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92-725: The unit was formed in August 1914 on the initiative of the Supreme Ukrainian Council. It was composed of members of different Ukrainian paramilitary organizations in Galicia , led by Frank Schott, and participated in hostilities on the Russian front. After World War I, with Austria's disintegration, the unit became the regular military unit of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . During German and Austrian occupation of Ukraine in 1918

184-573: A cross-border region (centred on Carpathian Ruthenia ) inhabited by various nationalities and religious groups. The name of the region in the local languages is: Some historians speculated that the name had to do with a group of people of Thracian origin (i.e. Getae ) who during the Iron Age moved into the area after the Roman conquest of Dacia in 106 CE and may have formed the Lypytsia culture with

276-585: A full-fledged scouting organization with branches in many towns and villages. Many of the young scouts would continue to voluntarily join Ukrainian Sich Riflemen movement even well after the war was over, and future generations would also participate in the liberation struggles between the wars and in World War II. After many trials and tribulations, having survived in the Ukrainian Diaspora, Plast

368-472: A huge impression on Ivan Franko. It later developed into a long political and literary association. Franko's own socialist writings and his association with Drahomanov led to his arrest in 1877, along with Mykhailo Pavlyk and Ostap Terletsky , among others. They were accused of belonging to a secret socialist organization, which did not in fact exist. However, the nine months in prison did not discourage his political writing or activities. In prison, Franko wrote

460-529: A new government under Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyj , the Habsburg Monarchy was in danger of losing influence over Ukraine in favour of Germany. As a result, Emperor Charles created the special unit "Kampfgruppe Erzherzog Wilhelm" under command of Archduke Wilhelm with about 4000 soldiers, which included the Ukrainian Legion. It operated in the south of Ukraine during and after the conquest of Ukraine by

552-786: A part of the restored Republic of Poland , which absorbed the Lemko-Rusyn Republic . The local Ukrainian population declared the independence of Eastern Galicia as the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic . During the Polish-Soviet War , the Soviets tried to establish the puppet-state of the Galician SSR in East Galicia , but the territory was then conquered by the Poles. The 1921 Peace of Riga confirmed Galicia's status as part of

644-743: A peace treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary and established diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire . In 1205, Roman turned against his Polish allies, leading to a conflict with Leszek the White and Konrad of Masovia . Roman was killed in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), and Galicia–Volhynia entered a period of rebellion and chaos, becoming an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary. King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ , Latin for "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]",

736-624: A renegade Russian monk, consecrated a bishop on Mount Athos – to free the Ukrainians of all the religious and political groups in Canada who were wrangling to assimilate them. Within two years, the charismatic Seraphim built the notorious Tin Can Cathedral in Winnipeg's North-End, which claimed nearly 60,000 adherents. Today, the bust of Ivan Franko, which stands triumphantly on a pillar in the courtyard of

828-438: A scout's oath. Thus the official Ukrainian scouting organization Plast was born. Explicitly paramilitary elements were expressly excluded by the organization's constitution, written by Dr. Tysovs'kyi, because he desired to focus its efforts primarily on fostering the ideological aspect of national patriotism, as well as, of course, on advancing the standard scouting curriculum. Possessing greater authority and commanding respect in

920-439: A severe criticism of Ukrainian Social Democracy and the socialism of Marx and Engels , was published in 1898 in the journal Zhytie i Slovo , which he and his wife founded. He continued his anti- Marxist stance in a collection of poetry entitled Mii smarahd ( My Emerald ) in 1898, where he called Marxism "a religion founded on dogmas of hatred and class struggle". His long-time collaborative association with Mykhailo Drahomanov

1012-469: A single province. The duchies of Auschwitz ( Oświęcim ) and Zator were small historical principalities west of Kraków , on the border with Prussian Silesia . Lodomeria , under the name Volhynia, remained under the rule of the Russian Empire – see Volhynian Governorate . In Roman times, the region was populated by various tribes of Celto-Germanic admixture, including Celtic -based tribes,

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1104-640: A supplier of food products and raw materials to other Habsburg provinces. New taxes were instituted, investments were discouraged, and cities and towns were neglected. The result was significant poverty in Austrian Galicia . Galicia was the poorest province of Austro-Hungary, and according to Norman Davies , could be considered "the poorest province in Europe". Near Drohobych and Boryslav in Galicia, significant oil reserves were discovered and developed during

