145-488: Bury Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Bury, Greater Manchester, England between 1903 and 1949. Services started on 3 June 1903, on the first line to Fairfield. The tram depot site was located between George Street and Foundry Street. The power station operated by Bury Corporation Electricity Department, was on the opposite side of Rochdale Road, near to Derby Street. Routes were opened as follows: By this time
290-475: A campaign paid for out of a parliamentary grant, and hence out of public funds. Any military prowess was therefore not to be revealed further until the last years of Edward's reign. Richard was the dominant magnate in the north of England until Edward IV's death. There, and especially in the city of York , he was highly regarded; although it has been questioned whether this view was reciprocated by Richard. Edward IV delegated significant authority to Richard in
435-624: A collection of vintage vehicles and interactive displays. It is housed in the restored and Grade II-listed 1848 Castlecroft Goods Shed. The 2008 Mercury Music Prize -winning group Elbow , fronted by Guy Garvey , hails from Bury. In 2009, the group was awarded the Freedom of the Borough after their 2008 album The Seldom Seen Kid won several accolades including a Brit Award and the Mercury Prize. Bury hosts several music festivals yearly, including
580-459: A corrupted version was published by Buck's great-nephew in 1646. Buck attacked the "improbable imputations and strange and spiteful scandals" related by Tudor writers, including Richard's alleged deformities and murders. He located lost archival material, including the Titulus Regius , but also claimed to have seen a letter written by Elizabeth of York, according to which Elizabeth sought to marry
725-404: A demoralising effect on the king and his men. Either way, Richard led a cavalry charge deep into the enemy ranks in an attempt to end the battle quickly by striking at Henry Tudor. All accounts note that King Richard fought bravely and ably during this manoeuvre, unhorsing Sir John Cheyne , a well-known jousting champion, killing Henry's standard bearer Sir William Brandon and coming within
870-505: A difficulty of communications, probably physically hampered any attempt he made to join the fray. Despite appearing "a pillar of the Ricardian regime" and his previous loyalty to Edward IV, Baron Stanley was the stepfather of Henry Tudor and Stanley's inaction combined with his brother's entering the battle on Tudor's behalf was fundamental to Richard's defeat. The death of Richard's close companion John Howard, Duke of Norfolk , may have had
1015-584: A directly elected mayor. The proposal was rejected by the voters. Bury is located on the edge of the western Pennines in North West England , in the northern part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area . Its position on the River Irwell has proved important in its history and development. Flowing from north to south, the river divides the town into two parts on the east and west sides of
1160-532: A fine collection of Victorian and 20th-century art, including works by Turner , Constable and Landseer . The Fusilier Museum , home to the collection of the Lancashire Fusiliers , commemorates over three hundred years of the regiment's history. The museum occupies the former School of Arts and Crafts on Broad Street. The Bury Transport Museum , part of the East Lancashire Railway , holds
1305-502: A good reputation and that both "his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers". His bond to the City of York, in particular, was such that on hearing of Richard's demise at the battle of Bosworth the City Council officially deplored the king's death, at the risk of facing the victor's wrath. During his lifetime he was the subject of some attacks. Even in
1450-434: A great heart." Six years after Richard's death, in 1491, a schoolmaster named William Burton, on hearing a defence of Richard, launched into a diatribe, accusing the dead king of being "a hypocrite and a crookback...who was deservedly buried in a ditch like a dog." Richard's death encouraged the furtherance of this later negative image by his Tudor successors due to the fact that it helped to legitimise Henry VII's seizure of
1595-509: A hunch, a limp and a withered arm. With regard to the "hunch", the second quarto edition of Richard III (1598) used the term "hunched-backed" but in the First Folio edition (1623) it became "bunch-backed". Richard's reputation as a promoter of legal fairness persisted, however. William Camden in his Remains Concerning Britain (1605) states that Richard, "albeit he lived wickedly, yet made good laws". Francis Bacon also states that he
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#17328510245571740-476: A leading role), he acted as Edward's witness when the king instructed his delegates to the French court, and received 'some very fine presents' from Louis on a visit to the French king at Amiens . In refusing other gifts, which included 'pensions' in the guise of 'tribute', he was joined only by Cardinal Bourchier . He supposedly disapproved of Edward's policy of personally benefiting—politically and financially—from
1885-402: A major decline in the cotton industry and, as with many neighbouring towns, Bury's skyline was soon very different, with countless factory chimneys being pulled down and the associated mills closing their doors permanently. The old shopping area around Princess Street and Union Square was demolished in the late 1960s, and a concrete precinct was built to replace it. This development was replaced by
2030-588: A marble and alabaster monument. According to a discredited tradition, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries , his body was thrown into the River Soar , although other evidence suggests that a memorial stone was visible in 1612, in a garden built on the site of Greyfriars. The exact location was then lost, owing to more than 400 years of subsequent development, until archaeological investigations in 2012 revealed
2175-618: A military alliance with Scotland (in the tradition of the " Auld Alliance "), with the aim of attacking England, according to a contemporary French chronicler. Richard had the authority to summon the Border Levies and issue Commissions of Array to repel the Border raids. Together with the Earl of Northumberland, he launched counter-raids, and when the king and council formally declared war in November 1480, he
2320-450: A neutral viewpoint, but became convinced that Shakespeare and More were essentially correct in their view of the king, despite some exaggerations. Richard was not without his defenders, the first of whom was Sir George Buck , a descendant of one of the king's supporters, who completed The history of King Richard the Third in 1619. The authoritative Buck text was published only in 1979, though
2465-566: A plot aimed at denying him his role as protector and whose perpetrators had been dealt with. He proceeded to escort the king to London. They entered the city on 4 May, displaying the carriages of weapons Rivers had taken with his 2,000-man army. Richard first accommodated Edward in the Bishop's apartments; then, on Buckingham's suggestion, the king was moved to the royal apartments of the Tower of London , where kings customarily awaited their coronation. Within
2610-480: A population of 193,846. The town was originally part of the county of Lancashire but has been in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester since 1974. Bury emerged in the Industrial Revolution as a mill town manufacturing textiles . The town is known for the open-air Bury Market and black pudding , the traditional local dish. Sir Robert Peel was born in the town. Peel was a Prime Minister of
2755-461: A population of 69. The average age of death in Bury was 13.8 years. Towns like Bury were likened to 'camps' where newcomers sought work in mill, mine or forge. Many, often from Ireland, found shelter in lodging houses. Thirty-eight in Bury were surveyed. Seventy-three per cent had men and women sharing beds indiscriminately, 81% were filthy and the average was 5.5 persons to a bed. Although Bury had few of
