The Bosnian Church ( Serbo-Croatian : Crkva bosanska / Црква босанска ) was a schismatic Christian church in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina that was independent from and considered heretical by both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches.
149-465: Historians traditionally connected the church with the Bogomils , although this has been challenged and is now rejected by the majority of scholars. Adherents of the church called themselves simply Krstjani ("Christians") or Dobri Bošnjani ("Good Bosnians"). The church's organization and beliefs are poorly understood, because few if any records were left by church members and the church is mostly known from
298-712: A "new interpretation of the Bosnian Church", his view is very close to J. Šidak's early theory and that of several other scholars before him. He believes that while there could have been heretical groups alongside of the Bosnian Church, the church itself was inspired by Papal overreach. Some Protestants have attempted to look back on the Bosnian church as their forerunner . Bogomil Bogomilism ( Bulgarian : богомилство , romanized : bogomilstvo ; Macedonian : богомилство , romanized : bogomilstvo ; Serbo-Croatian : bogumilstvo / богумилство )
447-423: A "no-man's land between faiths" rather than a meeting ground between the two Churches, leading to a unique religious history and the emergence of an "independent and somewhat heretical church". Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy predominated in different parts of what is today Bosnia and Herzegovina ; the followers of the former formed a majority in the west, the north, and in the center of Bosnia, while those of
596-659: A Bogomil or Cathar church, whilst more recent scholars such as Noel Malcolm and John Fine maintain that no trace of Bogomilism , Catharism , or other dualism can be found in the original documents of the Bosnian Christians. It was not until Pope Nicholas' Bull Prae Cunctis in 1291 that the Franciscan-led Inquisition was imposed on Bosnia. Bogomilism was eradicated in Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire in
745-621: A dilemma. The nearby Bay of Kotor was a Venetian frontier against the Ottomans. But while France held the land, the United Kingdom and Russia held the sea; and while French troops marched from Austerlitz to Dalmatia, eleven Russian ships of the line entered the Bay of Kotor, and landed 6,000 men, later supported by 16,000 Montenegrins under Petar I Petrović-Njegoš . As 5,000 Frenchmen under General Molitor marched southwards and peacefully took control of
894-633: A direct outgrowth of surviving Manichean dualists from previous centuries—though by the same logic, Inquisitors who encountered pagan religions on the edges of the Christian world (Such as those encountered in the Baltic Crusades or the missionary efforts in Ireland ) would directly accuse non-Christians of worshiping " Apollo and Mercury ", simply applying previous terms and rhetoric to new contexts in which they didn't accurately apply. Thus medieval scholarship
1043-565: A few villages of Paulicians in the Serbian part of Banat , especially the villages of Ivanovo and Belo Blato, near Pančevo . The gradual Christianization of the Bulgarian population, the fact that the service was initially practiced in Greek, which only the elite knew, resulted in a low level of understanding of the religion among the peasantry. Due to the constant wars during the time of Tsar Simeon I ,
1192-837: A fictional story of the quest for the original Slavic language "Secret Book", written by the Bogomils in Macedonia and carried to Western Europe during the Middle Ages. A French (and, consequently, an English) word emerged based on twisted perceptions of the Bogomils by the Catholic Church. The words "bouguer" and " buggery " emerged, by way of the word "bougre" in French, from the Latin Bulgarus (Bulgarian). "Buggery" first appears in English in 1330 with
1341-490: A force under General Todor Milutinović offering to help their Ragusan allies. However, as was soon shown, their intention was to in fact replace the French occupation of Ragusa with their own. Seducing one of the temporary governors of the Republic, Biagio Bernardo Caboga , with promises of power and influence (which were later cut short and who died in ignominy, branded as a traitor by his people), they managed to convince him that
1490-508: A loan of 300,000 francs. It was clearly blackmail (a similar episode occurred in 1798, when a Revolutionary French fleet threatened invasion if the Republic did not pay a huge contribution). The Ragusan government instructed the emissaries to inform Molitor that the Russians told the Republic quite clearly that should any French troops enter Ragusan territory, the Russians and their Montenegrin allies would proceed to pillage and destroy every part of
1639-538: A member of the Bosnian Church himself, had a djed as an advisor at the royal court between 1403 and 1405, and an occasional occurrence of a krstjan elder being a mediator or diplomat. Hval's Codex , written in 1404 in Cyrillic , is one of the most famous manuscripts belonging to the Bosnian Church in which there are some iconographic elements which are not in concordance with the supposed theological doctrine of Christians ( Annunciation , Crucifixion and Ascension ). All
SECTION 10
#17328449523161788-662: A mission was sent to convert Bosnia to Rome but failed. On 15 May 1225, Pope Honorius III spurred the Hungarians to undertake the Bosnian Crusade . That expedition, like the previous ones, turned into a defeat, and the Hungarians had to retreat when the Mongols invaded their territories. In 1234, the Catholic Bishop of Bosnia was removed by Pope Gregory IX for allowing supposedly heretical practices. In addition, Gregory called on
1937-569: A novel by the Italian philosopher and writer Umberto Eco , the plot concerning a widespread secret and mystic conspiracy has its ground in the disappearance of the Bogomils after the fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire under the rule of the Ottoman Empire . The Secret Book is a Macedonian feature film combining the detective , thriller and conspiracy fiction genres, based on