1196-628: A title that later was adopted in the House of Habsburg . In a compromise agreement made in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, the throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son, Coloman of Lodomeria . In 1352, when the principality was divided between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the territory became subject to the Polish Crown . With the Union of Lublin in 1569, Poland and Lithuania merged to form

1288-523: A village blacksmith of German Roman Catholic descent. For certain the Franko family was already living in Galicia when the country was incorporated into Austria in 1772. Ivan Franko's great-grandfather Teodor (Fed) Franko baptized his children in the Greek Catholic church . Franko's mother Maria came from a family of petty nobility . The Kulczyckis (or Kulchytskys) were an ancient noble family hailing from

1380-480: A whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German. This population was not evenly distributed. The Poles lived mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ("Ruthenia"). At the turn of the twentieth century, Poles constituted 88% of the whole population of Western Galicia and Jews 7.5%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show

1472-516: A year later. Franko married Olha Khoruzhynska from Kyiv in May 1886, to whom he dedicated the collection Z vershyn i nyzyn ( From Tops and Bottoms ), a book of poetry and verse. The couple lived in Vienna for some time, where Ivano Franko met with Theodor Herzl and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk . His wife was to later suffer from a debilitating mental illness due to the death of the first-born son, Andriy, one of

1564-543: Is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine , long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia (centered on Lviv ) and Lesser Poland (centered on Kraków ). The name of the region derives from the medieval city of Halych , and was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in

1656-565: The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Galicia was the Central Powers ' only major domestic source of oil during the Great War . 49°49′48″N 24°00′51″E  /  49.8300°N 24.0142°E  / 49.8300; 24.0142 Ivan Franko Ivan Yakovych Franko ( Ukrainian : Іван Якович Франко , pronounced [iˈwɑn ˈjɑkowɪtʃ frɐnˈkɔ] ; 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916)

1748-613: The Lugians , Cotini , Vandals and Goths (the Przeworsk and Púchov cultures). During the Migration Period , a variety of nomadic groups invaded the area. The East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi dominated the area since the 6th century until it was annexed to Kievan Rus' in the 10th century. In the 12th century, the Principality of Galicia was formed, which merged at

1840-768: The Polish uprising of 1863 . Franko's distant relative, aunt Koszycka, with whom he lived while studying in Drohobych, spoke Polish and Ruthenian. Ivan Franko attended school in the village Yasenytsia Sylna from 1862 until 1864, and from there attended the Basilian monastic school in Drohobych until 1867. His father died before Ivan was able to graduate from the gymnasium ( realschule ), but his stepfather supported Ivan in continuing his education. Soon, however, Franko found himself completely without parents after his mother died as well and later

1932-553: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which lasted for 200 years until conquered and divided up by Russia, Prussia , and Austria in the 1772 partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The south-eastern part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was awarded to the Habsburg Empress Maria-Theresa , whose bureaucrats named it the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , after one of the titles of

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2024-708: The Ruthenian Voivodeship . In 1526, after the death of Louis II of Hungary , the Habsburgs inherited the Hungarian claims to the titles of the Kingship of Galicia and Lodomeria, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772 the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa , Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, used those historical claims to justify her participation in the First Partition of Poland . In fact,

2116-648: The Second Polish Republic . Although never accepted as legitimate by some Ukrainian nationalists , this was ratified by the Conference of Ambassadors on 14 March 1923 and internationally recognized on 15 May 1923. The Ukrainians of Eastern Galicia and the neighbouring province of Volhynia made up about 12% of the Polish Republic's population, and were its largest minority. As Polish government policies were discriminatory towards minorities, tensions between

2208-573: The Venedi people who moved into the region at the end of La Tène period . The Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt (see Thraco-Cimmerian ) and Vysotske cultures. A connection with Celtic peoples supposedly explains the relation of the name "Galicia" to many similar place names found across Europe and Asia Minor , such as ancient Gallia or Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and northern Italy), Galatia (in Asia Minor ),

2300-534: The "Polish Baku", the oil fields of Borysław and nearby Tustanowice accounted for over 90% of the national oil output of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From 500 residents in the 1860s, Borysław had swollen to 12,000 by 1898. At the turn of the century, Galicia was ranked fourth in the world as an oil producer. This significant increase in oil production also caused a slump in oil prices. A very rapid decrease in oil production in Galicia occurred just before

