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62-568: Caffè Greco (or Antico Caffè Greco ), perhaps the most famous café in Rome was established at Via dei Condotti 86 in 1760, and attracted figures such as Stendhal , Goethe , Byron , Liszt and Keats to have coffee there. Guglielmo Marconi , inventor of radio, lived at Via dei Condotti 11, until his death in 1937. Being near the Spanish steps, the street is visited by large numbers of tourists. In May 1986, fashion designer Valentino filed suit to close

124-810: A McDonald's shortly after it opened near the Spanish steps, complaining of "noise and disgusting odours" below his six-story palazzo in the vicinity of Via Condotti. But to the dismay of some Romans, McDonald's overcame the obstacles and is successful. Via Condotti is a center of fashion shopping in Rome. Dior , Gucci , Valentino , Hermès , Armani , Jimmy Choo , Rolex , Tudor , Patek Philippe , Prada , Salvatore Ferragamo , Céline , Van Cleef & Arpels , Dolce & Gabbana , Max Mara , Alberta Ferretti , Trussardi , Buccellati , Bulgari , Damiani , Tod's , Zegna , Cartier , Montblanc , Tiffany & Co. , Louis Vuitton have stores on Via Condotti. Others, such as Laura Biagiotti , have their offices there. Lining

186-616: A commercial production of the work. In a last-minute move, Welles announced to waiting ticket-holders that the show was being transferred to the Venice , 20 blocks away. Some cast, and some crew and audience, walked the distance on foot. The union musicians refused to perform in a commercial theater for lower non-union government wages. The actors' union stated that the production belonged to the Federal Theatre Project and could not be performed outside that context without permission. Lacking

248-513: A hotel in Chicago. Shortly before this, Welles had told his father that he refused to see him until he stopped drinking. Welles suffered lifelong guilt and despair that he was unable to express. "That was the last I ever saw of him," Welles told biographer Barbara Leaming 53 years later. "I've never, never ... I don't want to forgive myself." His father's will left it to Welles to name his guardian. When Roger Hill declined, he chose Dr. Maurice Bernstein,

310-567: A physician and friend of the family. Following graduation from Todd in May 1931, Welles was awarded a scholarship to Harvard College , while his mentor Roger Hill advocated he attend Cornell College in Iowa. Instead, Welles chose travel. He studied for a few weeks at the Art Institute of Chicago with Boris Anisfeld , who encouraged him to pursue painting. Welles occasionally returned to Woodstock,

372-630: A predecessor to the Berkshire String Quartet , which had made its first appearance at her home in 1921, played at Beatrice's funeral. After his mother's death, Welles ceased pursuing a musical career. It was decided that he would spend the summer with the Watson family at a private art colony established by Lydia Avery Coonley Ward in the village of Wyoming in the Finger Lakes Region of New York. There, he played and became friends with

434-596: A prime unifying scenic element in a nearly black stage, presented January 8 – May 9, 1937, at Maxine Elliott's Theatre. Outside the scope of the Federal Theatre Project, American composer Aaron Copland chose Welles to direct The Second Hurricane (1937), an operetta with a libretto by Edwin Denby. Presented at the Henry Street Settlement Music School in New York for the benefit of high school students,

496-490: A seven-week series to adapt Les Misérables . It was his first job as a writer-director for radio, the debut of the Mercury Theatre , and one of Welles's earliest and finest achievements. He invented the use of narration in radio. "By making himself the center of the storytelling process, Welles fostered the impression of self-adulation that was to haunt his career to his dying day", wrote critic Andrew Sarris . "For

558-473: A summer show for 13 weeks. The series began July 11, 1938 with the formula that Welles would play the lead in each show. . The weekly hour-long show presented radio plays based on classic literary works, with original music composed and conducted by Bernard Herrmann . The Mercury Theatre's radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells October 30, 1938, brought Welles instant fame. The combination of

620-600: A year of his debut Welles could claim membership in that elite band of radio actors who commanded salaries second only to the highest paid movie stars," wrote critic Richard France . Part of the Works Progress Administration , the Federal Theatre Project (1935–1939) was a New Deal program to fund theatre and other live artistic performances and entertainment programs in the United States during