2086-483: A sandy shore to pull their ships out of the water for the rest period during the night. An ideal combination would have a fresh water source in the vicinity. Dubrovnik had both, being halfway between the Greek settlements of Budva and Korčula , which are 95 nautical miles (176 km; 109 mi) apart. During its first centuries the city was under the rule of the Byzantine Empire. The Saracens laid siege to
2235-507: A second raid by the Slavs in 656 resulted in the total destruction of Epidaurum. Slavs settled along the coast in the 7th century. The Slavs named their settlement Dubrovnik . The Byzantines and Slavs had an antagonistic relationship, though by the 12th century the two settlements had merged. The channel that divided the city was filled, creating the present-day main street (the Stradun ) which became
2384-543: Is also the first official document where the city is referred to as Dubrovnik . In 1202, the Venetian Republic invaded Dalmatia with the forces of the Fourth Crusade , and Ragusa was forced to pay tribute. Ragusa began supplying Venice with products such as hides, wax, silver, and other metals. Venice used the city as its naval base in the southern Adriatic Sea . The Venetians used Ragusa as an important base for
2533-750: Is derived from the word dubrava , "an oak grove," by a folk etymology . The name Dubrovnik of the Adriatic city is first recorded in the Charter of Ban Kulin (1189). It came into use alongside Ragusa as early as the 14th century. The Latin , Italian and Dalmatian name Ragusa maybe derives its name from Lausa (from the Greek ξαυ : xau , "precipice"); it was later altered to Rausium , Rhagusium , Ragusium or Rausia (even Lavusa , Labusa , Raugia and Rachusa ) and finally into Ragusa . Another theory
2682-518: Is divided over whether the "Cathars" actually were an offshoot of the "Bogomils", or if the 13th century Inquisition itself simply mistook or conflated "Cathars" for "Bogomils", due to their known tendency for conflation and confusion. A remarkable number of necropolises are found in this part of Europe, conveying an exceptional testimony to medieval European artistic and archaeological heritage. Majority of these necropolises with decorated tombstones were held by Bogomil Vlachs. In Foucault's Pendulum ,
2831-557: Is no evidence of the size of their estates, the nobles, undoubtedly, were in possession of most of the land. Eleven members of the Sorgo family, eight of Gozze, six of Ghetaldi , six of Pozza , four of Zamagna and three of the Saraca family were among the greatest landowners. The citizens belonging to the confraternities of St. Anthony and St. Lazarus owned considerable land outside the city. After seven years of French occupation, encouraged by
2980-494: Is that the term "Ragusa" derivatives from or is related to Proto-Albanian *rāguša meaning 'grape' (compare Modern-Albanian rrush (meaning "grape")), according to V. Orel . The official change of name from Ragusa to Dubrovnik came into effect after World War I. It is known in historiography as the Republic of Ragusa . The Republic ruled a compact area of southern Dalmatia – its final borders were formed by 1426 – comprising
3129-597: The De Administrando Imperio of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos , the city was founded, probably in the 7th century, by the inhabitants of the Greek city of Epidaurum (modern Cavtat) after its destruction by the Avars and Slavs c. 615. Some of the survivors moved 25 kilometres (16 miles) north to a small island near the coast where they founded a new settlement, Lausa. It has been claimed that
SECTION 20
#17328449523163278-523: The Archbishop Ivan Saraka. The city recognized Hungarian sovereignty, but the local nobility continued to rule with little interference from the Hungarian court at Buda . The Republic profited from the suzerainty of Louis of Hungary, whose kingdom was not a naval power, and with whom they would have little conflict of interest. The last Venetian conte left, apparently in a hurry. Although under
3427-536: The Balkans , gradually expanding throughout the Byzantine Empire and later reaching Kievan Rus' , Dalmatia , Serbia , Bosnia , Italy , and France ( Cathars ). The term Bogomil in free translation means "dear to God", and is a compound of the Slavic words for "god" ( Common Slavic : *bogъ ) and "dear" (Common Slavic: *milъ). It may be also a translation of the Greek name Theophilos , literally "dear to God; loved by
3576-707: The Bulgarians , by whom they were called pavlikiani (the Byzantine Greek word for Paulician). In 1650, the Roman Catholic Church gathered them into its fold. Fourteen villages near Nicopolis , in Moesia , embraced Catholicism, as well as the villages around Philippopolis. A colony of Paulicians in the Wallachian village of Cioplea [ ro ] near Bucharest also followed the example of their brethren across
3725-490: The Catholic Bishop of Bosnia was removed by Pope Gregory IX for allowing heretical practices. In addition, Gregory called on the Hungarian king to crusade against the heretics. However, Bosnian nobles were able to expel the Hungarians. In 1252, Pope Innocent IV decided to put Bosnia's bishop under the Hungarian Kalocsa jurisdiction. Such decision provoked the schism of the Bosnian Christians, who refused to submit to
3874-450: The Christian cross , nor build churches , as they revered their gifted form and considered their body to be the temple. This gave rise to many forms of practice to cleanse oneself through fasting or dancing. The Bogomils rejected the ecclesiastical hierarchy . Their primary political tendencies were resistance to the state and church authorities. This helped the movement spread quickly in
4023-452: The Danube . The Gnostic social-religious movement and doctrine originated in the time of Peter I of Bulgaria (927–969), alleged in the modern day to be a reaction against state and clerical oppression of the Byzantine church . In spite of all measures of repression, it remained strong and popular until the fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the end of the 14th century. Bogomilism
4172-824: The Gothic and Renaissance styles – palaces, churches and monasteries – were destroyed. Of the city's major public buildings, only the Sponza Palace and the front part of the Rector's Palace at Luža Square survived. Gradually the city was rebuilt in the more modest Baroque style. With great effort, Ragusa recovered a bit but still remained a shadow of the former Republic. In 1677 Marin Caboga (1630–1692) and Nikola Bunić (ca. 1635–1678) arrived in Constantinople in an attempt to avert an imminent threat to Ragusa: Kara-Mustafa's pretensions for