2392-747: The Americas, Ivan Franko's legacy is alive to this day. Cyril Genik , the best man at Franko's wedding, emigrated to Canada. Genik became the first Ukrainian to be employed by the Canadian government – working as an immigration agent. With his cousin Ivan Bodrug, and Bodrug's friend Ivan Negrich, the three were known as the Березівѕка Трійця (the Bereziv Triumvirate) in Winnipeg. Imbued by Franko's nationalism and liberalism, Genik and his Triumvirate had no compunction about bringing Bishop Seraphim to Winnipeg in 1903 –

2484-539: The Austrian authorities to legalize the Ukrainian paramilitary organizations. They were greatly influenced by the similar Polish paramilitary organizations, such as Związek Strzelecki , which were numerous, well-organized and — unlike the Ukrainian organizations — legal. This group later published its own newspaper, "Vidhuk", and continued to organize Lviv's Ukrainian youth. However, several attempts to legalize it were blocked by

2576-1164: The Central Powers in 1918. The Legion reached Kherson and Odessa , and because of the low resistance even the Dnieper River could be used as a transport route. The last engagement of the Legion under the Habsburg banner took place in Zaporizhzhya on April 16, 1918. The Bolsheviks had to evacuate the city. The unit is commemorated in the 1914 song " Oh, the Red Viburnum in the Meadow " ( Ukrainian : Ой у лузі червона калина ) Galicia (Central Europe) Galicia ( / ɡ ə ˈ l ɪ ʃ ( i ) ə / gə- LISH -(ee-)ə ; Polish : Galicja , IPA: [ɡaˈlit͡sja] ; Ukrainian : Галичина , romanized :  Halychyna , IPA: [ɦɐlɪtʃɪˈnɑ] ; Yiddish : גאַליציע , romanized :  Galitsye ; see below )

2668-694: The Galician-Karpathian Petroleum Company ( German : Galizisch-Karpathische Petroleum Aktien-Gesellschaft ), headquartered in Vienna, with McGarvey as the chief administrator and Bergheim as a field engineer, and built a huge refinery at Maryampole near Gorlice , south of Tarnow. Considered the biggest, most efficient enterprise in Austro-Hungary, Maryampole was built in six months and employed 1,000 men. Subsequently, investors from Britain, Belgium, and Germany established companies to develop

2760-619: The Hungarians from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles. In 1349, in the course of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars , King Casimir III the Great of Poland conquered the major part of Galicia and put an end to the independence of this territory. Upon the conquest Casimir adopted the following title: Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland and Rus (Ruthenia), lord and heir of

2852-546: The Iberian Peninsula's Galicia , and Romanian Galați . Some other scholars assert that the name Halych has Slavic origins – from halytsa , meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from halka which means " jackdaw ". (The jackdaw featured as a charge in the city's coat of arms and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria. The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology ). Although Ruthenians drove out

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2944-636: The Israelite search for a homeland and the Ukrainian desire for independence in In Death of Cain (1889) and Moses (1905). Stolen Happiness (1893) is considered as his best dramatic masterpiece. In total, Franko has written more than 1,000 works. He was widely promoted in Ukraine during the Soviet period, particularly for his poem " Kameniari " (groundbreakers) which contains revolutionary political ideas, hence earning him

3036-566: The Ivan Franko Manor on McGregor St. in Winnipeg, looks fondly across the street. Two churches stood here, the first (this building has since been demolished) that Seraphim blessed and opened for service upon his arrival, before building his Cathedral. The second was the Independent Greek Church (this building is still intact) of which Ivan Bodrug became the head after Seraphim was removed. Franko's consciousness had been bold, and on

3128-473: The Legion's small company reconnaissance capabilities. The Legion also saw successful action as part of Hofmann's Corps in the Bug Offensive and the Battle of Gorlice-Tarnów . On September 30, 1916, the Legion was almost completely routed in an engagement at Potutory , near Berezhany . Because of a breakthrough in the adjacent section of the front, Russian troops were able to completely surround and capture

