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56-647: The Bubastite Portal gate is located in Karnak , within the Precinct of Amun-Re temple complex, between the temple of Ramesses III and the second pylon. It records the conquests and military campaigns c. 925 BC of Shoshenq I , of the Twenty-second Dynasty . Shoshenq has been identified with the biblical Shishaq , such that the relief is also known as the Shishak Inscription or Shishaq Relief . This gate

112-577: A stela from Armant , the king of Kadesh advanced his army to Megiddo. Thutmose III mustered his own army and departed Egypt, passing through the border fortress of Tjaru (Sile). Thutmose marched his troops through the coastal plain as far as Jamnia , then inland to Yehem, a small city near Megiddo. The ensuing Battle of Megiddo probably was the largest battle in any of Thutmose's seventeen campaigns. A ridge of mountains jutting inland from Mount Carmel stood between Thutmose and Megiddo, and he had three potential routes to take. The northern route and

168-408: A "porch of drunkenness" built onto the temple by the pharaoh Hatshepsut , during the height of her twenty-year reign. In a later myth developed around the annual drunken Sekhmet festival, Ra, by then the sun god of Upper Egypt, created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother, to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt). In the myth, Sekhmet's blood-lust was not quelled at the end of

224-649: A large village with a temple stood at the well-watered site. Also at En Esur , a walled city covered the site during the Early Bronze Age, an exceptionally early and populous urban centre for the Southern Levant. In the Late Bronze Age , the Egyptian king, Thutmose III (r. 1479-1425 BC), used the route, then called Aruna , to surprise his enemies, and take control of Megiddo . According to information from

280-473: A number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including Vivant Denon , during 1798–1799. Claude-Étienne Savary describes the complex in rather great detail in his work of 1785; especially in light of the fact that it is a fictional account of a pretend journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit Lower Egypt in 1777–78, and published a work about that too. This

336-507: A result of waves of immigration during the first half of the 19th century, and the area currently features a number of villages with a substantial population of Egyptian descent. Captured by Iraqi Arab League forces under the command of Iraqi officer, Captain Khaleel Jassim , in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , it was ceded to Israel in exchange for territory south of Hebron in the 1949 Israel-Jordan armistice agreement . In March 1949, as

392-632: A tributary of the Hadera Stream , south of Talmei Elazar and north of Tel Zeror . Wadi Ara is part of the ancient historical route Via Maris , connecting what is now the Israeli coastal plain with the Jezreel Valley and, in a wider sense, Egypt in the west with Syria and Mesopotamia in the east. The site of En Esur has a main occupational level from the Early Chalcolithic period, when

448-410: A village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two capuchin missionary brothers, Protais and Charles François d'Orléans, travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by Melchisédech Thévenot ( Relations de divers voyages curieux , 1670s–1696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb ( The Present State of Egypt , 1678). The first drawing of Karnak

504-633: Is "hidden" or the "hidden god". Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth Dynasty , when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt. Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty added something to the temple site. Thutmose I erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing in situ . Hatshepsut had monuments constructed and also restored

560-707: Is a 20 km wadi (valley) in northern Israel that begins at the meeting point of Samaria , the Menashe Heights , and the Sharon plain . The riverbed begins near Umm al-Fahm and runs southwest on the boundary between the Manasseh hills and the Umm al-Fahm hills. Approximately 1 km west of the Border Patrol intersection on Highway 65, the wadi opens into the Sharon plain, and becomes

616-559: Is a bilingual Hebrew - Arabic school located in an Arab village in Wadi Ara. It was established in 2004 with 100 students in kindergarten through third grade. In 2008, classes were offered up to sixth grade and enrollment increased to 200, split evenly between Arabs and Jews . The area has come under political attention as some Israeli politicians such as Avigdor Lieberman of the Yisrael Beiteinu party have brought up transferring