4321-504: The Konavle region, south of Astarea (Župa dubrovačka), including the city of Cavtat, was added to the Republic's possessions. In the first half of the 15th century Cardinal Ivan Stojković ( Johannes de Carvatia ) was active in Dubrovnik as a Church reformer and writer. During the peak of trade relations between the Bosnian kingdom and other neighboring regions, the largest caravan trade route
4470-1050: The Mediterranean . Moreover, the discovery of the Americas started a crisis in Mediterranean shipping. This was the beginning of the decline of both the Venetian and Ragusan republics. Charles VIII of France granted trading rights to the Ragusans in 1497, and Louis XII in 1502. In the first decade of the 16th century, Ragusan consuls were sent to France while their French counterparts were sent to Ragusa. Prominent Ragusans in France included Simon de Benessa, Lovro Gigants, D. de Bonda, Ivan Cvletković, captain Ivan Florio, Petar Lukarić (Petrus de Luccari), Serafin Gozze, and Luca de Sorgo. The Ragusan aristocracy
4619-688: The Messalians in Greek and Slavonic documents from the 12th-14th centuries. The members are referred to as Babuni in Church Slavonic documents, which originally meant "superstition; superstitious person" (Common Slavic: *babonъ, *babunъ *babona ). Toponyms which retain the name include the river Babuna, the mountain Babuna , the Bogomila Waterfall and village Bogomila , all in the region of Azot , today in central North Macedonia , suggesting that
Bosnian Church - Misplaced Pages Continue
4768-462: The Papacy already insisted on using Latin as the liturgical language , Bosnian Catholics retained the Church Slavonic language . Vukan , ruler of Dioclea , wrote to Pope Innocent III in 1199 that Kulin , ruler of Bosnia, had become a heretic, along with his wife, sister, other relatives, and 10,000 other Bosnians. The Archbishop of Spalato , vying for control over Bosnia, joined Vukan and accused
4917-609: The Ploče Gates . After almost eight years of occupation, the French troops marched out of Dubrovnik on 27 and 28 January 1814. On the afternoon of 28 January 1814, the Austrian and British troops made their way into the city through the Pile Gates. With Caboga's support, General Milutinović ignored the agreement he had made with the nobility in Gruž. The events which followed can be best epitomized in
5066-505: The Republic of Ragusa , and Bosnia's bishop was under the jurisdiction of Ragusa. This was disputed by the Hungarians , who tried to achieve their jurisdiction over Bosnia's bishops, but Bosnia's first Ban Kulin averted that. In order to conduct a crusade against him, the Hungarians turned to Rome, complaining to Pope Innocent III that the Kingdom of Bosnia was a centre of heresy , based on
5215-668: The Trinity . In the Bogomil and Cathar text " The Secret Supper " the book starts with: " In the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, Amen." The Catholic Church considered Bogomilism a heresy due to the duality in the Bogomil cosmogony, wherein the earthly sinful corporeal life is a creation of Satan, an angel that was sent to Earth. Karp Strigolnik , who in the 14th century preached
5364-720: The War of Austrian succession (1741–48) and in the Seven Years' War (1756–63). In 1783, the Ragusan Council did not answer the proposition put forward by their diplomatic representative in Paris, Frano Favi , that they should establish diplomatic relations with America, although the Americans agreed to allow Ragusan ships free passage in their ports. The first years of the French war were prosperous for Ragusa. The flag of Saint Blaise being neutral,
5513-724: The abjuration of Bilino Polje , Kulin succeeded in keeping the Bosnian Diocese under the Ragusan Archdiocese, thus limiting Hungarian influence. The errors abjured by the Bosnians in Bilino Polje seem to have been errors of practice, stemming from ignorance, rather than heretical doctrines. The bid to consolidate Catholic rule in Bosnia in the 12th to 13th centuries proved difficult. The Banate of Bosnia held strict trade relations with
5662-458: The ecclesiastical jurisdictions of the See of Rome and the See of Constantinople . The East–West Schism then led to the establishment of Catholicism in Croatia and most of Dalmatia , while Eastern Orthodoxy came to prevail in Serbia . Lying in-between, the mountainous Bosnia was nominally under Rome, but Catholicism never became firmly established due to a weak church organization and poor communications. Medieval Bosnia thus remained
5811-417: The "Kalēki perehozhie" and other similar productions owe their dissemination to a large extent to the activity of the Bogomils of Bulgaria, and their successors in other lands. The Bogomils also made use of many apocryphal writings, such as Apocalypse of Abraham , 2 Enoch , and the Vision of Isaiah . In their original Monarchian dualist story, Bogomils taught that God had two sons, the elder Satanail and
5960-527: The "Lord's Prayer" in high respect as the most potent weapon against Satan, and had a number of conjurations against "evil spirits". Each community had its own twelve "apostles", and women could be raised to the rank of "elect". The Bogomils wore garments like those of mendicant friars and were known as enthusiastic missionaries, travelling far and wide to propagate their doctrines. Healing the sick and exorcising evil spirits, they traversed different countries and spread their apocryphal literature along with some of
6109-482: The 13th century, but survived in Bosnia and Herzegovina until the Ottoman Empire gained control of the region in 1463 . The Bosnian Church coexisted with the Catholic Church (and with the few Bogomil groups) for most of the Late Middle Ages , but no accurate figures exist as to the numbers of adherents of the two churches. Several Bosnian rulers were Krstjani , while others adhered to Catholicism. Stjepan Kotromanić shortly reconciled Bosnia with Rome, while ensuring at
Bosnian Church - Misplaced Pages Continue
6258-462: The 14th century it was renamed Respublica Ragusina (Latin for Ragusan Republic ), first mentioned in 1385. It was nevertheless a Republic under its previous name, although its Rector was appointed by Venice rather than by Ragusa's own Major Council. In Italian it is called Repubblica di Ragusa ; in Croatian it is called Dubrovačka Republika ( Croatian pronunciation: [dǔbroʋat͡ʃkaː repǔblika] ). The Slavic name Dubrovnik
