61-562: Braemar / b r eɪ ˈ m ɑːr / is a village in Aberdeenshire , Scotland, around 58 miles (93 km) west of Aberdeen in the Highlands . It is the closest significantly-sized settlement to the upper course of the River Dee , sitting at an elevation of 339 metres (1,112 ft). The Gaelic Bràigh Mhàrr properly refers to the area of upper Marr (as it literally means), i.e.
122-537: A Roman Catholic Mass house was built on the high-ground to the west of Auchendryne, giving the name to Chapel Brae, which was used as a school. Until the 20th century, Braemar was largely owned by one of the adjoining Mar Estates , with Auchendryne and Invercauld on one side, Castleton on the other. Allegedly, inter-estate rivalry was a factor in each having its own pub , the Fife Arms Hotel in Auchendryne, and
183-459: A charter on 12 August 1404 yielding the earldom to him and his heirs. She revoked the charter later that year, but on marrying him, she gave him the earldom for life with remainder to her heirs. The King confirmed her last action the next year. In 1426, Stewart resigned the title so that he could be granted a new one by the King, the new title being more "legitimate". The King did so, but specified that
244-476: A few purposes, namely land registration and lieutenancy . Aberdeenshire Council is headquartered at Woodhill House in Aberdeen , making it the only Scottish council whose headquarters are located outside its jurisdiction. Aberdeen itself forms a different council area (Aberdeen City). Aberdeenshire borders onto Angus and Perth and Kinross to the south, Highland and Moray to the west and Aberdeen City to
305-739: A number of claims: Goodeve Erskine had different ideas, however. He portrayed the Crown's takeover of the territorial earldom not as pursuant to a charter, but rather as an act of tyranny. He argued: The House of Lords Committee on Privileges ruled in 1875, to the dissatisfaction of many, that the Earldom of Mar was newly created in 1565, passed only to heirs-male, and therefore belonged to the Earl of Kellie, and not to Goodeve Erskine. The Lord Chancellor , Roundell Palmer, 1st Baron Selborne, declared it to be "final, right or wrong, and not to be questioned". However, there
366-781: A particular province is difficult. The accounts of the Battle of Clontarf in some of the Irish annals name Domnall mac Eimín meic Cainnig , Mormaer of Mar, as among those killed in 1014 alongside Brian Boru . The Mormaerdom comprised the larger portion of modern Aberdeenshire , extending from north of the River Don southward to the Mounth hills. Its principal seats were Migvie and Doune of Invernochty . The Mormaerdom may initially have alternated between two kin-groups, represented respectively by Morggán , and by Gille Críst . Gilchrist succeeded Morgund, but
427-499: A rich prehistoric and historical heritage. It is the locus of a large number of Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological sites, including Longman Hill , Kempstone Hill , Catto Long Barrow and Cairn Lee . The area was settled in the Bronze Age by the Beaker culture , who arrived from the south around 2000–1800 BC. Stone circles and cairns were constructed predominantly in this era. In
488-467: Is also clan chief of Clan Mar . The seventh creation is currently held by James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar and 16th Earl of Kellie , who is also clan chief of Clan Erskine . The earldom is an ancient one. The first named earl is Ruadrí , who is known to have been alive in 1128, though an unnamed earl is mentioned as being present at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. In 1435 the earldom was seized by King James II (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460), and
549-517: Is dedicated to Saint Andrew and, following Catholic Emancipation , it was built in 1839. Catholicism has traditionally been strong in the Braemar area, and the bones of Saint Andrew rested in Braemar before being taken to the place now known as St Andrews. St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar , completed in 1898, is the Scottish Episcopal Church place of worship. Johann von Lamont (1805–1879),
610-452: Is estimated at £3,496M (2011), representing 5.2% of the Scottish total. Aberdeenshire's economy is closely linked to Aberdeen City's (GDP £7,906M), and in 2011, the region as a whole was calculated to contribute 16.8% of Scotland's GDP. Between 2012 and 2014, the combined Aberdeenshire and Aberdeen City economic forecast GDP growth rate is 8.6%, the highest growth rate of any local council area in
671-641: Is held at Braemar on the first Saturday in September and is traditionally attended by the British royal family . In 1746, the Act of Proscription stopped all clan gatherings, but following its repeal in 1782, the old enthusiasms for such events returned. In 1815, the Braemar Highland Society was created and officially constituted in 1817; the first modern-day games taking place in 1832 with cash prizes being awarded to