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672-640: Is a valley and its surrounding area in Israel populated mainly by Arab Israelis . The area is also known as the " Northern Triangle ". Wadi Ara is located northwest of the Green Line , in the Haifa District . Highway 65 runs through the wadi . The ancient town of biblical fame, Megiddo , known from Revelation 16 :16 as Armageddon , used to guard its northern exit during much of the Bronze and Iron Ages . Wadi Ara

728-597: Is a vast open site and includes the Karnak Open Air Museum . It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt; only the Giza pyramid complex near Cairo receives more visits. It consists of four main parts, of which only the largest is currently open to the public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the Precinct of Amun-Re only, because this is the only part most visitors see. The three other parts,

784-469: Is found in Paul Lucas ' travel account of 1704, ( Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant ). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator , and

840-445: Is that large ramps were constructed of sand, mud, brick or stone and that the stones were then towed up the ramps. If stone had been used for the ramps, they would have been able to use much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have employed either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths. There is an unfinished pillar in an out-of-the-way location that indicates how it would have been finished. Final carving

896-510: Is the largest of the precincts of the temple complex, and is dedicated to Amun-Re , the chief deity of the Theban Triad . There are several colossal statues, including the figure of Pinedjem I which is 10.5 metres (34 ft) tall. The sandstone for this temple, including all of the columns, was transported from Gebel Silsila 100 miles (161 km) south on the Nile river. It also has one of

952-400: Is thought by some scholars to be of dubious historicity; see Shishak § Biblical narrative . Karnak The Karnak Temple Complex , commonly known as Karnak ( / ˈ k ɑːr . n æ k / ), comprises a vast mix of temples , pylons , chapels, and other buildings near Luxor , Egypt. Construction at the complex began during the reign of Senusret I (reigned 1971–1926 BC) in

1008-888: The Great Hypostyle Hall also may have begun during the Eighteenth Dynasty (although most new building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II in the Nineteenth). Merneptah , also of the Nineteenth Dynasty, commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court , the start of the processional route (also known as the Avenue of Sphinxes ) to the Luxor Temple . The last major change to

1064-597: The Middle Kingdom ( c.  2000–1700 BC ) and continued into the Ptolemaic Kingdom (305–30 BC), although most of the extant buildings date from the New Kingdom . The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the 18th Dynastic Theban Triad , with the god Amun as its head. It is part of the monumental city of Thebes , and in 1979 it

1120-498: The Precinct of Mut , the Precinct of Montu , and the dismantled Temple of Amenhotep IV , are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re, and the Luxor Temple . The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatshepsut , although another pharaoh built around it in order to change

1176-494: The Rosetta Stone translation. In his letters he wrote: "In this wonderful palace, I have contemplated the portraits of most of the old Pharaohs known for their great deeds, and these are true portraits.... one sees Mandoueï fighting the enemies of Egypt, and returning as triumphator to his homeland; farther along [in the series of images, one sees] the campaigns of Ramses-Sesostris; elsewhere, [one sees] Sésonchis hanging about at

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1232-534: The 15th and 16th centuries who visited only Lower Egypt and published their travel accounts, such as Joos van Ghistele and André Thévet , put Thebes in or close to Memphis . The first European description of the Karnak temple complex was by unknown Venetian in 1589 and is housed in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze , although his account gives no name for the complex. Karnak ("Carnac") as

1288-695: The Great recognized the Christian religion, and in 356 Constantius II ordered the closing of pagan temples throughout the Roman empire, into which Egypt had been annexed in 30 BC. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and Christian churches were founded among the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III 's central hall, where painted decorations of saints and Coptic inscriptions can still be seen. Thebes' exact placement

1344-478: The Johns Hopkins University team, led by Betsy Bryan (see below) the Precinct of Mut has been opened to the public. Six hundred black granite statues were found in the courtyard to her temple. It may be the oldest portion of the site. In 2006, Bryan presented her findings of a festival that included apparent intentional overindulgence in alcohol. Participation in the festival included the priestesses and