2900-622: A prenuptial contract in the following terms: "the marriage of the Duke of Gloucester with Anne before-named was to take place, and he was to have such and so much of the earl's lands as should be agreed upon between them through the mediation of arbitrators; while all the rest were to remain in the possession of the Duke of Clarence". The date of Paston's letter suggests the marriage was still being negotiated in February 1472. In order to win George's final consent to
3045-604: A regiment containing six independent companies in the Exeter area. This regiment absorbed the previously enscripted men housed at the Wellington Barracks, who would have been any men over the age of 21. These men became the Lancashire Fusiliers once they joined William's of Orange Men. Following successful recruitment, a regimental depot was established at Wellington Barracks in 1881. This barracks were originally built as
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#17328510245573190-456: A regular commuter service. The station is the original railway station of Bury and was a mainline station until 1980, although after December 1966 passenger services were reduced to a commuter service to Manchester only (formerly there were services to Ramsbottom, Rawtenstall and Bacup to the north of Bury also from Bolton Street station). Bury was served by two major railway stations between 1848 and 1970, when Bury Knowsley Street railway station
3335-525: A response to the Chartist movement, who were a mass movement of working-class men who protested via petition signatures. The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic: Chartists saw themselves fighting against political corruption and for democracy in an industrial society, but attracted support beyond the radical political groups for economic reasons, such as opposing wage cuts and unemployment. The post-war period saw
3480-488: A role in the invasion of Scotland in 1482. When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V . Before arrangements were complete for Edward V's coronation, scheduled for 22 June 1483, the marriage of his parents was declared bigamous and therefore invalid. Now officially illegitimate, Edward and his siblings were barred from inheriting
3625-443: A ruthless and violent age as concerns the upper ranks of society, full of private feuds, intimidation, land-hunger, and litigiousness, and consideration of Richard's life and career against this background has tended to remove him from the lonely pinnacle of Villainy Incarnate on which Shakespeare had placed him. Like most men, he was conditioned by the standards of his age." The Richard III Society, founded in 1924 as "The Fellowship of
3770-505: A sign of his inwardly twisted mind. More describes him as "little of stature, ill-featured of limbs, crook-backed ... hard-favoured of visage". Vergil also says he was "deformed of body ... one shoulder higher than the right". Both emphasise that Richard was devious and flattering, while planning the downfall of both his enemies and supposed friends. Richard's good qualities were his cleverness and bravery. All these characteristics are repeated by Shakespeare, who portrays him as having
3915-418: A storm and were forced to return to Brittany or Normandy, while Henry anchored off Plymouth for a week before learning of Buckingham's failure. Buckingham's army was troubled by the same storm and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Buckingham tried to escape in disguise, but was either turned in by a retainer for the bounty Richard had put on his head, or was discovered in hiding with him. He
4060-511: A suspect. After the coronation ceremony, Richard and Anne set out on a royal progress to meet their subjects. During this journey through the country, the king and queen endowed King's College and Queens' College at Cambridge University , and made grants to the church. Still feeling a strong bond with his northern estates, Richard later planned the establishment of a large chantry chapel in York Minster with over 100 priests. He also founded
4205-416: A sword's length of Henry Tudor before being surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed. Polydore Vergil , Henry VII's official historian, recorded that "King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies". The Burgundian chronicler, Jean Molinet , states that a Welshman struck the death blow with a halberd while Richard's horse was stuck in the marshy ground. It
4350-465: A valid second marriage with Anne. The following year, Richard was rewarded with all the Neville lands in the north of England, at the expense of Anne's cousin, George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford . From this point, George seems to have fallen steadily out of King Edward's favour, his discontent coming to a head in 1477 when, following Isabel's death, he was denied the opportunity to marry Mary of Burgundy ,
4495-473: A vehicle for creating his own Marlowesque protagonist. Rous himself in his History of the Kings of England , written during Henry VII's reign, initiated the process. He reversed his earlier position, and now portrayed Richard as a freakish individual who was born with teeth and shoulder-length hair after having been in his mother's womb for two years. His body was stunted and distorted, with one shoulder higher than
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4640-488: A welcome there. Edward was restored to the throne in the spring of 1471, following the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury , in both of which the 18-year-old Richard played a crucial role. During his adolescence, and due to a cause that is unknown, Richard developed a sideways curvature of the spine ( scoliosis ). In 2014, after the discovery of Richard's remains, the osteoarchaeologist Dr. Jo Appleby, of Leicester University's School of Archaeology and Ancient History, imaged
4785-504: Is also the site of another mill developed by the Peel family, first founded in 1790. The remains are displayed for the public. There were seven cotton mills in Bury by 1818 and the population grew from 9,152 in 1801, to 20,710 in 1841, and then to 58,029 in 1901. Following this, railways were opened, linking the town from Bury Bolton Street railway station to Manchester (via Prestwich and Radcliffe ), to Rawtenstall and to Accrington . From
4930-507: Is connected to other settlements via bus services , Metrolink and the heritage railway . Between 1903 and 1949, the Bury Corporation Tramways network served the town. Bury Bolton Street railway station , first opened in 1846 and substantially rebuilt in the 1880s and again in the 1950s, is now home to the East Lancashire Railway , a heritage railway which serves Heywood , Ramsbottom and Rawtenstall but does not provide
5075-683: Is little demand for this in modern times. Richard III Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the Plantagenet dynasty and its cadet branch the House of York . His defeat and death at the Battle of Bosworth Field marked the end of the Middle Ages in England . Richard was created Duke of Gloucester in 1461 after
5220-614: Is planned that all buses from Bury running within Greater Manchester will be incorporated into the Bee Network by March 2024. The bus station is connected to the Bury Interchange Metrolink tram stop, to provide a vast complex of inter-modal transport. There is also a free car park at the rear of the complex and a cycle hub for parking bikes during the day. The station is located in the centre of Bury, close to Bury Market ,
5365-700: The Battle of Towton . They participated in the coronation of their eldest brother as King Edward IV on 28 June 1461, when Richard was named Duke of Gloucester and made both a Knight of the Garter and a Knight of the Bath . Edward appointed him the sole Commissioner of Array for the Western Counties in 1464 when he was 11. By the age of 17, he had an independent command. Richard spent several years during his childhood at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale , Yorkshire, under
5510-464: The College of Arms . In 1483, a conspiracy arose among a number of disaffected gentry, many of whom had been supporters of Edward IV and the "whole Yorkist establishment". The conspiracy was nominally led by Richard's former ally, the Duke of Buckingham, although it had begun as a Woodville-Beaufort conspiracy (being "well underway" by the time of the Duke's involvement). Davies has suggested that it