3220-526: The Legion. During regrouping it was assigned to the "K.u.k. Hutsulenkompanie" (the former "Ruthenian" or "Bukovina Volunteer Battalion") and incorporated into it as a separate company. On July 1, 1917, at the beginning of the Kerensky Offensive , part of the Legion in action was once again trapped by a Russian attack near Berezhany. With the German occupation of Ukraine in early 1918 and the establishment of

3312-537: The Lviv civil society, Dr. Tysovs'kyi won the upper hand, and Ivan Chmola eventually joined efforts with him. Nevertheless, Chmola continued his efforts to train the youth, started organizing scouting camps and teaching adolescents various survival skills, orienteering in different terrains and similar useful skills based on self-reliance, discipline and, most importantly, fellowship. This initiative attracted several prominent individuals, who would later also play important roles in

3404-464: The Polish government and the Ukrainian population grew, eventually giving rise to the militant underground Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists . In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The serfs accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of

3496-451: The Polish sphere, resulting in stagnation of economic life and decline of Galician towns. Lviv lost its status as a significant trade center. After a short period of limited investments, the Austrian government started the fiscal exploitation of Galicia and drained the region of manpower through conscription to the imperial army. The Austrians decided that Galicia should not develop industrially but remain an agricultural area that would serve as

3588-590: The Ukrainian-controlled part of Ukraine there were 552 streets named after Ivan Franko. He is also associated with the name Kameniar for his famous poem, "Kameniari" ("The Rock Breakers"), especially during the time of the Soviet regime . Although he was a socialist , his political views mostly did not correspond to Soviet ideology . On 8 April 1978, the astronomer Nikolai Chernykh named an asteroid in honor of Franko by way of this name, 2428 Kamenyar . In

3680-595: The Years of My Youth ). In the last nine years of his life, Franko seldom physically wrote, as he suffered from rheumatism which eventually paralyzed his right arm. He was assisted as amanuensis by his sons, particularly Andriy. In 1916, Josef Zastyretz and Harald Hjärne proposed Franko for the 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature , but he died before the nomination materialized. Franko died in poverty at 4 pm on 28 May 1916. Those who came to pay their respects saw him lying on

3772-428: The battle in the Carpathians, the legion was on reconnaissance and small-scale duty or inserted between regular troops to keep it under control. At this time, the legion took part in the battle for Mount Makivka . However, the initial mistrust of the army leadership turned out to be unfounded, and the officers and enlisted men were officially given the "best report card." Field Marshal Lieutenant Hofmann especially praised

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3864-448: The cause of national liberation. They also sought to dispel the claims of some Galician Russophiles that the Ukrainians in that area were sympathetic to Russia. The Austrian war ministry was not prepared for this initiative of the General Ukrainian Council and allowed creation of a unit with only 2,500 men. The first volunteers were mainly members of Ukrainian nationalist organizations such as Sich , Sokil and Plast . Before and during

3956-439: The creation of the Sich Riflemen — for example, Petro Franko, Ivan Franko's son. And many individuals continued to secretly train militarily, of their own accord. Finally, Kyrylo Tryliovs'kyi translated a similar statute of a Polish paramilitary organization and submitted it to the Austrian authorities for approval. This time, the officials had no choice but to grant approval, and a society of "Sich Riflemen" ( Sichovi Stril'tsi )

4048-409: The empire. The pro-Austrian faction prevailed, and only units loyal to the Habsburg monarchy were allowed to exist. From its inception, Ukrainian Sich Riflemen saw Russia as their main enemy and were preparing to liberate Ukrainian lands from under the yoke of the Russian Empire. In Galicia and Bukovina, Sich Riflemen were also circulating a magazine called "Vidhuk" ("Response"). In 1914, a statute of USS

4140-422: The end of the century with neighbouring Volhynia into the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Galicia and Volhynia had originally been two separate Rurikid principalities, assigned on a rotating basis to younger members of the Kievan dynasty. The line of Prince Roman the Great of Volodymyr had held the Principality of Volhynia, while the line of Yaroslav Osmomysl held the Principality of Galicia. Galicia–Volhynia

4232-435: The fact that Austria's claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, "Galicia and Lodomeria" were not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the Ausgleich of 1867, the territory found itself in Cisleithania , or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary . The full official name of the new Austrian territory was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator . After