1400-797: The Jordanian army replaced the Iraqi forces, three Israeli brigades moved into positions in Operation Shin-Tav-Shin . Following the operation, Israel renegotiated the ceasefire line in the Wadi Ara area of the Northern West Bank in an agreement reached on 23 March 1949 and incorporated into the General Armistice Agreement. These 15 villages were ceded to Israel. Hand in Hand – Bridge over the Wadi

1456-561: The Karnak complex and other resources. The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region, and when a new capital of the unified culture was established, the religious centers in that area gained prominence. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building there would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to

1512-455: The LORD, 'You abandoned me, so I have abandoned you to the hand of Shishaq.'" Then the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, "The LORD is righteous." When the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah: "They have humbled themselves. I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance, and my wrath shall not be poured out on Jerusalem by

1568-659: The Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the First Pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I of the Thirtieth Dynasty . Ancient Greek and Roman writers wrote about a range of monuments in Upper Egypt and Nubia , including Karnak, Luxor temple, the Colossi of Memnon , Esna , Edfu , Kom Ombo , Philae , and others. In 323 AD, Roman emperor Constantine

1624-747: The [scroll] 11. g[...] = unknown 12. m[]ꜣ[] = Makkedah 13. rwbꜣ = Rubate Row II 14. tꜣꜥnkj = Taanach 15. šꜣnmꜥ = Shunem 16. bꜣtšꜣn swr = Beth-Shean 17. rwꜣḫbꜣ = Rehob 18. ꜣḫpwrwm = Hapharaim 19. jdrw[m] = Adoraim (unknown locality in Israelite Kingdom , different from Adoraim in Judah ) 20. (destroyed) 21. šꜣꜣwꜣd = unknown 22. mjꜣḥꜣnjmꜥ = Mahanaim 23. qbꜣꜥꜣnꜣ = Gibeon 24. bꜣtꜣḥwꜣrwn = Beth-Horon 25. qꜣdṯm = Kiriath-jearim or Gath-Gittaim 26. jywrwn = Aijalon Row III 27. mjkdjw = Megiddo 28. jdrw = (Ataroth-)Addar 29. ywd-hmꜥrwk = Yad Hammelek ("hand of

1680-650: The area to the sovereignty and administration of the Palestinian Authority for a future Palestinian state . In return the Palestinian Authority would transfer specific large Israeli settlement "blocs" within the West Bank east of the Green Line to Israel. According to politicians who support this land-swap, Israel would ensure and secure itself as a primarily Jewish state . However, many politicians within

1736-418: The battle and led to her destroying almost all of humanity, so Ra had tricked her by turning the Nile as red as blood (the Nile turns red every year when filled with silt during inundation) so that Sekhmet would drink it. The trick, however, was that the red liquid was not blood, but beer mixed with pomegranate juice so that it resembled blood, making her so drunk that she gave up slaughter and became an aspect of

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1792-484: The buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are vast. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshipped to those worshipped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV ( Akhenaten ),

1848-507: The early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess Mut and Montu . Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided column from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes. He was identified with the ram and the goose. The Egyptian meaning of Amun

1904-548: The feet of the Theban trinity ( Amun , Mut and Khonsu ), [and] the chiefs of more than thirty conquered nations, among which I found, as it should have been, fully spelled out, Ioudahamalek, "the kingdom of the Jews," or "[the kingdom] of Judah". There is in that [inscription] a commentary to connect to chapter 14 of the third book of Kings, which recounts in effect the arrival of Sésonchis (Sheshonq) at Jerusalem and his success [there]: thus,

1960-497: The fifth year of King Rehoboam , because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen. And the people were without number who came with him from Egypt— Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians. And he took the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as Jerusalem . Then Shemaiah the prophet came to Rehoboam and to the princes of Judah, who had gathered at Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said to them, "Thus says

2016-456: The focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings. The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued into Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to