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#1732855239775732-455: Is much higher, at £741.90, as many people commute out of Aberdeenshire, principally into Aberdeen City. Total employment (excluding farm data) in Aberdeenshire is estimated at 93,700 employees (Business Register and Employment Survey 2009). The majority of employees work within the service sector, predominantly in public administration, education and health. Almost 19% of employment is within
793-429: Is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . It takes its name from the historic county of Aberdeenshire , which had substantially different boundaries. The Aberdeenshire Council area includes all of the areas of the historic counties of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire except the area making up Aberdeen City Council area, as well as part of Banffshire . The historic county boundaries are still officially used for
854-490: Is said, £300 of land, a very large amount, which was scattered around the earldom, particularly at Fichlie, near Kildrummy, and Lumphanan in the lowland area. He also had Urquhart, but that probably had nothing to do with the earldom. Donnchadh got the title of Mormaer and the wealthier and militarily more useful upland parts of Mar . Earl Thomas died childless in 1374, but the earldom passed via Donnchadh's daughter Margaret to her husband William, Earl of Douglas . While
915-471: Is shared with Altnaharra in the Scottish Highlands . Braemar has an annual average of 102 days of air frost and 153 days with 1 mm or more of rainfall. Snowfall can be heavy in winter and early spring, and often accumulates to depths of 30 cm (12 in) or more. 70 cm (28 in) was recorded by weather watcher Chris Booth on 9 February 2021. On 30 September 2015, Braemar had one of
976-896: The A93 from Glen Clunie and the Cairnwell Pass and from the East also on the A93 from Deeside . Braemar can be approached on foot from the west through Glen Tilt , Glen Feshie , Glen Dee (by the Lairig Ghru ), and Glen Derry (by the Lairig an Laoigh ). Braemar is within a one-and-a-half-hour drive of Aberdeen , Dundee , and Perth . The village is overlooked from roughly northwest by Carn na Drochaide (818 m), from roughly northeast by Creag Choinneach (538 m), from roughly southwest by Carn na Sgliat (690 m), and from roughly southwest by Morrone (859 m). Like most of
1037-609: The Anglo-Norman penetration, other families arrive, such as House of Balliol , Clan Bruce , and Clan Cumming (Comyn). During the Scottish Wars of Independence , the King of England Edward I travelled across the area twice with his invading army, in 1296 and 1303. In 1307, Robert the Bruce was victorious near Inverurie . These new families set the stage for the upcoming rivalries during
1098-503: The Book of Deer . Some modern sources give earlier mormaers, i.e. Muirchertach ( Latinized as Martachus ) and Gartnait (sometimes Gratnach ), mentioned respectively in charters of the reigns of king Máel Coluim III (relating to the Céli Dé establishment of Loch Leven ) and king Alexander I (relating to the monastic establishment of Scone ), though in these cases certain identification with
1159-610: The Clunie Water , a strategically important crossing on the Elsick Mounth , an ancient trackway used by Picts and Romans . It is located in the upper end of the historical Earldom of Mar , literally the Braes o' Mar . The Scottish Gaelic name Bràigh Mhàrr ('Upland of Mar') was originally applied to the general area; using Braemar for the village dates to around 1870. Before the 11th century, there were separate hamlets on each bank of
1220-640: The Iron Age , hill forts were built. Around the 1st century AD, the Taexali people, who left little history, were believed to have resided along the coast. The Picts were the next documented inhabitants of the area and were no later than 800–900 AD. The Romans also were in the area during this period, as they left signs at Kintore . Christianity influenced the inhabitants early on, and there were Celtic monasteries at Old Deer and Monymusk . Since medieval times, there have been many traditional paths that crossed
1281-539: The Jacobite succession . The earldom takes its name from Mar, an ancient province of Scotland running west from Aberdeen along the River Dee beyond Braemar ("upper Mar") to the Mar Lodge Estate . Mar expanded north past the River Don to become the region of Marr , which merged with Buchan to form the county of Aberdeenshire . The first Mormaer of Mar is usually regarded as Ruadrí ( fl. 1131), mentioned in