4324-404: The following numbers: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 22.0%, Jews 12%. Of the 44 administrative divisions of Austrian eastern Galicia, Lviv ( Polish : Lwów , German : Lemberg ) was the only one in which Poles made up a majority of the population. Anthropologist Marianna Dushar has argued that this diversity led to a development of a distinctive food culture in the region. The Polish language

4416-406: The forces of the Russian Empire and the Central Powers , on the Eastern Front of World War I . The Russian forces overran most of the region in 1914 after defeating the Austro-Hungarian army in a chaotic frontier battle in the opening months of the war. They were in turn pushed out in the spring and summer of 1915 by a combined German/Austro-Hungarian offensive. In 1918, Western Galicia became

4508-508: The incorporation of the Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator ( German : Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator ). Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the Austrian emperor's titles , each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed

4600-436: The journal was reborn under the names Dzvin ( Bell ) and Molot ( Mallet ). Franko published a series of books called Dribna Biblioteka ("Petty Library") from 1878 until his second arrest for arousing the peasants to civil disobedience in 1880. After three months in the Kolomyia prison, the writer returned to Lviv. His impressions of this exile are reflected in his novel Na Dni ( At the Bottom ). Upon his release, Franko

4692-431: The land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania (Pomerelia). Latin : Kazimirus, Dei gratia rex Polonie et Rusie, nec non-Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres . Under the Jagiellonian dynasty (Kings of Poland from 1386 to 1572), the Kingdom of Poland revived and reconstituted its territories. In place of historic Galicia there appeared

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4784-419: The local authorities, who were mostly Poles. Although initially Chmola chose the name "Plast" for this formation, this group represented only one isolated attempt to organize the Ukrainian youth into a legitimate scouting movement under this name. In June 1912, Dr. Oleksandr Tysovs'kyi, a teacher at the Academic Gymnasium in Lviv, administered a ceremony, at which a group of young students under his tutelage took

4876-604: The mid 19th and early 20th centuries. The first European attempt to drill for oil was in Bóbrka in western Galicia in 1854. By 1867, a well at Kleczany, in Western Galicia, was drilled using steam to about 200 meters. On 31 December 1872, a railway line linking Borysław (now Boryslav) with the nearby city of Drohobycz (now Drohobych) was opened. British engineer John Simeon Bergheim and Canadian William Henry McGarvey came to Galicia in 1882. In 1883, their company bored holes of 700 to 1,000 meters and found large oil deposits. In 1885, they renamed their oil developing enterprise

4968-463: The modern regions of western Ukraine : the Lviv , Ternopil , and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts near Halych. In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship , Subcarpathian Voivodeship , and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia after the collapse of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Eastern Galicia became contested ground between Poland and Ruthenia in medieval times and

5060-402: The name Kameniar (groundbreaker). English translations of Ivan Franko's works include: An anthology containing short stories and novellas by Franko entitled Faces of Hardship was published in 2021. In 1962 the city of Stanyslaviv in Western Ukraine ( formerly Stanisławów, Poland) was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk in the poet's honor. On the Centennial of Franko's PhD defence in 1993,

5152-403: The novel Zakhar Berkut , translated Goethe 's Faust and Heine's poem Deutschland: ein Wintermärchen into Ukrainian. He also wrote a series of articles on Taras Shevchenko , and reviewed the collection Khutorna Poeziya ( Khutir Poetry ) by Panteleimon Kulish . Franko worked for the journal Zorya ( Sunrise ), and became a member of the editing board of the newspaper Dilo ( Action )

5244-645: The oil and natural gas industries in Galicia. This influx of capital caused the number of petroleum enterprises to shrink from 900 to 484 by 1884, and to 285 companies manned by 3,700 workers by 1890. However, the number of oil refineries increased from thirty-one in 1880 to fifty-four in 1904. By 1904, there were thirty boreholes in Borysław of over 1,000 meters. Production increased by 50% between 1905 and 1906 and then trebled between 1906 and 1909 because of unexpected discoveries of vast oil reserves of which many were gushers. By 1909, production reached its peak at 2,076,000 tons or 4% of worldwide production. Often called

5336-467: The population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions. Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and " Ruthenians "; the peoples known later as Ukrainians and Rusyns , as well as ethnic Jews , Germans , Armenians , Czechs , Slovaks , Hungarians , Roma and others. In Galicia as