2072-453: The gentle Hathor . The complex interweaving of deities occurred over the thousands of years of the culture. This portion of the site is dedicated to the son of Mut and Amun-Re, Montu , a war-god. It is located to the north of the Amun-Re complex and is much smaller in size. It is not open to the public. The temple that Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) constructed on the site was located east of

2128-469: The hair and smiting them by his mace. Behind and below him are the names of Canaanite towns in several rows. Many of these are lost, but initially, there were 156 names, and one of the most exciting names mentioned is 'The Field of Abram.' The inscriptions give no details about this expedition and mention only the victory over the Asiatics ( ꜥꜣm.w ). Below is a translation of the one hundred fifty-five names on

2184-453: The hand of Shishaq. Nevertheless, they shall be servants to him, that they may know my service and the service of the kingdoms of the countries." So Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem. He took away the treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the king’s house. He took away everything. He also took away the shields of gold that Solomon had made, and King Rehoboam made in their place shields of bronze and committed them to

2240-420: The hands of the officers of the guard, who kept the door of the king’s house. And as often as the king went into the house of the LORD, the guard came and carried them and brought them back to the guardroom. And when he humbled himself the wrath of the LORD turned from him, so as not to make a complete destruction. Moreover, conditions were good in Judah. The account of Shishak carrying off treasures from Jerusalem

2296-610: The identity that we have established between the Egyptian Sheschonck, the Sésonchis of Manetho and the Shishak or Scheschôk of the Bible is confirmed in the most satisfactory manner." One facade shows King Shoshenq I, Takelot I , and Osorkon I of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt making offerings to the gods and goddesses . Another scene shows Shoshenq grasping a group of captives by

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2352-445: The inscription. Row I - Listing of the Nine bows 1. tꜣ rsy - Southern Land (i.e. Upper Egypt) 2. tꜣ mḥw = Northern Land (i.e. Lower Egypt) 3. jwn.tjw = Tribesmen 4. ṯhnw = Tjehenu 5. sḫt[-jꜣmw] - Field [of tents] 6. mn[.tjw] = Bedouin 7. pḏ[.tjw swt] = Bow[men of the feather] 8. šꜣt = Swamp (Upper Nubia ) 9. ḥꜣ[.w-n]b.w = Northerners 10. mj.tj ꜥ[r.t] = Copy of