682-1250: Is a historic landmark café which opened in 1760 on Via dei Condotti no.86 in Rome , Italy. It is the oldest bar in Rome and second oldest in Italy, after Caffè Florian in Venice . It was opened in 1760 by Nicola di Madalena or Della Maddalena, an Italo-Levantine (member of the Italian community in Anatolia , today Turkey ). Historic figures including Stendhal , Goethe , Arthur Schopenhauer , Bertel Thorvaldsen , Mariano Fortuny , Byron , Georges Bizet , Hector Berlioz , Johannes Brahms , Franz Liszt , Keats , Henrik Ibsen , Hans Christian Andersen , Felix Mendelssohn , James Joyce , Gabriele D'Annunzio , François-René de Chateaubriand , Orson Welles , Mark Twain , Friedrich Nietzsche , Thomas Mann , Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres , Nikolaj Vasil'evič Gogol' , Edvard Grieg , Antonio Canova , Harriet Hosmer , Giorgio De Chirico , Guillaume Apollinaire , Charles Baudelaire , Wagner , Levi , María Zambrano , Lawrence Ferlinghetti , and even Casanova have had coffee there. Cyprian Norwid

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744-520: The CBS Radio series The March of Time , performing a scene from Panic for a news report on the stage production. By 1935, Welles was supplementing his earnings in the theatre as a radio actor in Manhattan , working with many actors who later formed the core of his Mercury Theatre on programs including America's Hour , Cavalcade of America , Columbia Workshop and The March of Time . "Within

806-920: The Gate Theatre in Dublin and claimed he was a Broadway star. The manager of the Gate, Hilton Edwards , later said he had not believed him but was impressed by his brashness and an impassioned audition he gave. Welles made his stage debut at the Gate Theatre on October 13, 1931, appearing in Ashley Dukes 's adaptation of Jud Süß as Duke Karl Alexander of Württemberg. He performed small supporting roles in subsequent Gate productions, and he produced and designed productions of his own in Dublin. In March 1932, Welles performed in W. Somerset Maugham 's The Circle at Dublin's Abbey Theatre and traveled to London to find additional work in

868-776: The Golden Lion in 1947, the Palme D'Or in 1952, the Academy Honorary Award in 1970, the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1975, and the British Film Institute Fellowship in 1983. In 2002, he was voted the greatest film director of all time in two British Film Institute polls among directors and critics. In 2018, he was included in the list of the 50 greatest Hollywood actors of all time by The Daily Telegraph . Micheál Mac Liammóir , who worked with

930-573: The Great Depression . It was created as a relief measure to employ artists, writers, directors and theatre workers. Under national director Hallie Flanagan it was shaped into a truly national theatre that created relevant art, encouraged experimentation and innovation, and made it possible for millions of Americans to see live theatre for the first time. John Houseman , director of the Negro Theatre Unit in New York, invited Welles to join

992-869: The greatest films ever made . He directed twelve other features, the most acclaimed of which include The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), The Stranger (1946), The Lady from Shanghai (1947), Touch of Evil (1958), The Trial (1962), Chimes at Midnight (1966), and F for Fake (1973). Welles also had roles in other directors' films, notably Rochester in Jane Eyre (1943), Harry Lime in The Third Man (1949), and Cardinal Wolsey in A Man for All Seasons (1966). His distinctive directorial style featured layered and nonlinear narrative forms, dramatic lighting, unusual camera angles, sound techniques borrowed from radio, deep focus shots and long takes . He has been praised as "the ultimate auteur " . Welles

1054-514: The 16-year-old Welles on the stage in Dublin and later played Iago in his film Othello , wrote that "Orson's courage, like everything else about him, imagination, egotism, generosity, ruthlessness, forbearance, impatience, sensitivity, grossness and vision is magnificently out of proportion." George Orson Welles was born May 6, 1915, in Kenosha, Wisconsin , a son of Richard Head Welles and Beatrice Ives Welles ( née Beatrice Lucy Ives). He

1116-670: The Air made its last broadcast on December 4, 1938, and The Campbell Playhouse began five days later. Welles began commuting from California to New York for the two Sunday broadcasts of The Campbell Playhouse after signing a film contract with RKO Pictures in August 1939. In November 1939, production of the show moved from New York to Los Angeles. After 20 shows, Campbell began to exercise more creative control and had complete control over story selection. As his contract with Campbell came to an end, Welles chose not to sign on for another season. After