5655-443: The Greater Manchester Urban Area . At the 2001 census the town of Bury had a total population of 77,211, whereas the wider Metropolitan Borough had a population of 183,200. Attractions in Bury include: Bury is home to several fine sculptures and pieces of public art . Edward Hodges Baily 's 1851 statue of Sir Robert Peel stands in the centre of town, while Lutyens ' Lancashire Fusiliers War Memorial can be found outside
5800-586: The Hanseatic merchants , 20,000 pounds , 36 ships and 1,200 men. They left Flushing for England on 11 March 1471. Warwick's arrest of local sympathisers prevented them from landing in Yorkist East Anglia and on 14 March, after being separated in a storm, their ships ran ashore at Holderness . The town of Hull refused Edward entry. He gained entry to York by using the same claim as Henry of Bolingbroke had before deposing Richard II in 1399; that is, that he
5945-469: The House of York . When Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, Thomas Pilkington was captured and later executed. The outcome of the battle was the Lancastrian Duke of Richmond being crowned Henry VII by Sir William Stanley . As a reward for the support of his family, Thomas Stanley was created Earl of Derby and, amongst other lands, the confiscated Pilkington estate in Bury
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6090-556: The Kingdom of Scotland . Although it is debatable whether the English victory was due more to internal Scottish divisions rather than any outstanding military prowess by Richard, it was the last time that the Royal Burgh of Berwick changed hands between the two realms. On the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, his 12-year-old son, Edward V , succeeded him. Richard was named Lord Protector of
6235-461: The Knowsley Street railway station there were connections to the neighbouring mill towns of Bolton, Heywood and Rochdale. As well as the many cotton mills, other industries which thrived included paper-making, calico printing and some light engineering. The town expanded to incorporate the former townships of Elton, Walmersley and Heap, and rows of terraced houses encircled the town centre by
6380-692: The Lambeth Palace library. As well as conventional aristocratic devotional texts, the book contains a Collect of Saint Ninian , referencing a saint popular in the Anglo-Scottish Borders. Despite this, the image of Richard as a ruthless tyrant remained dominant in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th-century philosopher and historian David Hume described him as a man who used dissimulation to conceal "his fierce and savage nature" and who had "abandoned all principles of honour and humanity". Hume acknowledged that some historians have argued "that he
6525-645: The 1970s and 1980s. Bury Interchange opened in March 1980 close to the site of the former Knowsley Street station (which was demolished in the early 1970s). It was the replacement for the Bolton Street railway station (which was subsequently taken over the East Lancashire Railway heritage line in 1987), and initially incorporated a railway station, with services to Manchester Victoria, and a bus station. Third-rail-powered heavy rail passenger services integrated with
6670-557: The Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Edward went to parliament in October 1472 for funding a military campaign, and eventually landed in Calais on 4 July 1475. Richard's was the largest private contingent of his army. Although well known to have publicly been against the eventual treaty signed with Louis XI at Picquigny (and absent from the negotiations, in which one of his rank would have been expected to take
6815-555: The Chadwick family, provides black pudding to retailers such as Harrods , and to major supermarkets, and the market is a destination for people from all over Greater Manchester and beyond. The last 30 years have seen the town develop into an important commuter town for neighbouring Manchester . Large-scale housing development has taken place around Unsworth , Redvales , Sunny Bank, Brandlesholme , Limefield, Chesham and Elton. The old railway line to Manchester Victoria closed in 1990 and
6960-571: The City of York and others asking for their support against "the Queen, her blood adherents and affinity" whom he suspected of plotting his murder. At a council meeting on 13 June at the Tower of London, Richard accused Hastings and others of having conspired against him with the Woodvilles and accusing Jane Shore , lover to both Hastings and Thomas Grey, of acting as a go-between. According to Thomas More, Hastings
7105-581: The College of Arms in 1484, he banned restrictions on the printing and sale of books, and he ordered the translation of the written Laws and Statutes from the traditional French into English. During his reign, Parliament ended the arbitrary benevolence (a device by which Edward IV raised funds), made it punishable to conceal from a buyer of land that a part of the property had already been disposed of to somebody else, required that land sales be published, laid down property qualifications for jurors, restricted
7250-523: The Duke of York to the Archbishop of Canterbury so that he might attend his brother Edward's coronation, still planned for 22 June. Bishop Robert Stillington , the Bishop of Bath and Wells , is said to have informed Richard that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid because of Edward's earlier union with Eleanor Butler , making Edward V and his siblings illegitimate. The identity of Stillington
7395-544: The Forest of Cumberland while doing so. It was at the same time that the Duke of Gloucester was appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland for five consecutive years, being described as 'of Penrith Castle' in 1478. By 1480, war with Scotland was looming; on 12 May that year, he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the North (a position created for the occasion) as fears of a Scottish invasion grew. Louis XI of France had attempted to negotiate
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#17328510245577540-736: The Fusilier Museum. George Frampton 's 'cheering fusilier', a tribute to those who died in the Boer War , stands in Whitehead Garden near the town hall. The Kay Monument, a solid pavilion with a stone dome capped with a bronze Fame , commemorates John Kay , the inventor of the flying shuttle which revolutionised the weaving industry. Designed by William Venn Gough in 1908, it holds a number of sculpted bronze plaques by John Cassidy . Contemporary works include Ron Silliman 's text piece From Northern Soul (Bury Neon) at Bury Interchange . Bury
7685-647: The Glaston-Bury Festival on the August bank holiday weekend, and Head for the Hills Festival (previously known as Ramsbottom Festival) closing the festival season in mid-September. While Glaston-Bury hosts mainly local/upcoming bands, Head for the Hills hosts a wider range of talent, including bands such as Soul II Soul , The Proclaimers and Maxïmo Park . The festival also has a popular silent disco, where DJs battle for
7830-484: The Kingmaker. It is possible that the grant of Middleham seconded Richard's personal wishes. During the latter part of Edward IV's reign, Richard demonstrated his loyalty to the king, in contrast to their brother George who had allied himself with the Earl of Warwick when the latter rebelled towards the end of the 1460s. Following Warwick's 1470 rebellion, before which he had made peace with Margaret of Anjou and promised
7975-565: The Lancastrian party. Edward died at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, while Warwick had died at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. Richard's marriage plans brought him into conflict with his brother George. John Paston's letter of 17 February 1472 makes it clear that George was not happy about the marriage but grudgingly accepted it on the basis that "he may well have my Lady his sister-in-law, but they shall part no livelihood". The reason
8120-421: The Lancastrian vanguard under Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset , on 4 May 1471, and his role two days later, as Constable of England, sitting alongside John Howard as Earl Marshal , in the trial and sentencing of leading Lancastrians captured after the battle. At least in part resentful of King Louis XI's previous support of his Lancastrian opponents, and possibly in support of his brother-in-law Charles