2408-3391: The king") 30. []rwt = unknown 31. ḥꜣjꜣnm = Henam 32. ꜥꜣrn = Aruna 33. bꜣrwmꜣꜥ = Borim 34. ḏꜣdpṯrw = Giti-Padalla 35. y[]hꜣ[]mꜣ = Yehem 36. bꜣtꜥꜣrwmmꜣ = Beth 'Olam 37. kꜣꜥqꜣrw = unknown 38. šꜣjwkꜣ = Socoh 39. bꜣttꜣpw = Beth-Tappuah Row IV 40. jbꜣrjꜣ = unknown 41. [...]ḥtp = unknown 42. (destroyed) 43. (destroyed) 44. (destroyed) 45. bꜣtḏb[...] = unknown 46. nbk[...] = unknown 47. [...]i[...] = unknown 48. (destroyed) 49. (destroyed) 50. (destroyed) 51. [...]ssḏ[...] = unknown 52. (destroyed) Row V 53. [p]nwjrw = Penuel 54. ꜣḥꜣdšꜣt = Hadashah? 55. pktṯ / pꜣ-wr-ktṯ = unknown / "The great ktṯ ‍ " 56. jdmjꜣ = Adam 57. ḏꜣ[m]rwmmꜣ = Zemaraim 58. [...]drw = Migdol 59. [...]rwḏꜣjꜣ = Tirzah 60. [...]nꜣrw = unknown 61. [...]j = unknown 62. (destroyed) 63. (destroyed) 64. [...]gꜣpn = unknown 65. pꜣ-ꜥmq = "The valley" Row VI 66. ꜥꜣjꜣḏꜣj = Ezem 67. jnꜣrw = unknown 68. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort" 69. ftjywšꜣj = Photis 70. jrhrwrw = Jehallel / El-Hallal 71. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort" 72. mrbꜣrmj = unknown 73. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream" 74. ngbꜣrwy = of (Ezion-)Geber 75. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream" 76. wꜣꜣrkytj = unknown 77. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort" 78. nꜥḏꜣytj = unknown 79. dd[ ]j = unknown 80. ḏꜣpꜣqj = Sapek 81. mj[]j[] = unknown 82. tꜣp[...] = unknown Row VII 83. gꜣnꜣt = unknown 84. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The Negev " 85. ꜥꜣḏꜣḥꜥṯ = unknown 86. tꜣšdnꜣw = unknown 87. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrw[t] = "the fort" 88. šꜣnꜣyj = unknown 89. hꜣqꜣ = unknown 90. pꜣ ng[bw] = "The Neg[ev]" 91. wꜣhṯrwwꜣk[...] = unknown 92. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The Negev" 93. jšꜣḥtjw[t] = Shuhah ? 94. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort" 95. ꜣḥꜣnnj = (Ben-)Hanan 96. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort" 97. jrwqꜣd = El-Gad 98. jdꜣmꜣmt = unknown 99. ꜣḥꜣnꜣny = (Ben-)Hanan Row VIII 100. jdrj = Adar 101. pꜣ ꜣḥgrw = "the fort" 102. [ṯrwꜣ]ꜣn = Tilon? 103. ꜣḥydbsꜣ = "Highlands"? 104. šꜣrwnrwjm = Shaaraim 105. []y[...] = "Highlands"? 106. dwꜣꜣṯ = unknown 107. ꜣḥqrwjm = "forts" 108. ꜥꜣrwdjꜣt = Arad 109. [rwbꜣṯ] = "Great" 110. ꜥꜣrwdjt = Arad (Tel Malhata?) 111. nbꜣpꜣttṯ = unknown 112. yꜣrẖjm = Yeroham 113. [...]j = unknown 114. (destroyed) 115. (destroyed) 116. jd[...] = unknown Row IX 117. [jdr...] = Adar 118. [...bꜣyj] = unknown 119. [...ḥgj] = unknown 120. []ꜣrywk = unknown 121. frwtjmjj = Peleth ? 122. [ꜥ]tbꜣr = unknown 123. bpꜣjrwrḏꜣ = unknown 124. bꜣṯꜥnṯ = Beth-Anath 125. šꜣrꜣḥꜣn = Sharuhen 126. jrmꜥṯn = El-mattan 127. grwn = "threshing floor"? 128. jdꜣmꜣm = unknown 129. [...]rꜣḥṯ = unknown 130. [...]r = unknown 131. mꜥrw[...] = unknown 132. jrwr[...] = unknown 133. ywrwꜣ[...] = Yurza Row X 134. (destroyed) 135. (destroyed) 136. (destroyed) 137. (destroyed) 138. (destroyed) 139. ywrḥm = Yehoram 140. jwnn = Onam 141. (destroyed) 142. ꜣg[...] = Unknown 143. (destroyed) 144. (destroyed) 145. mꜥ[...] = unknown 146. j[]d[...] = unknown 147. (destroyed) 148. (destroyed) 149. [...]ꜣ = unknown 150. ywrwdn = uncertain Row X extension 1a. šꜣrwdd = unknown 2a. rpꜣḥ = Raphiah 3a. rwbn = Laban 4a. ꜥngrwn = unknown 5a. hꜣm = unknown The Biblical narrative recounts: In