5428-444: The princes of Hungary, although its borders coincided but roughly with those of the former medieval principality. Known informally as Galicia, it became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the Austrian Empire . After 1867 it was part of the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary , until the dissolution of the monarchy at the end of World War I in 1918. During the First World War , Galicia saw heavy fighting between

5520-411: The reasons that Franko would not leave Lviv for treatment in Kyiv in 1916, shortly before his death. In 1888, Franko was a contributor to the journal Pravda , which, along with his association with compatriots from Dnieper Ukraine , led to a third arrest in 1889. After this two-month prison term, he co-founded the Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party with Mykhailo Drahomanov and Mykhailo Pavlyk. Franko

5612-410: The satire Smorhonska Akademiya ( The Smorhon Academy ). After release, he studied the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , contributed articles to the Polish newspaper Praca ( Labor ) and helped organize workers' groups in Lviv . In 1878 Franko and Pavlyk founded the magazine Hromads'kyi Druh ("Public Friend"). Only two issues were published before it was banned by the government; however,

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5704-413: The start of the First World War there were at least 2000 such organizations in Galicia and Bukovina . In 1911, a philosophy student from Lviv , Ivan Chmola , organized a secret paramilitary group of young men and women from Lviv University, Academic Gymnasium, and other local schools. These enthusiasts learned how to use firearms, prepared military manuals, translated military terminology and lobbied

5796-413: The table covered with nothing but a ragged sheet. His burial and burial clothes were paid for by his admirers, and none of his family came to visit him. Franko was buried at the Lychakivskiy Cemetery in Lviv. Soon after Franko's death, the world witnessed the creation of two Ukrainian republics. Olha Fedorivna Khoruzhynska (m. 1886-1941), a graduate of the Institute of Noble Dames in Kharkiv and later

5888-509: The territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia – the Russian Empire took control of Volhynia to the north-east, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi ( Włodzimierz Wołyński ) – after which Lodomeria was named. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland – Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl (1772–1918), Zamość (1772–1809), Lublin (1795–1809), and Kraków (1846–1918) – became part of Austrian Galicia . Moreover, despite

5980-418: The then Austrian vice chancellor Erhard Busek had a commemorative bust installed in the university building on Ringstrasse, opposite Übungsraum 1 and 2 at the Department of Germanistik. In 2013, an additional plaque was added, after an academic symposium had clarified Franko's relationship to Judaism, mentioned anti-Semitic stereotypes in Franko's work as well as close Jewish friends. As of November 2018 on

6072-458: The two-year higher courses in Kyiv , she knew several languages and played piano, died in 1941 According to Roland Franko, his grandfather was 1.74 metres (5.7 ft) tall, had red hair, always wore mustache and the Ukrainian embroidered shirt ( vyshyvanka ) even with a dress-coat. Some of Franko's descendants emigrated to the US and Canada. His grand-nephew, Yuri Shymko , is a Canadian politician and human rights activist living in Toronto, who

6164-438: The unit was disbanded. A number of Ukrainian youth organizations formed in Galicia as early as 1894, the result of the growing national consciousness among Ukrainians in Galicia. In 1900, a sports/firefighting organization Sich was founded by a lawyer and social activist Kyrylo Tryliovs'kyi in Sniatyn (today's Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ), which rejuvenated the ideas of Cossack Zaporozhian Sich to foster patriotism among

6256-451: The unit was stationed in southern Ukraine. Former unit soldiers participated in the formation of Sich Riflemen , a military unit of the Ukrainian People's Republic . In 1919 the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen expanded into the Ukrainian Galician Army ( Ukrainian : Українська Галицька Армія , romanized :  Ukrainska Halytska Armiia ). They participated in the Polish–Ukrainian War around Lviv and suffered heavy losses. On May 2, 1920,

6348-480: The village of Kulchytsi in the Sambir Raion . Her mother was Ludwika Kulczycka, widow with six children from Yasenytsia Silna. Researchers describe Franko's mother's nationality as Polish or Ukrainian. The petty gentry in Eastern Galicia often retained elements of Polish culture and fostered a sense of solidarity with the Polish nobility, but they also Ruthenized and blended in with the surrounding peasantry. For example, Franko's uncle Ivan Kulczycki took part in

