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26-541: The relative chronology of the 11th Dynasty is well established by contemporary attestations and, except for count Intef and Mentuhotep IV, by the Turin canon . Manetho 's statement that the 11th Dynasty consisted of 16 kings, who reigned for 43 years is contradicted by contemporary inscriptions and the evidence of the Turin King List , whose combined testimony establishes that this kingdom consisted of seven kings who ruled for

52-611: A palace coup. The only certain details of Mentuhotep's reign was that two remarkable omens were witnessed at the quarry of Wadi Hammamat by the vizier Amenemhat. Turin King List The Turin King List , also known as the Turin Royal Canon , is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II , now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum) in Turin . The papyrus

78-523: A total of 143 years. However, his testimony that this dynasty was based at Thebes is verified by the contemporary evidence. It was during this dynasty that all of ancient Egypt was united under the Middle Kingdom . This dynasty traces its origins to a nomarch of Thebes, " Intef the Great , son of Iku", who is mentioned in a number of contemporary inscriptions. However, his immediate successor Mentuhotep I

104-447: A twelfth column once existed that contained Dynasties 18–19/20, but that section has since been lost. These are the actual names written on the papyrus, omitting the years, summations and headings: Lower Egypt Lower Egypt ( Arabic : مصر السفلى Miṣr as-Suflā ; Coptic : ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ , romanized:  Tsakhet ) is the northernmost region of Egypt , which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and

130-511: Is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty , the Hyksos who ruled Lower Egypt and the River Nile delta . The Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches (enclosing borders which indicate the name of a king), and a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners, although typically on King Lists foreign rulers are not listed. The papyrus was originally a tax roll, but on its back

156-700: Is believed to include all the kings of Egypt known to its writers up to the 19th or 20th Dynasty. The papyrus was found by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti in 1820 in Luxor (Thebes), Egypt and was acquired in 1824 by the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy and was designated Papyrus Number 1874. When the box in which it had been transported to Italy was unpacked, the list had disintegrated into small fragments. Jean-Francois Champollion , examining it, could recognize only some of

182-483: Is considered the first king of this dynasty. An inscription carved during the reign of Wahankh Intef II shows that he was the first of this dynasty to claim to rule over the whole of Egypt, a claim which brought the Thebans into conflict with the 10th-Dynasty rulers of Herakleopolis Magna . Intef undertook several campaigns northwards, and captured the important nome of Abydos . Warfare continued intermittently between

208-535: Is the most extensive list available of kings compiled by the ancient Egyptians, and is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II. The papyrus is believed to date from the reign of Ramesses II , during the middle of the New Kingdom , or the 19th Dynasty . The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from

234-605: Is unclear if this is a separate region or just a Greek rendering of the name Bashmur. After the Muslim conquest , the middle part of the Delta was called al-Rif ( Arabic : الريف ) which means "countryside, rural area" and which is derived from Ancient Egyptian r-pr , "temple", because the rural areas were administered by them. The eastern part roughly comprising the ancient Tiarabia was called al-Hawf ( Arabic : الهوف ) meaning "edge, fringe". Today, there are two principal channels that

260-415: Is written a list of rulers of Egypt – including mythical kings such as gods, demi-gods, and spirits, as well as human kings. That the back of an older papyrus was used may indicate that the list was not of great formal importance to the writer, although the primary function of the list is thought to have been as an administrative aid. As such, the papyrus is less likely to be biased against certain rulers and

286-657: The Mediterranean Sea , from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo , and Dahshur . Historically, the Nile River split into seven branches of the delta in Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt was divided into nomes and began to advance as a civilization after 3600 BC. Today, it contains two major channels that flow through the delta of the Nile River – Mahmoudiyah Canal (ancient Agathos Daimon) and Muways Canal ( Arabic : بحر موَيس , "waterway of Moses"). In Ancient Egyptian , Lower Egypt

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312-533: The Nile takes through the river delta: one in the west at Rashid and one in the east at Damietta . The delta region is well watered, crisscrossed by channels and canals . Owing primarily to its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt , the southern portion of the country. Temperatures are less extreme and rainfall is more abundant in Lower Egypt. It

338-532: The Ramesside era during the 19th Dynasty , when the scribes compiled king lists such as the Saqqara King List and the royal canon of Turin and the name of a deceased pharaoh was unreadable, damaged, or completely erased. The papyrus is divided into eleven columns, distributed as follows. The names and positions of several kings are still being disputed, since the list is so badly damaged. It's possible that