2464-597: The largest obelisks, weighing 328 tons and standing 29 metres (95 ft) tall. Located to the south of the newer Amun-Re complex, this precinct was dedicated to the mother goddess , Mut , who became identified as the wife of Amun-Re in the Eighteenth Dynasty Theban Triad. It has several smaller temples associated with it and has its own sacred lake , constructed in a crescent shape. This temple has been ravaged, many portions having been used in other structures. Following excavation and restoration works by

2520-580: The main complex, outside the walls of the Amun-Re precinct. It was destroyed immediately after the death of its builder, who had attempted to overcome the powerful priesthood who had gained control over Egypt before his reign. It was so thoroughly demolished that its full extent and layout is unknown. The priesthood of that temple regained their powerful position as soon as Akhenaten died, and were instrumental in destroying many records of his existence. Wadi Ara Wadi Ara ( Arabic : وادي عارة , Hebrew : ואדי עארה ) or Nahal 'Iron ( Hebrew : נחל עירון ),

2576-440: The massive 113 m long, 43 m high and 15 m thick, First Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re. Karnak was visited and described in succession by Claude Sicard and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21), Granger (1731), Frederick Louis Norden (1737–38), Richard Pococke (1738), James Bruce (1769), Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt (1777), William George Browne (1792–93), and finally by

2632-457: The original Precinct of Mut , that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. She had twin obelisks , at the time the tallest in the world, erected at the entrance to the temple. One still stands, as the second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing on Earth ; the other has toppled and is broken. Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel or Chapelle Rouge ,

2688-400: The other 12 are 21 metres (69 ft) tall with a diameter of over 3 metres (9.8 ft). The architraves , on top of these columns, are estimated to weigh 70 tons. These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers . This would be a time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such heights. A common alternative theory regarding how they were moved

2744-567: The pharaoh who later would celebrate a nearly monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, where the buildings of the ancient Egyptians were used by later cultures for their own religious purposes, such as Coptic churches. The Great Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re has an area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m ) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. One hundred and twenty-two of these columns are 10 metres (33 ft) tall, and

2800-556: The population. Historical records of tens of thousands attending the festival exist. These findings were made in the temple of Mut because when Thebes rose to greater prominence, Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses, Sekhmet and Bast , as some of her aspects. First, Mut became Mut- Wadjet -Bast, then Mut-Sekhmet-Bast (Wadjet having merged into Bast), then Mut also assimilated Menhit , another lioness goddess, and her adopted son's wife, becoming Mut-Sekhmet-Bast-Menhit, and finally becoming Mut- Nekhbet . Temple excavations at Luxor discovered

2856-497: The southern route, both of which went around the mountain, were judged by his council of war to be the safest, but Thutmose, in an act of great bravery (or so he boasts, but such self-praise is normal in Egyptian texts), accused the council of cowardice and took a dangerous route through the Aruna mountain pass, which he alleged was only wide enough for the army to pass "horse after horse and man after man." Egyptians came in Wadi 'Ara as

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2912-499: Was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the rest of the city. Karnak gets its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of El-Karnak, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) north of Luxor. The original name of the temple was Ipet-isut , meaning "The Most Select of Places". The complex's modern name "Karnak" comes from the nearby village of el-Karnak, which means "fortified village". The complex

2968-610: Was erected by the kings of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt , also known as the "Bubastite Dynasty". It is located to the south-east side of the Temple of Ramesses III. Although Karnak had been known to Europeans since the end of the Middle Ages, the possible significance of the Bubastite Portal was not apparent prior to the decipherment of hieroglyphs. Jean-François Champollion visited Karnak in 1828, six years after his publication of

3024-450: Was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed. Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of which are amongst the largest monoliths in the world. The sun god's shrine was built so that it has light focused upon it during the winter solstice . In 2009, UCLA launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of

3080-524: Was intended as a barque shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan , where it still remains. Known as the unfinished obelisk , it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried. Construction of

3136-497: Was unknown in medieval Europe, though both Herodotus and Strabo give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the Nile one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century Claudius Ptolemaeus ' mammoth work Geographia , had been circulating in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of

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