8265-746: The Lords and London City Councillors to publicly deny the rumours that he had poisoned Queen Anne and that he had planned marriage to his niece Elizabeth, at the same time ordering the Sheriff of London to imprison anyone spreading such slanders. The same orders were issued throughout the realm, including York where the royal pronouncement recorded in the City Records dates 5 April 1485 and carries specific instructions to suppress seditious talk and remove and destroy evidently hostile placards unread. As for Richard's physical appearance, most contemporary descriptions bear out
8410-527: The Manchester Statistical Society, 733 had 3–4 people in each bed, 207 had 4–5, and 76 had 5–6. Social reformers locally and nationally were concerned about such issues, including Edwin Chadwick . One report that prepared the ground for the reform of public health matters, commissioned by the then Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel , asked local doctors for information. King Street, Bury, was highlighted: it had 10 houses, each with one bedroom, and
8555-722: The Mill Gate Shopping Centre in 1995. On 23 November 1981, an F0/T1 tornado formed over Whitefield and subsequently moved through Bury town centre and surrounding areas. In 2010 a £350m shopping development opened up around the Rock. The main street is populated mainly by independent shops and food outlets. At the top end of the street is a shopping area with a multi-screen cinema, bowling alley, and department stores including Marks & Spencer , Primark , H&M , Boots , Clarks , Poundland , Body Shop and Warren James Jewellers . Bury also benefited from other facilities in
8700-611: The Millgate Shopping Centre, the Rock and the main square. Manchester Metrolink operates trams to Altrincham and Piccadilly from Bury. There is generally a service every 6 minutes from Bury to Manchester city centre , with every other tram continuing to Altrincham. Bury F.C. is the town's local football club. Bury play in the North West Counties Premier Division, the ninth tier of English football. Bury gained worldwide publicity in August 2019 when
8845-568: The North West Men's League and will compete in Division 1 in the 2021 season. The Met arts centre, based in the Derby Hall on Market Street, is a small performing arts venue promoting a programme of theatre, music and comedy events. The Met has hosted famous comedy acts such as Peter Kay , Jason Manford , Steve Coogan and Eddie Izzard in their days before fame. Bury Art Museum is home to
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#17328510245578990-738: The North in 1482, a man was prosecuted for offences against the Duke of Gloucester, saying he did "nothing but grin at" the city of York. In 1484, attempts to discredit him took the form of hostile placards, the only surviving one being William Collingbourne 's lampoon of July 1484 "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the Dog, all rule England under a Hog" which was pinned to the door of St. Paul's Cathedral and referred to Richard himself (the Hog) and his most trusted councillors William Catesby , Richard Ratcliffe and Francis, Viscount Lovell. On 30 March 1485 Richard felt forced to summon
9135-458: The Realm and at Baron Hastings' urging, Richard assumed his role and left his base in Yorkshire for London. On 29 April, as previously agreed, Richard and his cousin, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham , met Queen Elizabeth 's brother, with Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers , at Northampton . At the queen's request, Earl Rivers was escorting the young king to London with an armed escort of 2,000 men, while Richard and Buckingham's joint escort
9280-425: The Rivers Roch and Irwell providing power for spinning mills and processing water for the finishing trades. Development was further promoted when the town was linked to the national canal network by the Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal , fully opened in 1808. The canal was provided with water from Elton Reservoir , fed by aqueducts from a weir on the Irwell, north of what is now the Burrs Country Park . The Burrs
9425-430: The Seddons Farm estate on the west side of town, follows the approximate line of the Roman road. The most imposing building in the early town would have been Bury Castle , a medieval manor house built in 1469 for Sir Thomas Pilkington. It sat in a good defensive position on high ground overlooking the Irwell Valley. The Pilkington family suffered badly in the Wars of the Roses when, despite geography, they supported
9570-493: The Tower, and drew unto Crosbies in Bishops gates Street, where the Protector kept his houshold. The Protector had the resort; the King in maner desolate." On hearing the news of her brother's 30 April arrest, the dowager queen fled to sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Joining her were her son by her first marriage, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset ; her five daughters; and her youngest son, Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York . On 10/11 June, Richard wrote to Ralph, Lord Neville,
9715-584: The United Kingdom who founded the Metropolitan Police and the Conservative Party . A memorial and monument for Peel, the former stands outside Bury Parish church and the latter overlooks the borough on Holcombe Hill . The town is 5 miles (8 km) east of Bolton , 6 miles (9.7 km) south-west of Rochdale and 8 miles (12.9 km) north-west of Manchester . The name Bury (also earlier known as Buri and Byri ) comes from an Old English word, meaning castle , stronghold or fort , an early form of modern English borough ( German burg ). Bury
9860-495: The University of Leicester, said: "The most likely injuries to have caused the king's death are the two to the inferior aspect of the skull—a large sharp force trauma possibly from a sword or staff weapon, such as a halberd or bill, and a penetrating injury from the tip of an edged weapon." The skull showed that a blade had hacked away part of the rear of the skull. Richard III was the last English king to be killed in battle. Henry Tudor succeeded Richard as King Henry VII . He married
10005-406: The Warwick inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick "was naturally dead". The doubts cast by George on the validity of Richard and Anne's marriage were addressed by a clause protecting their rights in the event they were divorced (i.e. of their marriage being declared null and void by the Church) and then legally remarried to each other, and also protected Richard's rights while waiting for such
10150-460: The Yorkist heiress Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and Richard III's niece. After the Battle of Bosworth, Richard's naked body was then carried back to Leicester tied to a horse, and early sources strongly suggest that it was displayed in the collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke , prior to being hastily and discreetly buried in the choir of Greyfriars Church in Leicester . In 1495, Henry VII paid 50 pounds for
10295-561: The abusive Courts of Piepowders , regulated cloth sales, instituted certain forms of trade protectionism, prohibited the sale of wine and oil in fraudulent measure, and prohibited fraudulent collection of clergy dues, among others. Churchill implies he improved the law of trusts. Richard's death at Bosworth marked the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, which had ruled England since the succession of Henry II in 1154. The last legitimate male Plantagenet, Richard's nephew Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of his brother George, Duke of Clarence),
10440-512: The accession of his brother Edward IV . This was during the period known as the Wars of the Roses , an era when two branches of the royal family contested the throne; Edward and Richard were Yorkists . In 1472, Richard married Anne Neville , daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and widow of Edward of Westminster , son of Henry VI . He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and played
10585-512: The assistance of the Richard III Society on the site previously occupied by Grey Friars Priory . The University of Leicester identified the human skeleton found at the site as that of Richard III as a result of radiocarbon dating , comparison with contemporary reports of his appearance, identification of trauma sustained at Bosworth and comparison of his mitochondrial DNA with that of two matrilineal descendants of his sister Anne . He