1178-580: The Air —through actor-director Paul Stewart , who introduced him to director Knowles Entrikin. That summer, Welles staged a drama festival with the Todd School at the Opera House in Woodstock, Illinois, inviting Micheál Mac Liammóir and Hilton Edwards from Dublin's Gate Theatre to appear along with New York stage luminaries in productions including Trilby , Hamlet , The Drunkard and Tsar Paul . At

1240-692: The Far East. When they returned, they settled in a hotel in Grand Detour, Illinois , that was owned by his father. When the hotel burned down, Welles and his father took to the road again. "During the three years that Orson lived with his father, some observers wondered who took care of whom," wrote biographer Frank Brady. "In some ways, he was never really a young boy, you know," said Roger Hill, who became Welles's teacher and lifelong friend. Welles briefly attended public school in Madison, Wisconsin, enrolled in

1302-452: The Federal Theatre Project in 1935. Far from unemployed—"I was so employed I forgot how to sleep"—Welles put a large share of his $ 1,500-a-week radio earnings into his stage productions, bypassing administrative red tape and mounting the projects more quickly and professionally. " Roosevelt once said that I was the only operator in history who ever illegally siphoned money into a Washington project," Welles said. The Federal Theatre Project

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1364-609: The Lithuanian-born pianist-composer Leopold Godowsky . She played during lectures by Dudley Crafts Watson at the Art Institute of Chicago to support her son and herself. As a boy, Welles received piano and violin lessons arranged by his mother. The older Welles boy, "Dickie", was institutionalized at an early age because he had learning difficulties. Beatrice died of hepatitis in a Chicago hospital on May 10, 1924, just after Welles's ninth birthday. The Gordon String Quartet,

1426-627: The [American] theater", Lloyd said of Welles in a 2014 interview. "When you saw a Welles production, you saw the text had been affected, the staging was remarkable, the sets were unusual, music, sound, lighting, a totality of everything. We had not had such a man in our theater. He was the first and remains the greatest." The Mercury Theatre opened November 11, 1937, with Caesar , Welles's modern-dress adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy Julius Caesar —streamlined into an anti-fascist tour de force that Joseph Cotten later described as "so vigorous, so contemporary that it set Broadway on its ear." The set

1488-688: The books, while onboard ship. After landing at Morocco, he stayed as the guest of Thami El Glaoui , in the Atlas mountains surrounding Tangier , while working on thousands of illustrations for the Everybody's Shakespeare series of educational books, a series that remained in print for decades. In 1933, Hortense and Roger Hill invited Welles to a party in Chicago , where Welles met Thornton Wilder . Wilder arranged for Welles to meet Alexander Woollcott in New York in order that he be introduced to Katharine Cornell , who

1550-559: The bride's godmother. Welles wore a cutaway borrowed from his friend George Macready . A revised production of Katharine Cornell's Romeo and Juliet opened December 20, 1934, at the Martin Beck Theatre in New York. The Broadway production brought the 19-year-old Welles to the notice of John Houseman , a theatrical producer who was casting the lead role in the debut production of one of Archibald MacLeish 's verse plays, Panic . On March 22, 1935, Welles made his debut on

1612-464: The broadcast of March 31, 1940, Welles and Campbell parted amicably. RKO Radio Pictures president George Schaefer eventually offered Welles what generally is considered the greatest contract offered to a filmmaker, much less to one who was untried. Engaging him to write, produce, direct and perform in two motion pictures, the contract subordinated the studio's financial interests to Welles's creative control, and broke all precedent by granting Welles

1674-407: The café is under the risk of closing due to the expiration of its rental contract. 41°54′20″N 12°28′53″E  /  41.905558°N 12.481436°E  / 41.905558; 12.481436 This Italy-based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Orson Welles George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985)

1736-453: The cast, Welles primarily used actors from his Mercury Theatre. Filming Citizen Kane took ten weeks. Welles called Toland "the greatest gift any director—young or old—could ever, ever have. And he never tried to impress on us that he was performing miracles. He just went ahead and performed them. I was calling on him to do things only a beginner could be ignorant enough to think anybody could ever do, and there he was, doing them." The film