6407-497: The 15th and the 16th centuries, before being conquered by Napoleon 's French Empire and formally annexed by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1808. It had a population of about 30,000 people, of whom 5,000 lived within the city walls. Its motto was " Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro ", a Latin phrase which can be translated as "Liberty is not well sold for all the gold". Originally named Communitas Ragusina (Latin for "Ragusan municipality" or "community"), in
6556-406: The 1811 decree abolished the centuries-old institution of fideicommissum in inheritance law, by which the French enabled younger noblemen to participate in that part of the family inheritance, which the former law had deprived them of. According to an 1813 inventory of the Ragusan district, 451 land proprietors were registered, including ecclesiastical institutions and the commune. Although there
6705-434: The 5th century, although similarities between Marcionism and Paulicianism , a sect in the same geographical area, indicate that Marcionist elements may have survived. Paulicianism began in the mid-7th century, when Constantine of Mananalis , basing his message solely on his personal interpretation of the New Testament, began to teach that there were two gods: a good god who had made men's souls, and an evil god who had created
6854-424: The Adriatic. Until that be effected, he will retain possession of Ragusa; but is there anyone who will believe, that if there was not a Russian flag or stand of colours to be seen in Albania, or on the Adriatic, that he would reestablish that Republic in its former independence?" Almost immediately after the beginning of the French occupation, Russian and Montenegrin troops entered Ragusan territory and began fighting
7003-432: The Albigenses who resided within the confines of Bulgaria" (see also Nicetas, Bogomil bishop ). Groups such as the Cathars , Patarenes , Waldenses , Anabaptists , and the Russian Strigolniki , and Spiritual Christians , have all, at different times, been either identified with the Bogomils or closely linked with them, despite several being unrelated and/or non-dualistic. Considerable scholarly debate has arisen about
7152-407: The Archbishop of Ragusa of neglecting his suffragan diocese in Bosnia. Emeric, King of Hungary , a supporter of Spalato, also seized this opportunity to try to extend his influence over Bosnia. Further accusations against Kulin, such as harbouring heretics, ensued until 1202. In 1203, Kulin moved to defuse the threat of foreign intervention. A synod was held at his instigation on 6 April. Following
7301-403: The Bay of Kotor and soon decided to order the occupation of the Republic. Upon entering Ragusan territory and approaching the capital, the French General Jacques Lauriston demanded that his troops be allowed to rest and be provided with food and drink in the city before continuing on to Kotor. However, this was a deception because as soon as they entered the city, they proceeded to occupy it in
7450-469: The Bogomil and Cathar text The Secret Supper Jesus calls God his father and it says that Mary received Jesus through the Holy Spirit. Bogomils have been accused of believing that John the Baptist comes from Satan in the Book of Boril . Supporters of the Baptist successionism theory argue that allegations of Bogomil doctrines are largely false, due to most sources being hostile. Possible source texts for Bogomil doctrine include: Bogomils accepted
7599-466: The Bosnian Radoslav, and published in vol. xv. of the Starine of the South Slavonic Academy at Agram , shows great resemblance to the Cathar ritual published by Cunitz, 1853. There are still over ten thousand Banat Bulgarians in Banat today in the villages of Dudeştii Vechi , Vinga , Breştea and also in the city of Timișoara , with a few in Arad ; however, they no longer practice Bogomilism, having converted to Roman Catholicism . There are also
SECTION 50
#17328449523167748-401: The Bulgarian lands ( Manichaeism and Paulicianism ), which were considered very dualistic , influenced the Bogomil movement. Manichaeism's origin is related to Zoroastrianism ; that is why Bogomilism is sometimes indirectly connected to Zoroastrianism in the sense of its duality. Most probably, as Samuil of Bulgaria revolted against the Byzantine Empire, he relied on the popular support of
7897-415: The Bulgarians to the Eastern Church considered heretical". Bogomil Cove on Rugged Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica , is named after Priest Bogomil. The Bogomils make a significant part in the Thomas Pynchon novel Against the Day , when Cyprian Lakewood becomes a postulant and gives up his life of sodomitic servitude as a spy. In Olga Tokarczuk 's novel The Books of Jacob ,
8046-461: The Cross, and the disputes between body and soul, right and wrong, heaven and hell, were embodied either in "Historiated Bibles" (Paleya) or in special dialogues held between Christ and his disciples, or between renowned Fathers of the Church who expounded these views in a simple manner adapted to the understanding of the people (Lucidaria). The Bogomils were the connecting link between both Eastern and Western sects considered heretical. They were also
8195-484: The Dalmatians to rise and expel the Russian–Montenegrin force, which met with a feeble response. Only three hundred men joined him, but a stratagem made up for his deficiency of numbers. A letter, seemingly confidential, was dispatched to General Lauriston in Ragusa, announcing his proximate arrival to raise the siege with such a force of Dalmatians as must overwhelm the Russians and the vast Montenegrin army; which letter was, as intended by Molitor, intercepted and believed by
8344-444: The Empire. Ragusa handled the Adriatic trade on behalf of the Ottomans, and its merchants received special tax exemptions and trading benefits from the Porte . It also operated colonies that enjoyed extraterritorial rights in major Ottoman cities. Merchants from Ragusa could enter the Black Sea , which was otherwise closed to non-Ottoman shipping. The Ragusan merchants paid less in customs duties than other foreign merchants, and
