stylized as ATT and at&t": this is a specific usage that seems to have escaped dictionaries, although it is a small extension of existing other senses of the word. In a 2012 experiment at Lawrence Technological University in Michigan, a computer analysed approximately 1,000 paintings from 34 well-known artists using

2691-503: The architectural firm Antonio Citterio- Patricia Viel characterise the properties of Bulgari Hotel Group. Although operated by The Ritz-Carlton Company, Bulgari hotels and resorts do not participate in the Marriott Bonvoy loyalty program , meaning guests can neither earn nor redeem points for free bookings. It is currently the only Marriott brand to practice this policy, following the inclusion of The Ritz-Carlton Reserve properties to

2760-590: The art historians who followed Riegl in proposing grand schemes tracing the transmission of elements of styles across great ranges in time and space. This type of art history is also known as formalism , or the study of forms or shapes in art. Semper, Wölfflin, and Frankl, and later Ackerman, had backgrounds in the history of architecture, and like many other terms for period styles, "Romanesque" and "Gothic" were initially coined to describe architectural styles , where major changes between styles can be clearer and more easy to define, not least because style in architecture

2829-512: The artist's style but of a later date". Mannerism , derived from the Italian maniera ("manner") is a specific phase of the general Renaissance style, but "manner" can be used very widely. In archaeology , despite modern techniques like radiocarbon dating , period or cultural style remains a crucial tool in the identification and dating not only of works of art but all classes of archaeological artefact , including purely functional ones (ignoring

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2898-553: The company Sotirios Voulgaris ( Greek : Σωτήριος Βούλγαρης , Italian : Sotirio Bulgari ) began his career as a jewellery vendor at his family's shop in Ottoman Epirus (now in Greece). During the 1880s, the family moved to Rome, where in 1884 Sotirios launched his company. Over the years, Bulgari become an international brand, evolving into a notable player in the luxury market, with an established network of stores worldwide. While

2967-723: The company as co-chief executive with his cousin Marina. Designer and heir to the jewelry legacy, Marina Bulgari, also known as Marina B, passed away on 14 February 2024 in Rome, at the age of 93. During the 1970s, Bulgari stores opened in New York , Geneva , Monte Carlo and Paris . This era marks the beginning of the Group's international expansion, with Gianni as chairman and CEO. A number of new motifs made their debut as well—jewels became recognisable for their angular forms, strong colours, oval elements with cabochons , chains and maxi sautoirs, whilst

3036-478: The conditions of the artist, as current thinking tends to emphasize, using less rigid versions of Marxist art history. Although style was well-established as a central component of art historical analysis, seeing it as the over-riding factor in art history had fallen out of fashion by World War II, as other ways of looking at art were developing, as well as a reaction against the emphasis on style; for Svetlana Alpers , "the normal invocation of style in art history

3105-616: The debate, which has also drawn on wider developments in critical theory . In 2010 Jas Elsner put it more strongly: "For nearly the whole of the 20th century, style art history has been the indisputable king of the discipline, but since the revolutions of the seventies and eighties the king has been dead", though his article explores ways in which "style art history" remains alive, and his comment would hardly be applicable to archaeology. The use of terms such as Counter- Maniera appears to be in decline, as impatience with such "style labels" grows among art historians. In 2000 Marcia B. Hall ,

3174-427: The development of style in Italian painting (mainly) from Giotto to his own Mannerist period. He stressed the development of a Florentine style based on disegno or line-based drawing, rather than Venetian colour. With other Renaissance theorists like Leon Battista Alberti he continued classical debates over the best balance in art between the realistic depiction of nature and idealization of it; this debate

3243-493: The early '20s were characterised by platinum Art Deco settings while those of the '30s featured geometric diamond motifs—sometimes set in combination with coloured gemstones . Convertible jewels were also popular during the time, and one of Bulgari's major pieces was the Trombino , a small trumpet-shaped ring. In 1932 Sotirio died, leaving the business to his two sons, Giorgio (1890–1966) and Costantino (1889–1973), who each had

3312-490: The expansion strategy of the brand, and was the result of a joint venture with Luxury Group, a division of Marriott International . In 2009, Bulgari celebrated its 125th anniversary with a retrospective of the brand's history, held in Rome at Palazzo delle Esposizioni . That same year, the snake—a motif that appeared in Bulgari collections from the 1960s—re-emerged as the emblem of the Serpenti collection. In 2011, Bulgari signed