1798-485: The children of the Aga Khan , including the 12-year-old Prince Aly Khan . Then, in what Welles later described as "a hectic period" in his life, he lived in a Chicago apartment with both his father and Maurice Bernstein, a Chicago physician who had been a close friend of both his parents. Welles briefly attended public school before his alcoholic father left business altogether and took him along on his travels to Jamaica and

1860-417: The combination was reported as fact around the world and disparagingly mentioned by Adolf Hitler in a public speech. Welles's growing fame drew Hollywood offers, lures that the independent-minded Welles resisted at first. The Mercury Theatre on the Air , which had been a sustaining show (without sponsorship), was picked up by Campbell Soup and renamed The Campbell Playhouse . The Mercury Theatre on

1922-415: The controversial labor opera The Cradle Will Rock in 1937. He and John Houseman then founded the Mercury Theatre , an independent repertory theatre company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941, including a modern, politically charged Caesar (1937). In 1938, his radio anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air gave Welles the platform to find international fame as

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1984-431: The director and narrator of a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells 's novel The War of the Worlds , which caused some listeners to believe that a Martian invasion was in fact occurring. The event rocketed 23-year-old Welles to notoriety. His first film was Citizen Kane (1941), which he co-wrote , produced, directed, and starred in as the title character, Charles Foster Kane . It has been consistently ranked as one of

2046-516: The fall of 1936 Welles adapted and performed Hamlet in an early two-part episode of CBS Radio 's Columbia Workshop . His performance as the announcer in the series' April 1937 presentation of Archibald MacLeish 's verse drama The Fall of the City was an important development in his radio career and made the 21-year-old Welles an overnight star. In July 1937, the Mutual Network gave Welles

2108-613: The first-draft screenplay under the supervision of John Houseman . Welles wrote his own draft, then drastically condensed and rearranged both versions and added scenes of his own. The industry accused Welles of underplaying Mankiewicz's contribution to the script, but Welles countered the attacks by saying, "At the end, naturally, I was the one making the picture, after all—who had to make the decisions. I used what I wanted of Mank's and, rightly or wrongly, kept what I liked of my own." Welles's project attracted some of Hollywood's best technicians, including cinematographer Gregg Toland . For

2170-813: The fourth grade. On September 15, 1926, he entered the Todd Seminary for Boys , an expensive independent school in Woodstock, Illinois , that his older brother, Richard Ives Welles, had attended ten years before until he was expelled for misbehavior. At Todd School, Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, a teacher who was later Todd's headmaster. Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged theatrical experiments and productions there. "Todd provided Welles with many valuable experiences," wrote critic Richard France. "He

2232-456: The lead role. Welles conceived the project with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz , who was writing radio plays for The Campbell Playhouse . Mankiewicz based the original outline of the film script on the life of William Randolph Hearst , whom he knew and came to hate after being exiled from Hearst's circle. After agreeing on the storyline and character, Welles supplied Mankiewicz with 300 pages of notes and put him under contract to write

2294-413: The most part, however, Welles was singularly generous to the other members of his cast and inspired loyalty from them above and beyond the call of professionalism." That September, Mutual chose Welles to play Lamont Cranston, also known as The Shadow . He performed the role through mid-September 1938. After the theatrical successes of the Mercury Theatre , CBS Radio invited Orson Welles to create

2356-489: The negative and existing prints of the film. While waiting for Citizen Kane to be released, Welles produced and directed the original Broadway production of Native Son , a drama written by Paul Green and Richard Wright based on Wright's novel . Starring Canada Lee , the show ran March 24 – June 28, 1941, at the St. James Theatre . The Mercury Production was the last time Welles and Houseman worked together. Citizen Kane

2418-416: The news bulletin form of the performance with the between-breaks dial-spinning habits of listeners was later reported to have created widespread confusion among listeners who failed to hear the introduction, although the extent of this confusion has come into question. Panic was reportedly spread among listeners who believed the fictional news reports of a Martian invasion. The myth of the result created by