8493-409: The French army, raiding and pillaging everything along the way and culminating in a siege of the occupied city during which 3,000 cannonballs fell on the city. The environs, thick with villas, the results of a long prosperity, were plundered, including half a million sterling . The city was in the utmost straits; General Molitor, who had advanced within a few days' march of Ragusa, made an appeal to
8642-470: The Hungarian king to crusade against the heretics in Bosnia. However, Bosnian nobles were able to expel the Hungarians once again. In 1252, Pope Innocent IV decided to put Bosnia's Bishop under the Hungarian Kalocsa jurisdiction. This decision provoked the schism of the Bosnian Christians, who refused to submit to the Hungarians and broke off their relations with Rome. In that way, an autonomous Bosnian Church came into being, in which many scholars later saw
8791-426: The Hungarians and broke off their relations with Rome. In that way, an autonomous Bosnian Church came into being, in which some later saw a Bogomil or Cathar Church, while in reality no trace of Bogomilism, Catharism or dualism can be found in the original documents of the Bosnian Krstjani, as they called themselves. It was not until Pope Nicholas' Bull " Prae cunctis " in 1291 that the Dominican-led inquisition
8940-514: The Manichaean dualistic conception of the origin of the world. This has been partly preserved in some of their literary remains, and has taken deep root in the beliefs and traditions of Balkan nations with substantial Bogomil followings. The chief literature of all the heretical sects throughout the ages has been that of apocryphal Biblical narratives, and the popes Jeremiah or Bogumil are directly mentioned as authors of such forbidden books "which no orthodox dare read". Though these writings are mostly of
9089-484: The New Testament is itself dualistic. Satan is simply the adversary of man and God". In 970, the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes transplanted 200,000 Armenian Paulicians to Europe and settled them in the neighbourhood of Philippopolis (today's Plovdiv , Bulgaria). Under Byzantine and then later Ottoman rule, the Armenian Paulicians lived in relative safety in their ancient stronghold near Philippopolis , and further northward. Linguistically, they were assimilated into
SECTION 60
#17328449523169238-478: The Ottoman Empire gained control of the region in 1463. Some scholars, who sought certain ideological backgrounds and justifications for their political narratives, argue that both Catholics and Orthodox persecuted the Bogomils as heretics and according to them, the pressures drew Bosnia to Bogomilism. It has purportedly been said that, with the introduction of Ottoman rule, Bosnians were often more likely to convert to Islam since some of them were not adherents of either
9387-529: The Ottoman Empire so that the Republic of Venice would be unable to attack from land, only from the sea. One of them, the northwestern land border with the small town of Neum, is today the only outlet of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Adriatic Sea. The southeastern border village of Sutorina later became part of Montenegro , which has a coastline to the south. After the treaty, Neum and Sutorina were attached to Sanjak of Herzegovina of Bosnia Eyalet . Ragusa continued its policy of strict neutrality in
9536-414: The Ottoman Empire was at war. Along with England, Spain and Genoa , Ragusa was one of Venice's most damaging competitors in the 15th century on all seas, even in the Adriatic. Thanks to its proximity to the plentiful oak forests of Gargano , it was able to bid cargoes away from the Venetians. With the Portuguese explorations which opened up new ocean routes, the spice trade no longer went through
9685-438: The Ottomans in 1684 Ragusa sent emissaries to Emperor Leopold in Vienna, hoping that the Austrian Army would capture Bosnia. Unfortunately for the Republic, the Ottomans retained control over their hinterland. In the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), the Ottomans ceded large territories to the victorious Habsburgs , Venetians, Poles , and Russians , but retained Herzegovina . The Republic of Ragusa ceded two patches of its coast to
9834-407: The Ottomans were defeated in the Battle of Kahlenberg outside Vienna. The field marshal of the Austrian army was Ragusan Frano Đivo Gundulić . In 1684, the emissaries renewed an agreement contracted in Visegrád in the year 1358 and accepted the sovereignty of Habsburg as Hungarian Kings over Ragusa, with an annual tax of 500 ducats. At the same time, Ragusa continued to recognize the sovereignty of
9983-408: The Ottomans, a common arrangement at the time. This opened up greater opportunities for Ragusa ships in ports all along the Dalmatian coast, in which they anchored frequently. After this, Venice captured a part of Ragusa's inland area and approached its borders. They presented the threat of completely surrounding and cutting off Ragusa's trade inland. In view of this danger and anticipating the defeat of
10132-446: The Republic became one of the chief carriers of the Mediterranean. The Continental Blockade was the life of Ragusa; and before the rise of Lissa the manufacturers of England, excluded from the ports of France, Italy, Holland, and Germany, found their way to the center of Europe through Saloniki and Ragusa. The Battle of Austerlitz and the consequent peace treaty , having compelled Austria to hand over Dalmatia to France, put Ragusa in
10281-446: The Republic signed short-term arrangements with the Ottoman Empire defining its status. In 1458, the Republic signed a treaty with the Ottomans which made it a tributary of the sultan . Under the treaty, the Republic owed the sultan "fidelity", "truthfulness", and "submission", and an annual tribute, which was in 1481 defined at 12,500 gold coins. The sultan guaranteed to protect Ragusa and granted them extensive trading privileges. Under
10430-409: The Republic, and also to inform him that the Republic could neither afford to pay such an amount of money, nor could it raise such an amount from its population without the Russians being alerted, provoking an invasion. Even though the emissaries managed to persuade General Molitor not to violate Ragusan territory, Napoleon was not content with the stalemate between France and Russia concerning Ragusa and
