Russian victory
49-661: The Bulavin Rebellion or Astrakhan Revolt ( Russian : Булавинское восстание , romanized : Bulavinskoye vosstaniye ; Восстание Булавина, Vosstaniye Bulavina ) was a war which took place in the years 1707 and 1708 between the Don Cossacks and the Tsardom of Russia . Kondraty Bulavin , a democratically elected Ataman of the Don Cossacks, led the Cossack rebels. The conflict
98-607: A base for the first Russian venture into Central Asia . In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 1719 it was plundered by the Safavid Persians; and in 1830, cholera killed much of the populace. The Astrakhan Kremlin was built from the 1580s to the 1620s from bricks taken from the site of Sarai Berke . Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from Yaroslavl , they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration
147-479: A particularly great military commander, and throughout the rebellion that bears his name, he would forever fall short of becoming an undisputed leader. By 1704, he had risen to the status of ataman of Bakhmut , a position he held until 1706. It was during this stint that he orchestrated and participated in the destruction of the salt works on the Severski Donets , an act of retaliation for having been evicted by
196-424: A significant role in the relations between Russia and Azerbaijan. As the latter's government has been heavily investing into the wellbeing of the city, Astrakhan has recently begun to symbolize the friendship between both countries. In 2010 a bridge was constructed with donations from Azerbaijan, which was named "Bridge of Friendship". Moreover, Azerbaijani government sponsored secondary school number 11, which carries
245-624: A varied character to Astrakhan. The city is the center of the Astrakhan metropolitan area . The name is a corruption of Hashtarkhan, itself a corruption of Haji Tarkhan ( حاجی ترخان )—a name amply evidenced in the medieval writings. Tarkhan is possibly a Turco-Mongolian title standing for "great khan ", or "king", while haji or hajji is a title given to one who has made the Islamic requisite of pilgrimage to Mecca . Together, they denoted "the king who has visited Mecca". The city has given its name to
294-792: A village into a large trading centre, before being conquered by Timur in 1395 and captured by Ivan the Terrible in 1556 and in 1558 it was moved to its present site. The oldest economic and cultural center of the Lower Volga region, it is often called the southernmost outpost of Russia, and the Caspian capital. The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization United Cities and Local Governments . The great ethnic diversity of its population gives
343-521: Is twinned with: Ataman Ataman (variants: otaman , wataman , vataman ; Russian : атаман ; Ukrainian : отаман ) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire , the term was the official title of the supreme military commanders of the Cossack armies. The Ukrainian version of the same word is hetman . Otaman in Ukrainian Cossack forces
392-532: Is also a military airbase nearby ( Astrakhan (air base) ). Astrakhan is linked by rail to the north ( Volgograd and Moscow), the east ( Atyrau and Kazakhstan ) and the south ( Makhachkala and Baku). There are direct trains to Moscow, Volgograd, Saint Petersburg , Baku , Kyiv , Brest and other towns. Intercity and international buses are available as well. Public local transport is mainly provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas . Until 2007 there were also trams, and until 2017 trolleybuses. Astrakhan
441-664: Is definitely baroque . In March 1919 after a failed workers' revolt against Bolshevik rule, 3,000 to 5,000 people were executed in less than a week by the Cheka under orders from Sergey Kirov . Some victims had stones tied around their necks and were thrown into the Volga. During Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the A-A line running from Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk
490-400: Is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan is incorporated as Astrakhan Urban Okrug . The city of Astrakhan is further subdivided into four administrative districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Sovetsky and Truskovsky. Astrakhan is
539-494: Is probably connected to Old East Slavic vatamanŭ, and cognates with Turkic odoman ( Ottoman Turks ). The term ataman may had also a lingual interaction with Polish hetman and German hauptmann . Suggestions have been made that the word might be of Turkic origin, literally meaning 'father of horsemen' or 'father of men', 'pure blooded father' or 'eldest man'. Considering the '-man' suffix in turkic languages means men, person, pure blooded or most. Dictionaries assert that
SECTION 10
#1732845371150588-512: Is served by Narimanovo Airport named after Soviet Azerbaijani politician Nariman Narimanov . It is managed by OAO Aeroport Astrakhan. After its reconstruction and the building of the international sector, opened in February 2011, Narimanovo Airport is one of the most modern regional airports in Russia. There are direct flights between Astrakhan and Aktau , Istanbul , St. Petersburg and Moscow. There