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#17328552397751342-546: The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 . It covers the combined area of the Banff and Buchan, Gordon, and Kincardine and Deeside districts that had been created in 1975. The present Aberdeenshire Council area therefore consists of all of the historic counties of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire (except the area of those two counties making up Aberdeen City), as well as the north-east portions of Banffshire. The population of
1403-632: The Mounth (a spur of mountainous land that extends from the higher inland range to the North Sea slightly north of Stonehaven ) through present-day Aberdeenshire from the Scottish Lowlands to the Highlands . Some of the most well known and historically important trackways are the Causey Mounth and Elsick Mounth . Aberdeenshire played an important role in the fighting between the Scottish dynasties . Macbeth fell at Lumphanan in 1057. During
1464-471: The North Sea such that coastal areas are typically cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter than inland locations. Coastal areas are also subject to haar , or coastal fog. Earldom of Mar There are currently two earldoms of Mar in the Peerage of Scotland , and the title has been created seven times. The first creation of the earldom is currently held by Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar , who
1525-530: The Rising of 1715 and the Rising of 1745 . The latter resulted in the end of the ascendancy of Episcopalianism and the feudal power of landowners. An era began of increased agricultural and industrial progress. The present council area is named after the historic county of Aberdeenshire , which has different boundaries and ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 . The pre-1975 territory of Aberdeenshire
1586-744: The University of Fraserburgh (1592). During the 17th century, Aberdeenshire was the location of more fighting, centred on the Marquess of Montrose and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . This period also saw increased wealth due to the increase in trade with Germany , Poland , and the Low Countries . After the end of the Revolution of 1688 , an extended peaceful period was interrupted only by fleeting events such as
1647-635: The 14th and 15th centuries. This rivalry grew worse during and after the Protestant Reformation when religion was another reason for conflict between the clans. The Gordon family adhered to Catholicism and the Forbeses to Protestantism . Aberdeenshire was the historic seat of the clan Dempster . Three universities were founded in the area prior to the 17th century, King's College in Old Aberdeen (1494), Marischal College in Aberdeen (1593), and
1708-556: The 23rd (or 6th Earl counting from 1565) was attainted for rebellion in 1716 (he was also created Duke of Mar in the Jacobite Peerages of Scotland and Ireland, and Earl of Mar in the Jacobite Peerage of England), and the Earldom remained forfeit for over a century. In 1824, the Earldom was restored by Act of Parliament ( 5 Geo. 4 . c. 59) to John Francis Erskine , the heir of the attainted Earl, in his 83rd year. His grandson,
1769-511: The Clunie, Auchendryne on the west and Castleton on the east, or Bail Chasteil . The names are clearly marked on the current Ordnance Survey maps, below 'Braemar'. 'Castleton' refers to Kindrochit Castle , located within the modern village, rather than Braemar Castle to the south, while Kindrochit means 'bridge end'. Kindrochit (or Kindrochit-Alian) was known as Doldauha before the mid-9th century. According to legend, Malcolm III came to
1830-533: The Earl of Kellie. The ancient earldom, however, was declared to be still in existence, and was given to John Goodeve Erskine. For the purposes of precedence , it is assumed that the earldom held by Goodeve Erskine's heirs was created in 1404. Other title: Lord Garioch (1320) The heir presumptive is the present holder's daughter Susan Helen of Mar, Mistress of Mar ( b. 1963 ). Other titles: Earl of Kellie (1619), Viscount of Fentoun (1606), Lord Erskine (1429) and Lord Erskine of Dirleton (1603). For
1891-604: The Invercauld Arms Hotel in Castleton, built over the mound where the Earl of Mar raised the Jacobite standard in 1715. Auchindryne (to use the spelling by Wyness) from Ach' an Droighinn ('field of the thorn') belonged to a branch of the Farquharsons until it was forfeited in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745 . Later that century it was acquired by William Duff, 1st Earl Fife . The Catholic Church in Braemar