10579-492: The Roman Catholic or Serb Orthodox churches. However, these claims have been rejected by some as an anachronism from the Austro-Hungarian era. From Bosnia, their influence extended into Italy ( Piedmont ). The Hungarians undertook many crusades against the heretics in Bosnia, but towards the close of the 15th century, the conquest of that country by the Turks put an end to their persecution. Few or no remnants of Bogomilism have survived in Bosnia. The Ritual in Slavonic written by
10728-506: The Serbian council deemed Bogomilism a heresy , and expelled them from the country. Large numbers, the majority of whom were of Vlach origin, took refuge in Bosnia and Dalmatia where they were known under the name of Patarenes ( Patareni ). In the time of Samuel , Bogomilism spread into Serbia and Bosnia. The most active area became west Bosnia, centred on the valley of the River Bosna . In
10877-557: The Visegrád agreement Dubrovnik was formally under the jurisdiction of the ban of Croatia , the city successfully resisted both the royal and ban authority. In 1399, the city acquired the area between Ragusa and Pelješac, called the Primorje (Dubrovačko primorje) with Slano (lat. Terrae novae ). It was purchased from Bosnian King Stephen Ostoja . A brief war with Bosnia in 1403 and 1404 ended with Bosnian withdrawal. Between 1419 and 1426,
11026-458: The agreement, the republic retained its autonomous status and was virtually independent, and usually allied with the Maritime Republic of Ancona . It could enter into relations with foreign powers and make treaties with them (as long as not conflicting with Ottoman interests), and its ships sailed under its own flag. Ottoman vassalage also conferred special trade rights that extended within
11175-487: The annexation of Ragusa to the Ottoman Empire. The Grand-Vizier, struck with the capacity Marin showed in the arts of persuasion and acquainted with his resources in active life, resolved to deprive his country of so able a diplomat, and on 13 December he was imprisoned, where he was to remain for several years. In 1683, Kara-Mustafa was killed in the attacks on Vienna , and Marin was soon free to return to Ragusa. In 1683
11324-467: The besieging Russians. With his force thinly scattered, to make up a show, Molitor now advanced towards Ragusa, and turning the Montenegrin position in the valley behind, threatened to surround the Russians who occupied the summit of the hill between him and the city; but seeing the risk of this, the Russians retreated back towards the Bay of Kotor, and the city was relieved. The Montenegrin army had followed
11473-768: The books of the Old Testament, deeply influencing the religious spirit of the nations and preparing them for the Reformation. For Bogomils, "the Logos was not the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity , the Eternal Word incarnate , but merely the spoken word of God, shown in the oral teaching of Christ". Although Bogomils regarded themselves as "Trinitarian", anathemas against Bogomils (circa 1027) charge Bogomils with rejection of
11622-750: The character Antoni Kossakowski (Moliwda) lives in a Bogomil aligned community. De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire First Bulgarian Empire Republic of Ragusa The Republic of Ragusa was a Croatian aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik ( Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) that carried that name from 1358 until 1808. It reached its commercial peak in
11771-560: The circumstance to stand upon its own unqualified foundations of state necessity and the right of the strongest. A very important fact is, however, disclosed in this Proclamation. It is not the surrender of Cattaro, it seems, that will satisfy the Emperor of the French. He looks forward to the evacuation of Corfu, and the whole of the Seven Islands, as well as the retreat of the Russian squadron from
11920-591: The city centre. Thus, Dubrovnik became the Slavic name for the united town. There are recent theories based on excavations that the city was established much earlier, at least in the 5th century and possibly during the Ancient Greek period (as per Antun Ničetić, in his book Povijest dubrovačke luke ). The key element in this theory is the fact that ships in ancient time traveled about 45 to 50 nautical miles (83 to 93 km; 52 to 58 mi) per day, and mariners required
12069-413: The city in 866–867 ; it lasted for fifteen months and was raised due to the intervention of Byzantine Emperor Basil I , who sent a fleet under Niketas Ooryphas in relief. Ooryphas' "showing of the flag" had swift results, as the Slavic tribes sent envoys to the Emperor, once more acknowledging his suzerainty. Basil dispatched officials, agents and missionaries to the region, restoring Byzantine rule over
12218-463: The city in 948 failed. The citizens of the city attributed this to Saint Blaise , whom they adopted as their patron saint. The city remained under Byzantine domination until 1204, with the exception of periods of Venetian (1000–1030) and later Norman (1081–1085, 1172, 1189–1190) rule. In 1050, Croatian king Stjepan I (Stephen) made a land grant along the coast that extended the boundaries of Ragusa to Zaton , 16 km (10 mi) north of
12367-524: The city-state enjoyed diplomatic support from multiple foreign powers, including from the Ottomans, in disputes with the Venetians. For their part, Ottomans regarded Ragusa as a port of major importance, since most of the traffic between Florence and Bursa (an Ottoman port in northwestern Anatolia ) was carried out via Ragusa. Florentine cargoes would leave the Italian ports of Pesaro , Fano or Ancona to reach Ragusa. From that point on they would take
12516-488: The city. The famous 12th century Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi mentioned Ragusa and the surrounding area. In his work, he referred to Ragusa as the southernmost city of Croatia. In 1191, Emperor Isaac II Angelos granted the city's merchants the right to trade freely in Byzantium. Similar privileges were obtained several years earlier from Serbia (1186) and from Bosnia (1189). The Charter of Ban Kulin of Bosnia
12665-468: The coastal cities and regions in the form of the new theme of Dalmatia , while leaving the Slavic tribal principalities of the hinterland largely autonomous under their own rulers. The Christianization of the Croats and the other Slavic tribes also began at this time. With the weakening of Byzantium, Venice began to see Ragusa as a rival that needed to be brought under its control, but an attempt to conquer