637-500: Is the lowest city in Russia. Astrakhan features a continental cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSk ) with cold winters and hot summers. Astrakhan is one of the driest cities in Europe. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year with, however, more precipitation (58%) in the hot season (six hottest months of the year). The below sea-level elevation and long distance from
686-776: The Cossack Hetmanate , leaders of non-Cossack military units ( artillery , etc.) were also called otamans . In the Cossack Hetmanate, the title was used for the administrative purposes, such as the head of the city, City Otaman (городовий отаман). Later such administrative uses were adopted by the Kuban Cossacks and were common in Kuban Oblast with different variations. There were various types of otaman: Otamans were also in charge of general- and regimental-size artillery units, as well as any volunteer military formations and
735-528: The Tsar . It is important to note that the rebellion was not against the institution of Tsardom but against the figures in power at the time. It was generally believed that Peter was either not who he claimed (i.e. the Antichrist sitting in place of the true Tsar who was hidden away), or that he was indeed the rightful Tsar but was under the control of evil advisers whose destruction would liberate him, and that if given
784-475: The United Russia candidate was declared the winner, organizers of the 2011–2012 Russian protests supported the defeated candidate, Oleg V. Shein of Just Russia , in a hunger strike . Protestors, buoyed by celebrities who support the reform movement, attracted 5,000 people to a rally on April 14. Astrakhan is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it
833-424: The military apparatus under Peter was not as divided as it could have been and found the rebellion to be more of a nuisance than a major conflict. By means of its vastly superior size and efficiency, the regular army was ultimately capable of stamping out the rebellion at all levels. In the end, angered by devastating reversals and Bulavin's tiring claims, factions of his own Cossack followers turned against him. He
882-564: The 2021 Census. At an elevation of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level , it is the lowest city in Russia. Astrakhan was formerly the capital of the Khanate of Astrakhan (a remnant of the Golden Horde ) of the Astrakhan Tatars , and was located on the higher right bank of the Volga, seven miles (11 km) from the present-day city. Situated on caravan and water routes, it developed from
931-524: The Khan granted him permission to do, the Khan then gifted Battuta with fifteen hundred dinars, many horses, and a dress of honor. In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible , who had a new fortress, or kremlin , built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga in 1558. This year is traditionally considered to be the foundation of the modern city. In 1569, during the Russo-Turkish War , Astrakhan
980-604: The Volga River in southern Russia; which Battuta refers to as the river Athal. He then claims the Athal is, "one of the greatest rivers in the world". In the winter, the Khan stays in Astrakhan. Due to the cold water, Özbeg Khan ordered the people of Astrakhan to lay many bundles of hay down on the frozen river. He does this to allow the people to travel over the ice. When Battuta and the Khan spoke about Battuta visiting Constantinople, which
1029-700: The Zholdak cavalry. Atamans were the titles of supreme leaders of various Cossack armies during the Russian Civil War . When Ukraine acquired its independence in 1918, the rank took on different value. Among the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army , it was equivalent to a major, as is the battalion executive officer today. In the Ukrainian People's Republic , the title
SECTION 20
#17328453711501078-567: The archiepiscopal see of one of the metropolitanates and (as Astrakhan and Yenotayevka) eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church , its only other suffragan being Akhtubinsk. There is also a Catholic community, served by the Church of the Assumption of Mary (Astrakhan) . There is also a substantial Muslim population made up of Astrakhan Tatars and other Muslims. At 1777 the white Mosque
1127-548: The city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia , Safavid Persia , Mughal India , and Khivan Khanate settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character. For seventeen months in 1670–1671, Astrakhan was held by Stenka Razin and his Cossacks . Early in the following century, Peter the Great constructed a shipyard here and made Astrakhan the base for his hostilities against Persia, and later in
1176-487: The dismemberment of the Soviet Union . In the present day, Astrakhan is a large industrial centre of the Volga country, Russia, with a population of over 500,000. Starting nearly 400 years ago and continuing to the present day, Astrakhan has been Russia's main center of fish processing. The market for fish is a large component of the economy in this city. Owing to shared Caspian borders, Astrakhan recently has been playing
1225-473: The entire rural Russian atmosphere was in an agitated state, waiting for a catalyst of some kind. In response to the constraints and fears of living in Peter's police state , large numbers of serfs absconded, abandoning the major urban areas, especially Moscow and the new capital at St. Petersburg . While some groups emigrated to Poland or Austria , many chose to avoid the border patrols and instead fled to