2480-541: The night before," said Lloyd. Beginning January 1, 1938, Caesar was performed in repertory with The Shoemaker's Holiday ; both productions moved to the larger National Theatre . They were followed by Heartbreak House (April 29, 1938) and Danton's Death (November 5, 1938). As well as being presented in a pared-down oratorio version at the Mercury Theatre on Sunday nights in December 1937, The Cradle Will Rock

2542-520: The old firehouse in Woodstock, he also shot his first film, an eight-minute short titled The Hearts of Age . On November 14, 1934, Welles married Chicago socialite and actress Virginia Nicolson (often misspelled "Nicholson") in a civil ceremony in New York. To appease the Nicolsons, who were furious at the couple's elopement, a formal ceremony took place December 23, 1934, at the New Jersey mansion of

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2604-425: The participation of the union members, The Cradle Will Rock began with Blitzstein introducing the show and playing the piano accompaniment on stage with some cast members performing from the audience. This impromptu performance was well received by its audience. Breaking with the Federal Theatre Project in 1937, Welles and Houseman founded their own repertory company, which they called the Mercury Theatre. The name

2666-419: The place he eventually named when he was asked in a 1960 interview, "Where is home?" Welles replied, "I suppose it's Woodstock, Illinois, if it's anywhere. I went to school there for four years. If I try to think of a home, it's that." After his father's death, Welles traveled to Europe using a small portion of his inheritance. Welles said that while on a walking and painting trip through Ireland, he strode into

2728-571: The production opened April 21, 1937, and ran its scheduled three performances. In 1937, Welles rehearsed Marc Blitzstein 's political opera, The Cradle Will Rock . It was originally scheduled to open June 16, 1937, in its first public preview. Because of cutbacks in the WPA projects, the show's premiere at the Maxine Elliott Theatre was canceled. The theater was locked and guarded to prevent any government-purchased materials from being used for

2790-470: The right of final cut. After signing a summary agreement with RKO on July 22, Welles signed a full-length 63-page contract August 21, 1939. The agreement was bitterly resented by the Hollywood studios and persistently mocked in the trade press. RKO rejected Welles's first two movie proposals, but agreed on the third offer— Citizen Kane . Welles co-wrote, produced and directed the film, and he performed

2852-720: The setting to a mythical island suggesting the Haitian court of King Henri Christophe , with Haitian vodou fulfilling the role of Scottish witchcraft . The play opened April 14, 1936, at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem and was received rapturously. At 20, Welles was hailed as a prodigy. The production then made a 4,000-mile national tour that included two weeks at the Texas Centennial Exposition in Dallas. Next mounted

2914-674: The stylish street and near the Piazza di Spagna and Largo Goldoni are several structures of touristic, historical or monumental interest. Via dei Condotti is a pedestrian thoroughfare. Spagna station of the Rome Metro is nearby; the station opened in 1980. 41°54′18″N 12°28′50″E  /  41.9051°N 12.4805°E  / 41.9051; 12.4805 Caff%C3%A8 Greco The Antico Caffè Greco ( pronounced [anˈtiːko kafˌfɛ ɡˈɡrɛːko] ; transl.  "Old Greek Café" ), sometimes simply referred to as Caffè Greco ,

2976-459: The theatre. Unable to obtain a work permit, he returned to the U.S. Welles found his fame ephemeral and turned to a writing project at Todd School that became immensely successful, first entitled Everybody's Shakespeare , for the first three volumes, and subsequently, The Mercury Shakespeare . In Spring 1933, Welles traveled via the SS Exermont , a tramp steamer, writing the introduction for

3038-465: Was able to explore and experiment in an atmosphere of acceptance and encouragement. In addition to a theatre, the school's own radio station was at his disposal." Welles's first radio experience was on the Todd station, where he performed an adaptation of Sherlock Holmes that was written by him. On December 28, 1930, when Welles was 15, his father died of heart and kidney failure at the age of 58, alone in

3100-500: Was an American director, actor, writer, and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. At age 21, Welles was directing high-profile stage productions for the Federal Theatre Project in New York City—starting with a celebrated 1936 adaptation of Macbeth with an African-American cast, and ending with

3162-473: Was an outsider to the studio system and struggled for creative control on his projects early on with the major film studios in Hollywood and later in life with a variety of independent financiers across Europe, where he spent most of his career. Many of his films were either heavily edited or remained unreleased. Welles received an Academy Award and three Grammy Awards among other numerous honors such as