10730-564: The classic late-19th-century spinning mills that were such a feature of other Lancashire towns, a group known as Peel Mills are still in use at Castlecroft Road. Immediately north of the town centre, their name is another reminder of the link with the Peel family. According to writer Geoffrey Moorhouse , no history of Bury is complete without reference to its role as the regimental town of the Lancashire Fusiliers . In 1688, Prince William of Orange (later King William III) landed at Brixham , Devon . He asked Colonel Sir Robert Peyton to raise
10875-550: The club were expelled from the Football League due to unpaid debts and poor ownership. The Lancashire Spinners are a basketball team based in Bury. They compete in the second-tier English Basketball League Division 1, and have done so since promotion from Division 2 in 2015. The club have close ties with nearby Myerscough College . Bury Broncos are a Rugby League team based in the Prestwich area. Formed in 2008, they play in
11020-403: The company transported 16 million passengers a year, In 1925 an agreement was reached with Rochdale Corporation Tramways for through running to Rochdale and 1926 a joint service with Salford Corporation Tramways between Bury and Victoria was opened. Abandonment of the tram services started as early as 3 July 1932, when the service between Rochdale to Bury via Heywood was withdrawn. However,
11165-607: The control of central government, it has been described as the king's "most enduring monument", surviving unchanged until 1641. In December 1483, Richard instituted what later became known as the Court of Requests , a court to which poor people who could not afford legal representation could apply for their grievances to be heard. He also improved bail in January 1484, to protect suspected felons from imprisonment before trial and to protect their property from seizure during that time. He founded
11310-445: The crimes he was charged with, although Pollard observes that this retraction is frequently overlooked by later admirers of Richard. Other defenders of Richard include the noted explorer Clements Markham , whose Richard III: His Life and Character (1906) replied to the work of Gairdner. He argued that Henry VII killed the princes and that the bulk of evidence against Richard was nothing more than Tudor propaganda. An intermediate view
11455-514: The custody of their aunt Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham , and possibly of Cardinal Thomas Bourchier , Archbishop of Canterbury . When their father and elder brother Edmund, Earl of Rutland , were killed at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460, Richard and George were sent by their mother to the Low Countries . They returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at
11600-480: The domestic production of yarn and cloth, as well as water-powered fulling mills. Development was swift in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The establishment in 1773 by the family of Sir Robert Peel of Brooksbottom Mill in Summerseat , north of the town, as a calico printing works marked the beginning of the cotton industry in Bury. By the early 19th century, cotton was the predominant textile industry, with
11745-513: The early 2010s including a new medical centre and office accommodation close to Bury Town Hall . A decision by Marks and Spencer to vacate its store in the Mill Gate Shopping Centre and move into a new larger one on The Rock emphasised a change of clientele in the town. The town centre is famous for its traditional market, with its "world famous" black pudding stalls. Bury Market was also once famous for its tripe, although this has declined in recent decades. The Bury Black Pudding Company, owned by
11890-646: The evidence that aside from having one shoulder higher than the other (with chronicler Rous not able to correctly remember which one, as slight as the difference was), Richard had no other noticeable bodily deformity. John Stow talked to old men who, remembering him, said "that he was of bodily shape comely enough, only of low stature" and a German traveller, Nicolas von Poppelau, who spent ten days in Richard's household in May 1484, describes him as "three fingers taller than himself...much more lean, with delicate arms and legs and also
12035-607: The forfeited lands of the Lancastrian John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford , in East Anglia . In 1462, on his birthday, he was made Constable of Gloucester and Corfe Castles and Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine and appointed Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. On 17 October 1469, he was made Constable of England . In November, he replaced William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings , as Chief Justice of North Wales. The following year, he
12180-422: The households of their intended future partners, as had been the case for the young dukes' father, Richard of York. As the relationship between the king and Warwick became strained, Edward IV opposed the match. During Warwick's lifetime, George was the only royal brother to marry one of his daughters, the elder, Isabel, on 12 July 1469, without the king's permission. George joined his father-in-law's revolt against
12325-554: The king's peace and punishing lawbreakers. Richard's increasing role in the north from the mid-1470s to some extent explains his withdrawal from the royal court. He had been Warden of the West March on the Scottish border since 10 September 1470, and again from May 1471; he used Penrith as a base while 'taking effectual measures' against the Scots, and 'enjoyed the revenues of the estates' of
12470-399: The king, while Richard remained loyal to Edward, even though he was rumoured to have been having an affair with Anne. Richard and Edward were forced to flee to Burgundy in October 1470 after Warwick defected to the side of the former Lancastrian queen Margaret of Anjou. In 1468, Richard's sister Margaret had married Charles the Bold , the Duke of Burgundy, and the brothers could expect
12615-566: The king. Elizabeth's supposed letter was never produced. Documents which later emerged from the Portuguese royal archives show that after Queen Anne's death, Richard's ambassadors were sent on a formal errand to negotiate a double marriage between Richard and the Portuguese king's sister Joanna, of Lancastrian descent, and between Elizabeth of York and Joanna's cousin Manuel, Duke of Viseu (later King of Portugal). Significant among Richard's defenders
12760-469: The landscape. In 1822 Bury Savings Bank opened on Silver Street established under government control and later became TSB . Probate evidence from the 17th century and the remains of 18th-century weavers' cottages in Elton, on the west side of Bury, indicate that domestic textile production was an important factor in the local economy at a time when Bury's textile industry was dominated by woollens, and based upon
12905-472: The larger audience. For the past two years, this battle has largely been dominated by the DJ team BABs , a brother and sister partnership from the local village of Edenfield. Bury is known for its black puddings so much so, that it is not uncommon to see it marketed as " Bury Black Pudding " on a menu. Bury simnel cake is a variant of the cake originating in Bury. The town was also notable for tripe , though there
13050-501: The last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII. Richard's corpse was taken to the nearby town of Leicester and buried without ceremony. His original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the English Reformation , and his remains were wrongly thought to have been thrown into the River Soar . In 2012, an archaeological excavation was commissioned by Philippa Langley with
13195-470: The marriage, Richard renounced most of the Earl of Warwick's land and property including the earldoms of Warwick (which the Kingmaker had held in his wife's right) and Salisbury and surrendered to George the office of Great Chamberlain of England. Richard retained Neville's forfeit estates he had already been granted in the summer of 1471: Penrith, Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, where he later established his marital household. The requisite papal dispensation