1274-485: The fact that the Cossacks harbored some resentment towards the peasants (for overpopulating their region and generally competing for local resources), more deplorable to them was the idea of Petrine agents roaming freely through their territory. They not only refused to give up the fugitive peasants, but on 8 October 1707 a small band of local atamans headed by Kondraty Bulavin ambushed and murdered Dolgorukov and his men in
1323-426: The famous Berber Muslim traveler, began his pilgrimage from his native city of Tangier , present-day Morocco to Mecca. Along the 12,100-kilometer (7,500 mi) trek, which took nearly 29 years, Battuta came in contact with many new cultures, which he writes about in his diaries. One specific country that he passed through on his journey was the Golden Horde ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan , located on
1372-549: The freedom to act, he would repudiate all of his wicked reforms. The rebellion suffered from a number of weaknesses. For one, despite all of his rallying, Bulavin never offered a pretender to the throne or suggested a just tsar to replace Peter. This blunder would condemn the rebellion's end goals to ambiguity and would let slip an immeasurable amount of support he might have mustered. Second, Bulavin did not coordinate his efforts with any other pre-existing Muscovite enemies, so despite being heavily engaged in war with Sweden ,
1421-418: The government as squatters . This conflict was never entirely resolved and was ultimately absorbed into the greater rebellion as it gained momentum. Bulavin was most likely illiterate, but like his contemporary revolutionaries, he possessed a talent for appealing to the people and inciting them to action. Bulavin's rally cries were simple: the goal was to move against Moscow and destroy the evil influences on
1470-554: The interior Pacific Northwest of the United States. The mean annual temperature amplitude (difference between the mean monthly temperatures of the hottest and coldest months) is thus equal to 29.7 °С (85.5 °F) so the climate is truly continental. Spring and fall are basically transitional seasons between summer and winter. Astrakhan has five institutions of higher education. Most prominent among these are Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University . The city
1519-596: The miserable state of peasant life. They effectively set the stage for the Pugachev Uprising under Catherine the Great . In response to the uprising, Peter tightened his grip on the Cossack states, causing some 2000 under Ignat Nekrasov to flee to the protection of the Crimean Khanate . Descendants of these Nekrasovites would relocate to Anatolia during the Pugachev Uprising and settle near Constantinople , where their traditional culture would continue to
Bulavin Rebellion - Misplaced Pages Continue
1568-401: The name of the national leader Heydar Aliyev , as well as a children's entertainment center named "Dream". Apart from that, a park has been built in the center of Astrakhan which is dedicated to friendship between the two countries. In the last 5 years Astrakhan has been visited by top Azerbaijani delegations on several occasions. After fraud was alleged in the mayoral election of 2012 and
1617-419: The ocean of Astrakhan significantly influences the climate. Winters are cold with average January temperature -3.6 °С (25.5 °F). Summer temperatures in Astrakhan are one of the highest in Russia with average Jule temperature 26.1 °С (79 °F) and may reach 40 °С (104 °F) and higher. The summers are much hotter than found further west on similar latitude in Europe and worldwide for 46°N with the notable exception of
1666-463: The particular pelts from young karakul sheep , and in particular to the hats traditionally made from the pelts. Colloquially, the city is known by the short form Astra . Another popular nickname is The Caspian Capital . Astrakhan is in the Volga Delta , which is rich in sturgeon and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde . Astrakhan
1715-587: The present day. Astrakhan Astrakhan ( Russian : Астрахань , IPA: [ˈastrəxənʲ] ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in southern Russia . The city lies on two banks of the Volga , in the upper part of the Volga Delta , on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression , 60 miles (100 km) from the Caspian Sea , with a population of 475,629 residents at
1764-528: The rebellion came with Bulavin's death in 1708. A number of social grievances were prevalent in the peasant population of Russia in the years leading up to the Bulavin Rebellion. Peter the Great 's radical reforms designed to "Westernize" old Muscovy in the 18th century were met with widespread discontent. The pious, deeply conservative masses saw his reforms as an affront to their traditional way of life and to their Eastern Orthodox faith. Peter
1813-424: The rural periphery and the river regions already inhabited by the Cossacks. It was Peter's policy to hunt down and arrest absconders and return them to their lords where they could be counted for taxes, a policy which, by this time, had no statute of limitations. In accordance with this policy, Peter deployed a group of bounty hunters under Yuri Dolgorukov to scout the Cossack regions for fugitive peasants. Despite