12814-406: The congregation and not by any specially appointed minister. The congregation were the "elect", and each member could obtain the perfection of Christ and become a Christ or "Chlist". Marriage was not a sacrament. Bogomils refused to fast on Mondays and Fridays, and they rejected monasticism. They declared Christ to be the Son of God only through grace like other prophets, and that the bread and wine of
12963-560: The credibility of the Latin documents in which the Bosnian Church is described as heretical. It is thought today that the Bosnian Church's adherents, who were persecuted both by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, predominantly converted to Islam upon the arrival of the Turkish Ottomans , thus adding to the ethnogenesis of the modern-day Bosniaks . According to Bašić, the Bosnian Church
13112-683: The cross' or 'christians'). Some of the adherents resided in small monasteries, known as hiže ( hiža , 'house'), while others were wanderers, known as gosti ( gost , 'guest'). It is difficult to ascertain how the theology differed from that of the Orthodox and Catholic. The practices were, however, unacceptable to both. The Church was mainly composed of monks in scattered monastic houses. It had no territorial organization and it did not deal with any secular matters other than attending people's burials. It did not involve itself in state issues very much. Notable exceptions were when King Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia ,
13261-532: The danger of false teachings but he was not specific about heresy as such. Bogomilism was a native Slavic sect from the middle of the 10th century began to flourish while the Theophylact of Constantinople warned Peter I against this new heresy. The Bogomils spread westwards and settled in Serbia , where they were to be known as Babuns ( Babuni ). At the end of the 12th century, Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja and
13410-523: The desertion of French soldiers after the failed invasion of Russia and the reentry of Austria in the war , all the social classes of the Ragusan people rose up in a general insurrection, led by the patricians, against the Napoleonic invaders. On 18 June 1813, together with British forces they forced the surrender of the French garrison of the island of Šipan , soon also the heavily fortified town of Ston and
13559-554: The direct progenitors of the Cathars. The Inquisition reported the existence of a dualist sect in Bosnia in the late 15th century and called them "Bosnian heretics", but this sect was according to some historians most likely not the same as the Bosnian Church. The historian Franjo Rački wrote about this in 1869 based on Latin sources, but the Croatian scholar Dragutin Kniewald in 1949 established
13708-449: The doctrine in Novgorod , explained that St. Paul had taught that simpleminded men should instruct one another; therefore they elected their "teachers" from among themselves to be their spiritual guides, and had no special priests. There is a tradition that the Bogomils taught that prayers were to be said in private houses, not in separate buildings such as churches. Ordination was conferred by
13857-621: The entire coast of the eastern Adriatic, from Venice to Kotor . The Austrians did everything in their power to eliminate the Ragusa issue at the Congress of Vienna . Ragusan representative Miho Bona , elected at the last meeting of the Major Council, was denied participation in the Congress, while Milutinović, prior to the final agreement of the allies, assumed complete control of the city. Regardless of
14006-528: The entire physical universe including the human body. His followers, who became known as Paulicians , were not marked by extreme deviance in lifestyle compared to contemporaries, despite their belief that the world was evil, and were renowned as good fighting men. However, it is not certain that the Paulicians were Dualistic, as in the Key of Truth it is said that: "The Paulicians are not dualists in any other sense than
14155-427: The eucharist were not physically transformed into flesh and blood; that the last judgement would be executed by God and not by Jesus; that the images and the cross were idols and the veneration of saints and relics idolatry. These doctrines have survived in the great Russian sects, and can be traced back to the teachings and practice of the Bogomils. But in addition to these doctrines of an adoptionist origin, they held
14304-595: The exact relationship between dualist groups that arose in different times and places across medieval Europe, questioning whether it was indeed a single movement or belief system which was spread from one region to the next, or if it was multiple movements which arose independently across Europe. Furthering this confusion is that many medieval sources themselves, such as the 13th century Papal Inquisition in France, would often simply assume that all dualistic groups were directly connected to previous movements, regardless of location. Inquistors often described 13th century Cathars as
14453-664: The fact that the government of the Ragusan Republic never signed any capitulation nor relinquished its sovereignty, which according to the rules of Klemens von Metternich that Austria adopted for the Vienna Congress should have meant that the Republic would be restored, the Austrian Empire managed to convince the other allies to allow it to keep the territory of the Republic. While many smaller and less significant cities and former countries were permitted an audience, that right
14602-619: The fortresses of Dalmatia, the Russians pressed the senators of Ragusa to allow them to occupy the city, as it was an important fortress – thus anticipating that France might block further progress to Kotor. As there was no way from Dalmatia to Kotor but through Ragusa, General Molitor was equally ardent in trying to win Ragusa's support. The Republic was determined to maintain its strict neutrality, knowing that anything else would mean its destruction. The Senate dispatched two emissaries to Molitor to dissuade him from entering Ragusan territory. Despite his statement that he intended to respect and defend