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1952-676: The Scottish-German astronomer and astrophysicist who pioneered the study of the Earth's magnetic field was born in nearby Corriemulzie . On 16 March 2022, the 19th-century Braemar Lodge Hotel was engulfed in a fire and explosion. In the 1891 census, 59.2% of the population of Braemar spoke the Gaelic language "habitually"; the percentage of those actually able to speak the language (despite not having much opportunity to) would have been somewhat higher. The small crofting township of Inverey ( Inbhir Èidh )
2013-518: The UK and above the Scottish rate of 4.8%. A significant proportion of Aberdeenshire's working residents commute to Aberdeen City for work, varying from 11.5% from Fraserburgh to 65% from Westhill. Average Gross Weekly Earnings (for full-time employees employed in workplaces in Aberdeenshire in 2011) are £572.60. This is lower than the Scottish average by £2.10 and a fall of 2.6% on the 2010 figure. The average gross weekly pay of people resident in Aberdeenshire
2074-725: The UK. In 2011, 82.2% of residents identified as 'White Scottish', followed by 12.3% who are 'White British', whilst ethnic minorities constitute only 0.9% of the population. The largest ethnic minority group is Asian Scottish/British at 0.8%. In addition to the English language, 48.8% of residents reported being able to speak and understand the Scots language. The largest settlements in Aberdeenshire are: 19,060 14,660 12,570 12,110 11,150 10,070 8,940 7,440 4,700 4,700 4,550 4,000 3,890 3,830 3,140 3,120 3,050 3,010 2,920 2,800 Aberdeenshire's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
2135-612: The United Kingdom, Braemar experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) though somewhat cooler than lowland areas, verging on a subpolar oceanic climate . Braemar is the third-coldest low-lying place in the UK after the villages of Dalwhinnie and Leadhills with an annual mean temperature of 6.8 °C (44.2 °F). Braemar has twice entered the UK weather records with a low temperature of −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F), recorded on 11 February 1895 and again on 10 January 1982. This record
2196-503: The area in around 1059, and built a timber bridge connecting the east and west banks. 'Kindrochit' means bridge end and the castle is assumed to have been built to protect the crossing. The ruins are considered to be largely of 14th-century origin, replacing the presumed timber-construction of the original castle. Following the accession of George I in 1714, the Earl of Mar launched the 1715 Jacobite Rising on 6 September at Braemar. In 1795,
2257-467: The area of Marr to the west of Aboyne , the village itself being Castleton of Braemar ( Baile a' Chaisteil in Scottish Gaelic ). The village used to be known as Cinn Drochaid ('bridge end'); Baile a' Chaisteil referred to only the part of the village on the east bank of the river, the part on the west bank being known as Ach an Droighinn ('thorn field'). Braemar is approached from the south on
2318-656: The competitors, using the funds of the Braemar Highland Society. On 14 September 1848, Queen Victoria attended the Gathering at Invercauld . In 1866, Royal was added to Braemar Highland Society and in 1906, the Duke of Fife presented 12 acres (5 hectares) of Mar Estate to the society, and the Princess Royal and Duke of Fife Memorial Park, the current home of the Braemar Gathering, was created. Since Queen Victoria 's time,
2379-432: The council area has risen over 50% since 1971 to approximately 263,750 in 2022, representing 4.7% of Scotland's total. Aberdeenshire's population has increased by 9.1% since 2001, while Scotland's total population grew by 3.8%. The census lists a relatively high proportion of under 16s and slightly fewer working-age people compared with the Scottish average. Aberdeenshire is one of the most homogeneous/indigenous regions of
2440-454: The earldom and associated lands would revert to the Crown upon the death of the Earl. In 1435, the Earl died, and Robert, Lord Erskine claimed the title, but the King claimed its lands under the specifications of reversion made in the patent. The issue remained unresolved until 1457, when James II obtained a court order declaring the lands as crown possessions. Thereafter, he bestowed the title on his son John , who died without heirs in 1479. It
2501-510: The east. Traditionally, it has depended economically on the primary sector (agriculture, fishing, and forestry) and related processing industries. Over the last 40 years, the development of the oil and gas industry and associated service sector has broadened Aberdeenshire's economic base, and contributed to a rapid population growth of some 50% since 1975. Its land represents 8% of Scotland's overall territory. It covers an area of 6,313 square kilometres (2,437 sq mi). Aberdeenshire has