13340-547: The national rail network ceased in 1991, with Metrolink taking over the line and trams operating the line since April 1992. As a result, Bury has not had a conventional heavy rail link to the national network since 1991. Currently, most buses are run by the Bee Network (Which replaced those run by Diamond North West ), Go North West , and Rosso , (with some buses run by Vision Bus) connecting with destinations within Greater Manchester, Rossendale , Blackburn and Burnley . It
13485-558: The other, and he was "slight in body and weak in strength". Rous also attributes the murder of Henry VI to Richard, and claims that he poisoned his own wife. Jeremy Potter, a former Chair of the Richard III Society, claims that "At the bar of history Richard III continues to be guilty because it is impossible to prove him innocent. The Tudors ride high in popular esteem." Polydore Vergil and Thomas More expanded on this portrayal, emphasising Richard's outward physical deformities as
13630-411: The outnumbered forces of Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth Field . Richard rode a white courser (an especially swift and strong horse). The size of Richard's army has been estimated at 8,000 and Henry's at 5,000, but exact numbers are not known, though the royal army is believed to have "substantially" outnumbered Henry's. The traditional view of the king's famous cries of "Treason!" before falling
13775-560: The passage of the Local Government Act 1972 , Bury merged with the neighbouring municipal boroughs of Radcliffe and Prestwich , together with the urban districts of Whitefield , Tottington and Ramsbottom in 1974 to become the Metropolitan Borough of Bury . The borough is part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester . On 3 July 2008, a referendum was held in the borough to decide whether it should be ruled by
13920-625: The region. Kendall and later historians have suggested that this was with the intention of making Richard the Lord of the North ; Peter Booth, however, has argued that "instead of allowing his brother Richard carte blanche , [Edward] restricted his influence by using his own agent, Sir William Parr." Following Richard's accession to the throne, he first established the Council of the North and made his nephew John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln , president and formally institutionalised this body as an offshoot of
14065-474: The restoration of Henry VI to the English throne, Richard, the Baron Hastings and Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers , escaped capture at Doncaster by Warwick's brother, John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu . On 2 October they sailed from King's Lynn in two ships; Edward landed at Marsdiep and Richard at Zeeland . It was said that, having left England in such haste as to possess almost nothing, Edward
14210-512: The ride into battle, your head shall be broken on the return". On the ride into battle, his spur struck the bridge stone of Bow Bridge in the city; legend states that as his corpse was carried from the battle over the back of a horse, his head struck the same stone and was broken open. Richard's Council of the North, described as his "one major institutional innovation", derived from his ducal council following his own viceregal appointment by Edward IV; when Richard himself became king, he maintained
14355-424: The royal Council; all its letters and judgements were issued on behalf of the king and in his name. The council had a budget of 2,000 marks per annum and had issued "Regulations" by July of that year: councillors to act impartially, declare vested interests and to meet at least every three months. Its main focus of operations was Yorkshire and the north-east and its responsibilities included land disputes, keeping of
14500-482: The same conciliar structure in his absence. It officially became part of the royal council machinery under the presidency of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln in April 1484, based at Sandal Castle in Wakefield . It is considered to have greatly improved conditions for northern England, as it was intended to keep the peace and punish lawbreakers, as well as resolve land disputes. Bringing regional governance directly under
14645-589: The school houses is named Derby in their honour. The town was formerly home to the Derby Hall and the Derby Hotel . The castle remains were buried beneath the streets outside the Castle Armoury until properly excavated for the first time in the 1970s. Between 1801 and 1830, the population of the town more than doubled from 7,072 to 15,086. This was the time when the factories, mines and foundries, with their spinning machines and steam engines, began to dominate
14790-576: The second half of the fifteenth century, between the Yorkists , who supported Richard's father (a potential claimant to the throne of King Henry VI from birth), and opposed the regime of Henry VI and his wife, Margaret of Anjou , and the Lancastrians , who were loyal to the crown. In 1459, his father and the Yorkists were forced to flee England, whereupon Richard and his older brother George were placed in
14935-467: The site of the garden and Greyfriars Church. There was a memorial ledger stone in the choir of the cathedral, since replaced by the tomb of the king, and a stone plaque on Bow Bridge where tradition had falsely suggested that his remains had been thrown into the river. According to another tradition, Richard consulted a seer in Leicester before the battle who foretold that "where your spur should strike on
15080-739: The south, the main tributary (the River Roch, flowing from the east) joins the Irwell close to another significant bridging point, Blackford Bridge. This carries the main road south (the A56 ) towards Manchester. Bury experiences a warm temperate climate with warm summers and cool winters owing to the shielding effect of the Western Pennine Moors . Summer is the driest time of the year with low rainfall. Bury rarely experiences temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F), due to oceanic north easterly winds. In summer,
15225-481: The spinal column, and reconstructed a model using 3D printing , and concluded that though the spinal scoliosis looked dramatic, it probably did not cause any major physical deformity that could not be disguised by clothing. Following a decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married Anne Neville on 12 July 1472. Anne had previously been wedded to Edward of Westminster , only son of Henry VI, to seal her father's allegiance to
15370-596: The stepdaughter of his sister Margaret, even though Margaret approved the proposed match. There is no evidence of Richard's involvement in George's subsequent conviction and execution on a charge of treason. Richard was granted the Dukedom of Gloucester on 1 November 1461, and on 12 August the next year was awarded large estates in northern England , including the lordships of Richmond in Yorkshire, and Pembroke in Wales. He gained
15515-471: The subjectivity of many of the written sources, reflecting the generally partisan nature of writers of this period, and because none was written by men with an intimate knowledge of Richard. During Richard's reign, the historian John Rous praised him as a "good lord" who punished "oppressors of the commons", adding that he had "a great heart". In 1483, the Italian observer Mancini reported that Richard enjoyed
15660-509: The temperature is warm and Bury experiences much sun. Winters are cool; temperatures can drop below freezing between December and March. There is not much extreme weather in Bury; floods are rare since the town is on higher ground, although flood is occasionally seen in Ramsbottom . Early summer thunderstorms bring high rainfall. For purposes of the Office for National Statistics , Bury is part of
15805-716: The throne and marry Elizabeth , eldest daughter of Edward IV. It has also been pointed out that as this narrative stems from Richard's parliament of 1484, it should probably be treated "with caution". For his part, Buckingham raised a substantial force from his estates in Wales and the Marches. Henry, in exile in Brittany , enjoyed the support of the Breton treasurer Pierre Landais , who hoped Buckingham's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England. Some of Henry Tudor's ships ran into