6440-492: The widespread multilingualism blurred ethnic divisions. Religiously, Galicia is predominantly Catholic, and Catholicism is practiced in two rites. Poles are Roman Catholic , while Ukrainians belong to the Greek Catholic Church . Other Christians belong to one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches . Until the Holocaust , Judaism was widespread, and Galicia was the center of Hasidism . The new state borders cut Galicia off from many of its traditional trade routes and markets of

6532-409: The works of such renowned figures as William Shakespeare , Lord Byron , Pedro Calderón de la Barca , Dante Alighieri , Victor Hugo , Adam Mickiewicz , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller . His translations appeared on the stage of the Ruska Besida Theatre . Along with Taras Shevchenko , he has had a tremendous influence on modern literary and political thought in Ukraine. Franko

6624-471: The year 1206 as Galiciæ . The eastern part of the region was controlled by the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia before it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland in 1352 and became part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship . During the partitions of Poland , it was incorporated into a crown land of the Austrian Empire – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within

6716-576: The young Ivan stayed with totally unrelated people. In 1875, he graduated from the Drohobych Realschule, and continued on to Lviv University , where he studied classical philosophy, Ukrainian language and literature . It was at this university that Franko began his literary career, with various works of poetry and his novel Petriï i Dovbushchuky published by the students' magazine Druh ( Friend ), whose editorial board he would later join. A meeting with Mykhailo Drahomanov at Lviv University made

6808-472: The young. Alongside these organizations, forming all across Galicia, parallel sports/firefighting organizations Sokil (Falcon) were also springing up. By 1912, many smaller Sich companies appeared in numerous Ukrainian communities. Along with these youth organizations, a Women's Organizational Committee was set up to train nurses. The Ukrainian Sich Union coordinated the activities of all local Sich companies and printed its own newspaper, "The Sich News". By

6900-540: Was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic , journalist, translator , economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy , ethnographer , and the author of the first detective novels and modern poetry in the Ukrainian language . He was a political radical, and a founder of the socialist and nationalist movement in Western Ukraine . In addition to his own literary work, he also translated into Ukrainian

6992-536: Was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist, precipitating the chain of events that led to World War I. One month later, World War I broke out and the newly established General Ukrainian Council published in the Lviv newspaper "Dilo" a call for Galician Ukrainians to form volunteer units to fight the Russian Empire. The Ukrainian leaders in Austria-Hungary hoped that the formation of these units would advance

7084-453: Was born in the Ukrainian village of Nahuievychi , then located in the Austrian kronland of Galicia , today part of Drohobych Raion , Lviv Oblast , Ukraine. As a child, he was baptized as Ivan by Father Yosyp Levytsky, known as a poet and the author of the first Galician- Ruthenian Hramatyka ("Grammar"), who was later exiled to Nahuyevychi for a "sharp tongue". At home, however, Ivan

7176-507: Was called Myron because of a local superstitious belief that naming a person by a different name will dodge death. Franko's family in Nahuyevychi was considered "well-to-do", with their own servants and 24 hectares (59 acres) of owned property. Franko's family possibly had German origins, being descendants of German colonists. Ivan Franko believed it to be true. That statement is also supported by Timothy Snyder who describes Yakiv Franko as

7268-578: Was considered the foremost expert of Slavic languages at the time. Franko received his doctorate of philosophy from University of Vienna on July 1, 1893. He was appointed lecturer in the history of Ukrainian literature at Lviv University in 1894; however, he was not able to chair the Department of Ukrainian literature there because of opposition from Vicegerent Kazimierz Badeni and Galician conservative circles. One of Franko's articles, Sotsiializm i sotsiial-demokratyzm ( Socialism and Social Democracy ),

7360-539: Was created following the death in 1198 or 1199 (and without a recognised heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich ; Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as the designation of their combined kingdom. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. In 1204, Roman captured Kyiv in alliance with Poland , signed

7452-834: Was elected to Canada's Parliament as well as the Ontario Legislature during the 1980s. Lesyshyna Cheliad and Dva Pryiateli ( Two Friends ) were published in the literary almanac Dnistrianka in 1876. Later that year he wrote his first collection of poetry, Ballads and Tales . His first of the stories in the Boryslav series was published in 1877. Franko depicted the harsh experience of Ukrainian workers and peasants in his novels Boryslav Laughs (1881–1882) and Boa Constrictor (1878). His works deal with Ukrainian nationalism and history ( Zakhar Berkut , 1883), social issues ( Basis of Society , 1895 and Withered Leaves , 1896), and philosophy ( Semper Tiro , 1906). He has drawn parallels to