3381-616: The expression of political and social views by the artist a good deal earlier than is normally detected in the West. Calligraphy, also regarded as a fine art in the Islamic world and East Asia , brings a new area within the ambit of personal style; the ideal of Western calligraphy tends to be to suppress individual style, while graphology , which relies upon it, regards itself as a science. The painter Edward Edwards said in his Anecdotes of Painters (1808): "Mr. Gainsborough 's manner of penciling

3450-465: The family business after selling his one-third stake in the company to his brothers Nicola and Paolo. Bulgari diversified its brand in 1993 with the launch of its first fragrance , Eau Parfumée au The Vert and the founding of Bulgari Parfums in Switzerland to oversee the creation and production of all perfumes. In 1995, Bulgari pushed ahead with an aggressive programme for growth, becoming listed on

3519-407: The idea of personal style is certainly not limited to the Western tradition. In Chinese art it is just as deeply held, but traditionally regarded as a factor in the appreciation of some types of art, above all calligraphy and literati painting , but not others, such as Chinese porcelain; a distinction also often seen in the so-called decorative arts in the West. Chinese painting also allowed for

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3588-425: The individual style, sometimes called the signature style , of an artist: "the notion of personal style—that individuality can be uniquely expressed not only in the way an artist draws, but also in the stylistic quirks of an author's writing (for instance)— is perhaps an axiom of Western notions of identity". The identification of individual styles is especially important in the attribution of works to artists, which

3657-468: The invention of art historians and would not have been understood by the practitioners of those styles. Some originated as terms of derision, including Gothic , Baroque , and Rococo . Cubism on the other hand was a conscious identification made by a few artists; the word itself seems to have originated with critics rather than painters, but was rapidly accepted by the artists. Western art, like that of some other cultures, most notably Chinese art , has

3726-464: The jewelry industry. The year 2000 was the beginning of an increasingly aggressive period of verticalization for Bulgari, with the acquisition of the luxury watchmaking brands Daniel Roth and Gérald Genta , followed by the takeover of the jewellery firm Crova and of other companies that specialised in leather goods and watchmaking. The opening of the first Bulgari Hotel in Milan in 2004 further confirmed

3795-423: The majority of design, production and marketing is overseen and executed by Bulgari, the company does, at times, partner with other entities. For example, Bulgari eyewear is produced through a licensing agreement with Luxottica , and Bulgari formed a joint venture with Marriott International in 2001 to launch its hotel brand, Bulgari Hotels & Resorts, a collection of properties and resort destinations around

3864-712: The predominant use of yellow gold made precious pieces feel all the more wearable, and became known as a Bulgari trademark. In 1977, Bulgari entered the world of horlogerie with the launch of the BVLGARI BVLGARI watch. At the time, Gianni led a complete overhaul of the company, focusing on product design. In the early 1980s, to oversee all production of Bulgari watches, Bulgari Time was founded in Switzerland . In 1984, Paolo and Nicola Bulgari , Giorgio's sons, became chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, while their nephew, Francesco Trapani , became chief executive officer. In 1985, Gianni resigned as CEO and in 1987, he left

3933-1032: The program in April 2022. Bulgari has about 300 stores. The largest is the 10-storey Bulgari Ginza Tower in Tokyo , 940 square metres (10,100 sq ft) of retail floor space, including a restaurant and lounge bar. North American Bulgari boutiques (41 in the US) and distributors are found in Bal Harbour , Beverly Hills , Cabo San Lucas , Chicago , Costa Mesa , Honolulu , Houston , King of Prussia , Las Vegas (4 stores), Los Angeles , New York , Mexico City , Montreal , Orlando , Palm Beach , San Antonio , San Francisco , San Jose , San Juan , The Mall at Short Hills , Scottsdale , Toronto , Vail and Washington D.C. South American Bulgari distributors are found in Bogotá, Lima, Margarita Island, Quito and São Paulo. In 2009, Bulgari began

4002-562: The question of whether purely functional artefacts exist). The identification of individual styles of artists or artisans has also been proposed in some cases even for remote periods such as the Ice Age art of the European Upper Paleolithic . As in art history, formal analysis of the morphology (shape) of individual artefacts is the starting point. This is used to construct typologies for different types of artefacts, and by