15950-611: The throne was confirmed by Parliament in January 1484 by the document Titulus Regius . The princes , who were still lodged in the royal residence of the Tower of London at the time of Richard's coronation, disappeared from sight after the summer of 1483. Although after his death Richard III was accused of having Edward and his brother killed, notably by More and in Shakespeare's play, the facts surrounding their disappearance remain unknown. Other culprits have been suggested, including Buckingham and even Henry VII, although Richard remains
16095-475: The throne. The Richard III Society contends that this means that "a lot of what people thought they knew about Richard III was pretty much propaganda and myth building." The Tudor characterisation culminated in the famous fictional portrayal of him in Shakespeare's play Richard III as a physically deformed, Machiavellian villain, ruthlessly committing numerous murders in order to claw his way to power; Shakespeare's intention perhaps being to use Richard III as
16240-447: The throne. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect, and proclaimed Richard as the rightful king. He was crowned on 6 July 1483. Edward and his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York , called the " Princes in the Tower ", disappeared from the Tower of London around August 1483. There were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. In October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt
16385-401: The total closure of the service was delayed for several more years until on 13 February 1949, tram 13 operated the last service. Bury, Greater Manchester Bury ( / ˈ b ɛr i / , / ˈ b ʊr i / ) is a market town on the River Irwell in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury , Greater Manchester , England. which had a population of 81,101 in 2021 while the wider borough had
16530-421: The turn of the 19th century. Districts such as Freetown, Fishpool and Pimhole were transformed from farmers' fields to rows of terraces beside the factories and mills. The houses were of the most limited kind, without basic facilities, sewers or proper streets. The result was the rapid spread of disease and high mortality rates in crowded areas. In 1838, out of 1,058 working class houses in Bury investigated by
16675-511: The tutelage of his cousin Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick , later known as 'the Kingmaker' because of his role in the Wars of the Roses. Warwick supervised Richard's training as a knight ; in the autumn of 1465, Edward IV granted Warwick £1,000 for the expenses of his younger brother's tutelage. With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham either from late 1461 until early 1465, when he
16820-497: The valley, respectively. The town centre sits close to, and above, the river on the east side. Bury Bridge is a key bridging point, linking the east side of town and the town centre with the western suburbs and Bolton beyond. Other bridges across the river are few—there is one at Radcliffe Road to the south and one at Summerseat to the north. There is a bridge at the Burrs, but it serves a cul-de-sac and does not allow full east–west access. To
16965-438: The vanguard at the Battle of Barnet , in his first command, on 14 April 1471, where he outflanked the wing of Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter , although the degree to which his command was fundamental may have been exaggerated. That Richard's personal household sustained losses indicate he was in the thick of the fighting. A contemporary source is clear about his holding the vanguard for Edward at Tewkesbury, deployed against
17110-720: The year 1483, Richard had moved himself to the grandeur of Crosby Hall, London , then in Bishopsgate in the City of London. Robert Fabyan , in his 'The new chronicles of England and of France', writes that "the Duke caused the King (Edward V) to be removed unto the Tower and his broder with hym, and the Duke lodged himselfe in Crosbyes Place in Bisshoppesgate Strete." In Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he accounts that "little by little all folke withdrew from
17255-516: Was Horace Walpole . In Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third (1768), Walpole disputed all the alleged murders and argued that Richard may have acted in good faith. He also argued that any physical abnormality was probably no more than a minor distortion of the shoulders. However, he retracted his views in 1793 after the Terror , stating he now believed that Richard could have committed
17400-401: Was "a good lawmaker for the ease and solace of the common people". In 1525, Cardinal Wolsey upbraided the aldermen and Mayor of London for relying on a statute of Richard to avoid paying an extorted tax (benevolence) but received the reply "although he did evil, yet in his time were many good acts made." Richard was a practising Catholic, as shown by his personal Book of Hours , surviving in
17545-497: Was "only the subsequent parliamentary attainder that placed Buckingham at the centre of events", to blame a disaffected magnate motivated by greed, rather than "the embarrassing truth" that those opposing Richard were actually "overwhelmingly Edwardian loyalists". It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed that Henry Tudor should return from exile, take
17690-459: Was 12 or from 1465 until his coming of age in 1468, when he turned 16. While at Warwick's estate, it is likely that he met both Francis Lovell , who was his firm supporter later in his life, and Warwick's younger daughter, his future wife Anne Neville . It is possible that even at this early stage Warwick was considering the king's brothers as strategic matches for his daughters, Isabel and Anne: young aristocrats were often sent to be raised in
17835-628: Was 600 men. Edward V had been sent further south to Stony Stratford . At first convivial, Richard had Earl Rivers, his nephew Richard Grey and his associate, Thomas Vaughan , arrested. They were taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were executed on 25 June on the charge of treason against the Lord Protector after appearing before a tribunal led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland . Rivers had appointed Richard as executor of his will. After having Rivers arrested, Richard and Buckingham moved to Stony Stratford, where Richard informed Edward V of
17980-595: Was appointed Chief Steward and Chamberlain of Wales. On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and Lord High Admiral of England . Other positions followed: High Sheriff of Cumberland for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in-Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West March. Two months later, on 14 July, he gained the Lordships of the strongholds Sheriff Hutton and Middleham in Yorkshire and Penrith in Cumberland, which had belonged to Warwick
18125-407: Was closed. Bury Knowsley Street station had passenger services travelling east–west through Bury, connecting the town directly to both Bolton and Heywood. After October 1970 services to and from Manchester were the only passenger rail services connecting Bury to the national rail network. Bury to Manchester Victoria rail services were provided by Class 504 units, which were third-rail operated, in
18270-603: Was convicted of treason and beheaded in Salisbury , near the Bull's Head Inn, on 2 November. His widow, Catherine Woodville , later married Jasper Tudor , the uncle of Henry Tudor. Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais's weak regime under Francis II, Duke of Brittany , in exchange for Henry. Henry fled to Paris, where he secured support from the French regent Anne of Beaujeu , who supplied troops for an invasion in 1485. On 22 August 1485, Richard met
18415-640: Was executed by Henry VII in 1499. There are numerous contemporary, or near-contemporary, sources of information about the reign of Richard III. These include the Croyland Chronicle , Commines' Mémoires , the report of Dominic Mancini , the Paston Letters, the Chronicles of Robert Fabyan and numerous court and official records, including a few letters by Richard himself. However, the debate about Richard's true character and motives continues, both because of
18560-557: Was forced to pay their passage with his fur cloak; certainly, Richard borrowed three pounds from Zeeland's town bailiff. They were attainted by Warwick's only Parliament on 26 November. They resided in Bruges with Louis de Gruthuse , who had been the Burgundian Ambassador to Edward's court, but it was not until Louis XI of France declared war on Burgundy that Charles, Duke of Burgundy, assisted their return, providing, along with