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2562-419: The eleventh (by some counts) holder of the title, William and Margaret's daughter Isabel Douglas, Countess of Mar , was alone at Kildrummy Castle , Alexander Stewart , following in the steps of his father the “Wolf of Badenoch” and his uncle Robert, Duke of Albany, murdered Sir Malcolm Drummond, Earl of Mar, captured Kildrummy Castle and forced Mar’s widow Isabel Douglas, to marry him. He also forced her to sign
2623-493: The first ten earls of the seventh creation see the first creation, above. The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. Alexander David Erskine, Master of Mar and Kellie (b. 1952), whose heir is his son Alisdair Capel Erskine (b. 1979). " The Earl of Mar's Daughter " is a child ballad documented by Francis James Child . The Genesis song "Eleventh Earl of Mar" on their album Wind & Wuthering (1977) depicts
2684-532: The largest recorded diurnal ranges of temperature in the UK, as well as recording the warmest and coldest temperatures for the UK for September 2015; the maximum temperature was 24.0 °C (75.2 °F) and the minimum was −1.3 °C (29.7 °F). The next day it was again the coldest and warmest place in the UK. The minimum temperature was −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) and the maximum was a new October record for Braemar — 22.7 °C (72.9 °F). Braemar recorded −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) later that month, so for
2745-547: The marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots , and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley . Consequently, Queen Mary restored (or created) the earldom of Mar for John, Lord Erskine , heir to the Lord Erskine, heir of the ancient Earls through a cousin of Isabel, who quarrelled with James II about the Earldom. His son, also named John , recovered the Mar estates, alienated by the Crown during the long period that his family had been out of possession. John,
2806-536: The ninth Earl, successfully claimed inheritance the earldom of Kellie and associated titles in 1835. At the death of the 26th Earl of Mar and eleventh Earl of Kellie in 1866, the Earldom of Kellie and the family's estates passed to Walter Erskine, the cousin of the late Earl, and his heir male . Meanwhile, it was assumed that the Earldom of Mar passed to John Francis Goodeve, the late Earl's nephew, and his heir general . Goodeve changed his name to Goodeve Erskine; his claim
2867-774: The public sector. Aberdeenshire's economy remains closely linked to Aberdeen City's and the North Sea oil industry, with many employees in oil-related jobs. The average monthly unemployment (claimant count) rate for Aberdeenshire in 2011 was 1.5%. This is lower than the average rate of Aberdeen City (2.3%), Scotland (4.2%) and the UK (3.8%). The following significant structures or places are within Aberdeenshire: There are numerous rivers and burns in Aberdeenshire, including Cowie Water , Carron Water , Burn of Muchalls , River Dee , River Don , River Ury , River Ythan , Water of Feugh , Burn of Myrehouse , Laeca Burn and Luther Water . Numerous bays and estuaries are found along
2928-624: The reigning monarch has been the patron of the Braemar Royal Highland Society, and is styled Chieftain at the games. The current Chieftain of the Braemar Gathering is King Charles III . Lots of events are held, including: Another event that happens at Braemar is the presentation of the Aberdeenshire League/Walker's Shortbread League winners. The overall top six dancers from across certain Highland games held over
2989-606: The seacoast of Aberdeenshire, including Banff Bay , Ythan Estuary , Stonehaven Bay and Thornyhive Bay . Aberdeenshire has a marine west coast climate on the Köppen climate classification . Aberdeenshire is in the rain shadow of the Grampians , therefore it has a generally dry climate for a maritime region, with portions of the coast receiving 25 inches (64 cm) of moisture annually. Summers are mild, and winters are typically cold in Aberdeenshire; Coastal temperatures are moderated by
3050-454: The second month in a row Braemar recorded the warmest and coldest monthly temperatures for the UK. On 2 November 2015 a new record high temperature for November in Braemar was set 17.7 °C (63.9 °F). On 11 February 2021 Braemar made national news after a temperature of −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) was recorded. It was the lowest February temperature since 1955 and the UK's coldest night since 30 December 1995. The modern village sits over
3111-419: The summer are presented with their awards. Each dancer receives a tin of Walker's shortbread (hence the nickname 'Shortbread League') and a commemorative vase, picture or something similar. Braemar has a golf course, two large hotels (Fife Arms and Invercauld Arms) as well as many smaller hotels and private homes offering bed and breakfast -style accommodation and a large SYHA hostel . On the southern edge of