7544-470: Was finally legalized in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria on 18 March 1913. The first such company was set up in Lviv, soon to be augmented by Ivan Chmola and his group. Legalization of Sich Riflemen gave impetus to other Ukrainian youth organizations, and the ranks of Sich , Sokil and Plast subsequently swelled up all across Western Ukraine. In the spring of 1913, the Ukrainian Sich League

7636-417: Was formed in Lviv, and a statute of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (USS) was drafted. On 25 January 1914 the second society "Sich Riflemen II" was organized in Lviv, numbering over 300 members. Sich Riflemen I included mostly students and Sich Riflemen II consisted mostly of workers and peasants. By the start of World War I, there were 96 Sich Riflemen societies in Galicia alone. Plast was by then transformed into

7728-479: Was fought over by Austria-Hungary and Russia during World War I and also Poland and Ukraine in the 20th century. In the 10th century, several cities were founded there, such as Volodymyr and Jaroslaw , whose names mark their connections with the Grand Princes of Kiev . There is considerable overlap between Galicia and Podolia (to the east) as well as between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia , especially in

7820-441: Was kept under police surveillance. At odds with the administration, Franko was expelled from Lviv University, an institution that would be renamed Ivan Franko National University of Lviv after the writer's death. Franko was an active contributor to the journal Svit ( The World ) in 1881. He wrote more than half of the material, excluding the unsigned editorials. Later that year, Franko moved to his native Nahuievychi, where he wrote

7912-577: Was living in poverty, purchased a house for him in the city. He lived there for the remaining 14 years of his life. The house is now the site of the Ivan Franko Museum. In 1904 Franko took part in an ethnographic expedition in the Boyko areas with Filaret Kolesa , Fedir Vovk , and a Russian ethnographer. 1914 saw publication of his jubilee collection, Pryvit Ivanovi Frankovi ( Greeting Ivan Franko ), and of his collection Iz lit moyeyi molodosti ( From

8004-414: Was published, which established the order of service and the uniforms, provided military terminology and commands in the Ukrainian language. That same year ammunition and rifles were procured for a 10,000-strong Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen , which participated in Lviv parade on 28 June 1914, along with all of the youth organizations - Sich , Sokil and Plast . That same day, Archduke Franz Ferdinand

8096-496: Was reorganized in Ukraine shortly before Ukraine's independence in 1991 and continues to be the largest scouting organization in Ukraine, fostering the values of national patriotism among Ukrainian youth. Initially there was no unanimity among the founders of the Ukrainian Sich League as to its goals: some wanted complete independence of the Ukrainian people from the Austro-Hungarian empire, and some wanted limited autonomy within

8188-726: Was strained due to their diverging views on socialism and the national question. Franko would later accuse Drahomanov of tying Ukraine's fate to that of Russia in Suspil'nopolitychni pohliady M. Drahomanova ( The Sociopolitical Views of M. Drahomanov ), published in 1906. After a split in the Radical Party, in 1899, Franko, together with the Lviv historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky , founded the National Democratic Party, where he worked until 1904 when he retired from political life. In 1902, students and activists in Lviv, embarrassed that Franko

8280-660: Was the Radical party's candidate for seats in the parliament of Austria and the Galicia Diet , but never won an election. In 1891, Franko attended the Franz-Josephs-Universität Czernowitz (where he prepared a dissertation on Ivan Vyshensky), and then attended the University of Vienna to defend a doctoral dissertation on the spiritual romance Barlaam and Josaphat under the supervision of Vatroslav Jagić , who

8372-467: Was the most diverse part of the region, and one of the most diverse areas in Europe at the time. The Galician Jews immigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such as Saxony or Swabia ). For those who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, and

8464-410: Was the most spoken language in Galicia as a whole, although the eastern part of the region was predominantly Ruthenian-speaking. According to the 1910 census, 58.6% of Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue, compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language. The number of Polish-speakers may have been inflated because Jews were not given the option of listing Yiddish as their language. Eastern Galicia

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