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3224-581: Was assembling a theatre company for a seven-month transcontinental repertory tour . Cornell's husband, director Guthrie McClintic , immediately put Welles under contract and cast him in three plays. Romeo and Juliet , The Barretts of Wimpole Street and Candida began touring in repertory in November 1933, with the first of more than 200 performances taking place in Buffalo, New York. In 1934, Welles got his first job on radio—with The American School of

3286-639: Was at the Windsor Theatre for 13 weeks (January 4 – April 2, 1938). Such was the success of the Mercury Theatre that Welles appeared on the cover of Time magazine, in full makeup as Captain Shotover in Heartbreak House , in the issue dated May 9, 1938—three days after his 23rd birthday. Simultaneously with his work in the theatre, Welles worked extensively in radio as an actor, writer, director and producer, often without credit. Between 1935 and 1937 he

3348-471: Was completely open with no curtain, and the brick stage wall was painted dark red. Scene changes were achieved by lighting alone. On the stage was a series of risers; squares were cut into one at intervals and lights, designed by Jean Rosenthal , were set beneath it, pointing straight up to evoke the " cathedral of light " at the Nuremberg Rallies . "He staged it like a political melodrama that happened

3410-530: Was described as one of the cafe's regulars. For more than two centuries and a half, the Caffè Greco has remained a haven for writers, politicians, artists and notable people as Georgios Paganelis in Rome . However, in 2017, the owner of the building asked for a raise of its monthly rent from the current 18.000 to 120.000 Euros. As of 23 October 2019, despite being protected by the Department of Beni Culturali ,

3472-469: Was earning as much as $ 2,000 a week, shuttling between radio studios at such a pace that he would arrive barely in time for a quick scan of his lines before he was on the air. While he was directing the Voodoo Macbeth Welles was dashing between Harlem and midtown Manhattan three times a day to meet his radio commitments. In addition to continuing as a repertory player on The March of Time , in

3534-640: Was given a limited release and the film received overwhelming critical praise. It was voted the best picture of 1941 by the National Board of Review and the New York Film Critics Circle . The film garnered nine Academy Award nominations but won only for Best Original Screenplay , shared by Mankiewicz and Welles. Variety reported that block voting by screen extras deprived Citizen Kane of Oscars for Best Picture and Best Actor (Welles), and similar prejudices were likely to have been responsible for

3596-458: Was inspired by the title of the iconoclastic magazine The American Mercury . Welles was executive producer, and the original company included such actors as Joseph Cotten , George Coulouris , Geraldine Fitzgerald , Arlene Francis , Martin Gabel , John Hoyt , Norman Lloyd , Vincent Price , Stefan Schnabel and Hiram Sherman . "I think he was the greatest directorial talent we've ever had in

3658-433: Was named after one of his great-grandfathers, influential Kenosha attorney Orson S. Head , and his brother George Head. Despite his family's affluence, Welles encountered hardship in childhood when his parents separated and moved to Chicago in 1919. His father, who made a fortune as the inventor of a popular bicycle lamp, became an alcoholic and stopped working. Welles's mother was a concert pianist who had studied with

3720-430: Was scored by Bernard Herrmann , who had worked with Welles in radio. Welles said he worked with Hermann on the score "very intimately." Hearst's newspapers barred all reference to Citizen Kane and exerted enormous pressure on the Hollywood film community to force RKO to shelve the film. RKO chief George Schaefer received a cash offer from MGM 's Louis B. Mayer and other major studio executives if he would destroy

3782-456: Was the farce Horse Eats Hat , an adaptation by Welles and Edwin Denby of The Italian Straw Hat , an 1851 five-act farce by Eugène Marin Labiche and Marc-Michel . The play was presented September 26 – December 5, 1936, at Maxine Elliott's Theatre , New York, and featured Joseph Cotten in his first starring role. It was followed by an adaptation of Dr. Faustus that used light as

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3844-482: Was the ideal environment in which Welles could develop his art. Its purpose was employment, so he was able to hire any number of artists, craftsmen and technicians, and he filled the stage with performers. The company for the first production, an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Macbeth with an entirely African-American cast, numbered 150. The production became known as the Voodoo Macbeth because Welles changed

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