4071-483: The relatively few medieval writings on aesthetics did not greatly develop a concept of style in art, or analysis of it, and though Renaissance and Baroque writers on art are greatly concerned with what we would call style, they did not develop a coherent theory of it, at least outside architecture: Artistic styles shift with cultural conditions; a self-evident truth to any modern art historian, but an extraordinary idea in this period [Early Renaissance and earlier]. Nor

4140-493: The simplification of line, form, and relationships of space and color", and observed that "[s]tylized art reduces visual perception to constructs of pattern in line, surface elaboration and flattened space". Ancient, traditional, and modern art , as well as popular forms such as cartoons or animation very often use stylized representations, so for example The Simpsons use highly stylized depictions, as does traditional African art . The two Picasso paintings illustrated at

4209-477: The succession of schools of archaeological theory in the last century, from culture-historical archaeology to processual archaeology and finally the rise of post-processual archaeology in recent decades has not significantly reduced the importance of the study of style in archaeology, as a basis for classifying objects before further interpretation. Stylization and stylized (or stylisation and stylised in (non-Oxford) British English , respectively) have

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4278-482: The technique of seriation a relative dating based on style for a site or group of sites is achieved where scientific absolute dating techniques cannot be used, in particular where only stone, ceramic or metal artefacts or remains are available, which is often the case. Sherds of pottery are often very numerous in sites from many cultures and periods, and even small pieces may be confidently dated by their style. In contrast to recent trends in academic art history,

4347-479: The top of this page show a movement to a more stylized representation of the human figure within the painter's style, and the Uffington White Horse is an example of a highly stylized prehistoric depiction of a horse. Motifs in the decorative arts such as the palmette or arabesque are often highly stylized versions of the parts of plants. Even in art that is in general attempting mimesis or "realism",

4416-458: The world. The trademark of the company, usually written BVLGARI in the classical Latin alphabet , is derived from the surname of the company's founder, Sotirios Voulgaris ( Greek : Σωτήριος Βούλγαρης , pronounced [soˈtiri.os ˈvulɣaris] ; 1857–1932). The BVLGARI logo was used for the first time in 1934, when its gilded brass letters graced the central doorway of the Via Condotti flagship store. In reference to ancient Rome ,

4485-714: Was "reimagined" by the architect Peter Marino , and reopened. On the same day, the brand donated €1.5 million to the city of Rome for the restoration of the Spanish Steps . A few months after the Grand Opening, the DOMVS was inaugurated in the redesigned Bulgari boutique, creating a gallery space to house of Bulgari's Heritage Collection. In 2017, Bulgari opened a new jewellery manufacturing headquarters in Valenza . The largest in Europe, with

4554-415: Was a major concern of 19th century scholars in the new and initially mostly German-speaking field of art history , with important writers on the broad theory of style including Carl Friedrich von Rumohr , Gottfried Semper , and Alois Riegl in his Stilfragen of 1893, with Heinrich Wölfflin and Paul Frankl continuing the debate in the 20th century. Paul Jacobsthal and Josef Strzygowski are among

4623-453: Was before Modernism essentially imitative, relying on taught technical methods, whether learnt as an apprentice in a workshop or later as a student in an academy, there was always room for personal variation. The idea of technical "secrets" closely guarded by the master who developed them, is a long-standing topos in art history from Vasari's probably mythical account of Jan van Eyck to the secretive habits of Georges Seurat . However

4692-680: Was so peculiar to himself, that his work needed no signature". Examples of strongly individual styles include: the Cubist art of Pablo Picasso , the Pop Art style of Andy Warhol , Impressionist style of Vincent Van Gogh , Drip Painting by Jackson Pollock "Manner" is a related term, often used for what is in effect a sub-division of a style, perhaps focused on particular points of style or technique. While many elements of period style can be reduced to characteristic forms or shapes, that can adequately be represented in simple line-drawn diagrams, "manner"

4761-514: Was to continue until the 19th century and the advent of Modernism . The theorist of Neoclassicism , Johann Joachim Winckelmann , analysed the stylistic changes in Greek classical art in 1764, comparing them closely to the changes in Renaissance art , and " Georg Hegel codified the notion that each historical period will have a typical style", casting a very long shadow over the study of style. Hegel

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