364-419: The land of Punt . The reign of its last king, and thus the end of this dynasty, is something of a mystery. Contemporary records refer to "seven empty years" following the death of Mentuhotep III, which correspond to the reign of Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV . Modern scholars identify his vizier Amenemhat with Amenemhat I , the first king of 12th Dynasty , as part of a theory that Amenemhat became king as part of

390-577: The Red Crown Deshret , and its symbols were the papyrus and the bee. After unification, the patron deities of both Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were represented together as the Two Ladies , Wadjet and Nekhbet (depicted as a vulture), to protect all of the ancient Egyptians. By approximately 3600 BC, Neolithic Egyptian societies along the Nile River had based their culture on the raising of crops and

416-671: The Theban and Heracleapolitan dynasts until shortly before the 39th regnal year of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II , when the Herakleopolitans were defeated, and this dynasty could begin to consolidate their rule. The rulers of the 11th Dynasty reasserted Egypt's influence over her neighbors in Africa and the Near East. Mentuhotep II sent renewed expeditions to Phoenicia to obtain cedar . Sankhkare Mentuhotep III sent an expedition from Coptos south to

442-464: The domestication of animals. Shortly after 3600 BC, Egyptian society began to grow and advance rapidly toward refined civilization. A new and distinctive pottery, which was related to the pottery in the Southern Levant , appeared during this time. Extensive use of copper became common during this time. The Mesopotamian process of sun-dried bricks , and architectural building principles—including

468-412: The larger fragments containing royal names, and produced a drawing of what he could decipher. A reconstruction of the list was created to better understand it and to aid in research. The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth re-examined the fragments, some only one square centimeter in size, and made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not yet determine

494-658: The meaning of the hieratic characters. Subsequent work on the fragments was done by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth , which largely confirmed the Seyffarth reconstruction. In 1997, prominent Egyptologist Kim Ryholt published a new and better interpretation of the list in his book, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C." After another study of

520-408: The papyrus remains missing. This papyrus as presently constituted is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m wide, broken into over 160 fragments. In 2009, previously unpublished fragments were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition. A new edition of the papyrus is expected. The name Hudjefa , found twice in the papyrus, is now known to have been used by the royal scribes of

546-424: The papyrus, an updated version from Ryholt is expected. Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that although many of the list's names correspond to monuments and other documents, there are some discrepancies and not all of the names correspond, questioning the absolute reliability of the document for pre-Ramesses II chronology. Despite attempts at reconstruction, approximately 50% of

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572-429: The reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty . The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which corresponds approximately to the dynasties of Manetho 's book. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources. The list also

598-587: The use of the arch and recessed walls for decorative effect—became popular during this time. Concurrent with these cultural advances, a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River, or Upper Egypt , occurred. At the same time, the societies of the Nile Delta , or Lower Egypt also underwent a unification process. Warfare between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt occurred often. During his reign in Upper Egypt, King Narmer defeated his enemies in

624-528: The west, Tiarabia ( Coptic : ϯⲁⲣⲁⲃⲓⲁ , lit.   'Arabia') in the east, Nimeshshoti ( Coptic : ⲛⲓⲙⲉϣϣⲟϯ , lit.   'fields') in the north-east and Bashmur (Bashmuric Coptic : ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲏⲣ , lit.   'sand shore') in the north. Champollion adds another region in the middle of the Delta which he calls Petmour ( Coptic : ⲡⲉⲧⲙⲟⲩⲣ , lit.   'the one which bounds, girds') based on Ancient Greek : Πτιμυρις mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium , but it

650-408: Was divided into twenty districts called nomes , the first of which was at el-Lisht . Because Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland , filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs , the organization of the nomes underwent several changes. The capital of Lower Egypt was Memphis . Its patron goddess was the goddess Wadjet , depicted as a cobra. Lower Egypt was represented by

676-627: Was known as mḥw which means "north". Later on, during Antiquity and the Middle Ages , Greeks and Romans called it Κάτω Αἴγυπτος or Aegyptus Inferior both meaning "Lower Egypt", but Copts carried on using the old name related to the north – Tsakhet ( Coptic : ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ ) or Psanemhit ( Coptic : ⲡⲥⲁⲛⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ) meaning the "Northern part". It was further divided into a number of regions or nomes ( Coptic : ⲡⲧⲟϣ , romanized:  ptosh ) – Niphaiat ( Coptic : ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲓⲁⲧ , lit.   'Libyan (nome)', Ancient Greek : Μαρεωτης ) in

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