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#17328552397753172-508: The two decisions by the House of Lords , which created the two earldoms. In 1875, the House ruled that the earldom given to John Erskine in 1565 was the seventh creation, not a continuation of the first, and that it should pass to heirs male. In 1885, however, the House passed and Parliament enacted the Earldom of Mar Restitution Act , which declared that the first creation of the earldom still existed, and
3233-442: The village there is also a caravan site. Braemar also has a small post office /village shop and mountain bike hire. The Morrone Birkwood Nature Reserve is a nature reserve on the edge of the village reached from the car park at the top of Chapel Brae. There is a regular bus service between Braemar and Aberdeen. Aberdeenshire Aberdeenshire ( Scots : Aiberdeenshire ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Obar Dheathain )
3294-807: Was 86.3% Gaelic-speaking, most non-speakers being originally from Lower Deeside. The Gaelic spoken in the Aberdeenshire Highlands shared most features in common with the Gaelic of Strathspey and East Perthshire. The last native-speaker of the local Gaelic dialect died in 1984, though there are still surviving native-speakers of the similar Strathspey dialect. At the 2001 census, out of a total population of 839 in Crathie and Braemar Civil Parish, only 5 (0.6%) claimed to be Gaelic-speakers. Known colloquially as "The Games" and originating from those believed to have been held by Malcolm III , an annual Highland games gathering
3355-451: Was a sentiment that the Lords had decided wrongly. A bill was brought to Parliament, to allow Goodeve Erskine to assume the title, and was passed without dissent. The Earldom of Mar Restitution Act 1885 ( 48 & 49 Vict. c. 48) declared that because of the doubts relating to the 1565 creation, it would be assumed that there are two Earldoms of Mar. The Earldom created in 1565 would be held by
3416-472: Was agreed upon by all. He even participated in the election of Scottish representative peers for the Peerage of Scotland. However, the Earl of Kellie submitted a petition to the House of Lords asking that the Earldom of Mar be declared his, dying before it could be considered. His son, the thirteenth Earl of Kellie, renewed the petition, and the Lords referred it to their Committee on Privileges. The petition made
3477-494: Was held by the heir general of the original earls. Several earls of Mar have been prominent in Scottish history. In particular, John Erskine (d. 1572) served as Regent of Scotland after the abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots , and John Erskine (1675–1732) was a Jacobite commander who fled to France. Lionel Erskine-Young, 29th Earl of Mar (1891–1965) was a co-founder of the Royal Stuart Society to continue support for
3538-497: Was himself succeeded by Donnchadh (Duncan), son of Morgund. On the other hand, we do not know Gilchrist's parentage, and chronologically he could have been an elder brother of Donnchadh. No definite succession of earls appears till the 13th century, and from the middle of the 13th century the earls were recognized as among "the seven earls of Scotland". There was a settlement in around 1230 between Donnchadh and Thomas Durward, grandson, apparently, of Gilchrist, by which Durward had, it
3599-471: Was next granted to James' other son, Alexander, Duke of Albany , but the title was then declared forfeit because of Alexander's alliances with the English. James III created his son John Earl of Mar in 1486, upon whose death in 1503 the title became extinct again. The title was once again created in 1562, for James, Earl of Moray , son of James V , but he, too, could not produce a qualified heir. Moray rebelled in 1565 (see Chaseabout Raid ) in protest at
3660-458: Was then granted to several royal children, who produced no heirs. The sixth creation was for James Stewart, illegitimate son of King James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542), who was stripped of the title after a rebellion in 1565. The title was granted to John Erskine, a descendant of the original earls. In 1866, the previous Earl died childless, and it was unclear whether the earldom should pass to his heir male , or heir general . This led to
3721-454: Was then split between four of the five new districts in the Grampian region: Banff and Buchan (which also included eastern parts of Banffshire, including its county town of Banff ), Gordon , Kincardine and Deeside (which also included most of Kincardineshire), and Aberdeen City. Local government functions were shared between the two levels. The modern council area was created in 1996 under
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