18705-505: Was formed around the ancient market place but there is evidence of activity dating back to the period of Roman occupation . Bury Museum has a Roman urn containing a number of small bronze coins dated for AD 253–282 and found north of what is now the town centre. Under Agricola the road-building programme included a route from the fort at Manchester ( Mamucium ) to the fort at Ribchester ( Bremetennacum ) which ran through Radcliffe and Affetside . The modern Watling Street, which serves
18850-566: Was granted 10,000 pounds for wages. The king failed to arrive to lead the English army and the result was intermittent skirmishing until early 1482. Richard witnessed the treaty with Alexander, Duke of Albany , brother of King James III of Scotland . Northumberland, Stanley, Dorset, Sir Edward Woodville, and Richard with approximately 20,000 men took the town of Berwick as part of the English invasion of Scotland . The castle held out until 24 August 1482, when Richard recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed from
18995-456: Was known only through the memoirs of French diplomat Philippe de Commines . On 22 June, a sermon was preached outside Old St. Paul's Cathedral by Ralph Shaa , declaring Edward IV's children bastards and Richard the rightful king. Shortly after, the citizens of London, both nobles and commons, convened and drew up a petition asking Richard to assume the throne. He accepted on 26 June and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 6 July. His title to
19140-464: Was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham . Then, in August 1485, Henry Tudor and his uncle, Jasper Tudor , landed in Wales with a contingent of French troops, and marched through Pembrokeshire , recruiting soldiers. Henry's forces defeated Richard's army near the Leicestershire town of Market Bosworth . Richard was slain, making him
19285-645: Was merely reclaiming the Dukedom of York rather than the crown. It was in Edward's attempt to regain his throne that Richard began to demonstrate his skill as a military commander. Once Edward had regained the support of his brother George, he mounted a swift and decisive campaign to regain the crown through combat; it is believed that Richard was his principal lieutenant as some of the king's earliest support came from members of Richard's affinity , including Sir James Harrington and Sir William Parr , who brought 600 men-at-arms to them at Doncaster. Richard may have led
19430-690: Was never declared null, and it was public to everyone including secular and canon lawyers for 13 years. In June 1473, Richard persuaded his mother-in-law to leave the sanctuary and come to live under his protection at Middleham. Later in the year, under the terms of the 1473 Act of Resumption, George lost some of the property he held under royal grant and made no secret of his displeasure. John Paston's letter of November 1473 says that King Edward planned to put both his younger brothers in their place by acting as "a stifler atween them". Early in 1474, Parliament assembled and Edward attempted to reconcile his brothers by stating that both men, and their wives, would enjoy
19575-545: Was obtained dated 22 April 1472. Michael Hicks has suggested that the terms of the dispensation deliberately understated the degrees of consanguinity between the couple, and the marriage was therefore illegal on the ground of first-degree consanguinity following George's marriage to Anne's sister Isabel. There would have been first-degree consanguinity if Richard had sought to marry Isabel (in case of widowhood) after she had married his brother George, but no such consanguinity applied for Anne and Richard. Richard's marriage to Anne
19720-581: Was presented to him. The ancestral home of the Earls of Derby is Knowsley Hall on the outskirts of Liverpool . The family maintains a connection with Bury in various ways—the Derby High School is named after them. When the school opened in 1959 the 18th Earl of Derby was patron and the school's badge is based on the Earl's coat of arms. The 15th and 16th earls were both supporters of Bury Grammar School , both financially and in terms of land, and one of
19865-459: Was provided by Alfred Legge in The Unpopular King (1885). Legge argued that Richard's "greatness of soul" was eventually "warped and dwarfed" by the ingratitude of others. Some 20th-century historians have been less inclined to moral judgement, seeing Richard's actions as a product of the unstable times. In the words of Charles Ross , "the later fifteenth century in England is now seen as
20010-485: Was raised to that of a county borough of Lancashire. The coat of arms was granted in 1877 and its symbols represent local industry. In the quarters are representations of the anvil (for forging), the golden fleece (the wool industry), a pair of crossed shuttles (the cotton industry) and a papyrus plant (the paper industry). Above them are a closed visor capped by a mayfly and two red roses. The Latin motto " Vincit Omnia Industria " translates as " work conquers all ". With
20155-620: Was reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015. Richard was born on 2 October 1452, at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire , the eleventh of the twelve children of Richard, 3rd Duke of York , and Cecily Neville , and the youngest to survive infancy. His childhood coincided with the beginning of what has traditionally been labelled the ' Wars of the Roses ', a period of political instability and periodic open civil war in England during
20300-456: Was replaced by the light rapid transit system Metrolink in 1992. The town was also linked to the motorway network with the opening of the M66 , accessed from the east side of the town, in 1978. The town was initially a parish, then a select vestry with a "board of guardians for the poor". Improvement commissioners were added before the borough charter was granted in 1876. In 1889, the town's status
20445-488: Was said that the blows were so violent that the king's helmet was driven into his skull. The contemporary Welsh poet Guto'r Glyn implies a leading Welsh Lancastrian, Rhys ap Thomas , or one of his men killed the king, writing that he "killed the boar, shaved his head". The identification in 2013 of King Richard's body shows that the skeleton had 11 wounds, eight of them to the skull, clearly inflicted in battle and suggesting he had lost his helmet. Professor Guy Rutty, from
20590-401: Was taken out of the council chambers and summarily executed in the courtyard, while others, like Lord Thomas Stanley and John Morton, Bishop of Ely , were arrested. Hastings was not attainted and Richard sealed an indenture that placed Hastings' widow, Katherine , under his protection. Bishop Morton was released into the custody of Buckingham. On 16 June, the dowager queen agreed to hand over
20735-488: Was that during the battle Richard was abandoned by Baron Stanley (made Earl of Derby in October), Sir William Stanley , and Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. The role of Northumberland is unclear; his position was with the reserve—behind the king's line—and he could not easily have moved forward without a general royal advance, which did not take place. The physical confines behind the crest of Ambion Hill, combined with
20880-445: Was the inheritance Anne shared with her elder sister Isabel, whom George had married in 1469. It was not only the earldom that was at stake; Richard Neville had inherited it as a result of his marriage to Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick . The Countess, who was still alive, was technically the owner of the substantial Beauchamp estates, her father having left no male heirs. The Croyland Chronicle records that Richard agreed to
21025-543: Was well qualified for government, had he legally obtained it; and that he committed no crimes but such as were necessary to procure him possession of the crown", but he dismissed this view on the grounds that Richard's exercise of arbitrary power encouraged instability. The most important late 19th century biographer of the king was James Gairdner , who also wrote the entry on Richard in the Dictionary of National Biography . Gairdner stated that he had begun to study Richard with
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