1862-561: The same century Catherine the Great accorded the city important industrial privileges. The city was held from 1707 by the Cossacks under Kondraty Bulavin during the Bulavin Rebellion until they were defeated the next year. A Kalmuck khan laid an abortive siege to the kremlin several years before that. In 1717, it became the seat of Astrakhan Governorate , whose first governors included Artemy Petrovich Volynsky and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev . Six years later, Astrakhan served as
1911-498: The same period, elements of both the Luftwaffe 's KG 4 and KG 100 bomber wings attacked Astrakhan, flying several air raids and bombing the city's oil terminals and harbor installations. In 1943, Astrakhan was made the seat of a Soviet oblast within the RSFSR . The oblast was retained as a national province of the independent Russian Federation in the 1991 administrative reshuffle after
1960-507: The village of Shulgin on the Aidar River , opening the door to violence and beginning the Bulavin Rebellion. Little is known about Bulavin personally, but he was born into a Cossack family and would have been old enough to remember Stenka Razin and the revolt of the late 17th century. He developed some combat experience fighting the Kuban and Crimean Tatars in his youth. However, he was never
2009-585: The word comes from the German word ' Hauptmann' which means 'head man', 'headman' or 'chieftain' which entered the Russian language through Polish ' hetman '. See also Hetman § Etymology . Otamans were usually elected by the Host Council or could have been appointed, especially during the military campaigns. The appointed otamans were called acting otaman ( наказний отаман , nakaznyi otaman ). In
Bulavin Rebellion - Misplaced Pages Continue
2058-412: Was a position of a lower rank. The etymologies of the words ataman and hetman are disputed. There may be several independent Germanic and Turkic origins for seemingly cognate forms of the words, all referring to the same concept. The hetman form cognates with German Hauptmann ('captain', literally 'head-man') by the way of Czech or Polish , like several other titles. The Russian term ataman
2107-608: Was besieged by the Ottomans, who had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Ottoman sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic. The Ottoman Empire , though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia as well as the destruction of the Russian fort on the Terek River . In the 17th century,
2156-683: Was built, and the Baku Mosque was built in 1907–1909. According to the results of the 2021 Census, the population of Astrakhan was 475,629. At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population was: The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression, 60 miles (100 km) from the Caspian Sea. At an elevation of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level, it
2205-570: Was even equated to the Anti-Christ and assumed to be an impostor posing as the true Tsar . On top of this, Peter's newly formed police state was expanding territorially, and by this expansion was encroaching upon salt resource sites coveted by the Cossacks for preservation of their foods. This dispute over land was in one sense an economic issue, but the Cossacks also regarded this as an intrusion upon their semi-autonomous political state. In general,
2254-462: Was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th century as Xacitarxan . Tamerlane burnt it to the ground in 1395 during his war with the Golden Horde . From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate by the Astrakhan Tatars . The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12 km upstream from the modern-day city. Starting in A.D. 1324, Ibn Battuta ,
2303-527: Was found dead on 7 July 1708, having been shot in the head. It is not known whether the wound was self-inflicted or an act of treachery. Following Bulavin's death, the rebellion petered out, with pockets of resistance persisting through 1709, but for all intents and purposes, the conflict was over. As mentioned, the Bulavin Rebellion bore striking similarities to Razin 's Revolt a generation earlier. Both were Cossack rebellions in part, aimed against an imposing governmental institution and driven by animosity for
2352-578: Was to be the eastern limit of German military operation and occupation. The plan was never carried out, as Germany captured neither the two cities nor Moscow . In the autumn of 1942, the region to the west of Astrakhan became one of the easternmost points in the Soviet Union reached by the invading German Wehrmacht , during Case Blue , the offensive which led to the Battle of Stalingrad . Light armored forces of German Army Group A made brief scouting missions as close as 35 km to Astrakhan before withdrawing. In
2401-542: Was triggered by a number of underlying tensions between the Moscow government under Peter I of Russia , the Cossacks , and Russian peasants fleeing from serfdom in Russia to gain freedom in the autonomous Don area. It started with the 1707 assassination of Prince Yury Vladimirovich Dolgorukov [ ru ] , the leader of Imperial army's punitive expedition to the Don area, by Don Cossacks under Bulavin's command. The end of
#149850