14751-650: The four Gospels, fourteen Epistles of Paul , the three Epistles of John , James , Jude , and an Epistle to the Laodiceans , which they professed to have. They sowed the seeds of a rich, popular religious literature in the East as well as the West. The Historiated Bible, the Letter from Heaven , the Wanderings through Heaven and Hell, the numerous Adam and Cross legends, the religious poems of
14900-422: The gate to the east was to be kept closed to the Ragusan forces and to let the Austrian forces enter the city from the west, without any Ragusan soldiers, once the French garrison of 500 troops under General Joseph de Montrichard had surrendered. The Major Council of the Ragusan nobility (as the assembly of 44 patricians who had been members of the Major Council before the Republic was occupied by France) met for
15049-526: The gods," from theos "god" + philos "loved, beloved". It is difficult to ascertain whether the name was taken from the reputed founder of that movement, the priest Bogomil , or whether he assumed that name after it had been given to the sect itself. The word is an Old Church Slavonic calque of Massaliani , the Syriac name of the sect corresponding to the Greek Euchites . The Bogomils are identified with
15198-504: The heretic sect of the Bogomils came to be identified with each other, due to the scarcity of documents after the Ottoman conquest. In 1203, Pope Innocent III , with the aid of the King of Hungary, forced an agreement of Kulin to acknowledge Papal authority and religion, but in practice this was ignored. On the death of Kulin in 1216, a mission was sent to convert Bosnia to Rome but failed. In 1234,
15347-582: The impeccably orthodox theological character of Bosnian Christian writings and claimed the phenomenon can be sufficiently explained by the relative isolation of Bosnian Christianity, which retained many archaic traits predating the East-West Schism in 1054. Conversely, the American historian of the Balkans, John Fine , does not believe in the dualism of the Bosnian Church at all. Though he represents his theory as
15496-586: The important Bosnian Church books (Nikoljsko evandjelje, Sreckovicevo evandelje, the Manuscript of Hval, the Manuscript of Krstyanin Radosav) are based on Glagolitic Church books. The phenomenon of Bosnian medieval Christians attracted scholars' attention for centuries, but it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that the most important monograph on the subject, "Bogomili i Patareni" (Bogomils and Patarens), 1870, by eminent Croatian historian Franjo Rački ,
15645-408: The independence of that little State is an obscure insinuation, that the enemies of France exercised too much influence there. The Proclamation does not mention in what respect this influence has proved prejudicial to France, although the dignity of Buonaparte, it seems, is concerned in putting an end to it. M. Lauriston would have come off much better, if he had disdained making any excuse, and suffered
15794-508: The independence of the Ragusan Republic, his words demonstrated that he had no qualms about violating the territory of a neutral nation on his way to take possession of Kotor, and he even said that he would cross the Ottoman territories of Neum and Sutorina (bordering the Republic to the north and south, respectively) without asking permission from the Ottoman Empire. To the emissaries' protestation he responded by promising to respect Ragusan neutrality and not enter its territory in exchange for
15943-555: The island of Lopud , after which the insurrection spread throughout the mainland, starting with Konavle . They laid siege to the occupied city, helped by the British Royal Navy , who had enjoyed unopposed domination over the Adriatic sea , under the command of Captain William Hoste , with his ships HMS Bacchante and HMS Saracen . Soon the population inside the city joined the insurrection. The Austrian Empire sent
16092-533: The land route Bosnasaray (Sarajevo)– Novibazar – Skopje – Plovdiv – Edirne . When, in the late 16th century, Ragusa placed its merchant marine at the disposal of the Spanish Empire on condition that its participation in the Spanish military ventures would not affect the interest of the Ottoman Empire; the latter tolerated the situation as the trade of Ragusa permitted the importation of goods from states with which
16241-525: The lands near the Byzantine border ( Thrace ) were devastated, and the people living there were left without occupation. The constant change of authority over these lands, and the higher taxes during the time of Tsar Peter I, gave birth to a great social discontent at the beginning of the 10th century. Moreover, the corruption of the church as an institution led to grave disappointment among its recently converted flock. The existence of older Christian heresies in
16390-569: The last time on 18 January 1814 in the Villa Giorgi in Mokošica , Ombla, in an effort to restore the Republic of Ragusa. On 27 January, the French capitulation was signed in Gruž and ratified the same day. It was then that Biagio Bernardo Caboga openly sided with the Austrians, dismissing the part of the rebel army which was from Konavle . Meanwhile, Đivo Natali and his men were still waiting outside
16539-614: The latter were a majority in most of Zachlumia (present-day Herzegovina ) and along Bosnia's eastern border. This changed in the mid-13th century, when the Bosnian Church began eclipsing the Roman. While Bosnia remained nominally Catholic in the High Middle Ages , the Bishop of Bosnia was a local cleric chosen by Bosnians and then sent to the Archbishop of Ragusa solely for ordination . Although
16688-553: The mainland coast from Neum to the Prevlaka peninsula as well as the Pelješac peninsula and the islands of Lastovo and Mljet , as well as a number of smaller islands such as Koločep , Lopud , and Šipan . In the 15th century the Ragusan republic also acquired the islands of Korčula , Brač and Hvar for about eight years. However they had to be given up due to the resistance of local minor aristocrats sympathizing with Venice, which
16837-512: The means the Bogomils employed to carry on their teachings. Much may also be learned from the doctrines of the numerous variations of Bogomilism which spread in Medieval Kievan Rus' after the 11th century. One of the earliest Christian dualist sects, Marcionism , originated in Armenia (in the eastern part of present Turkey). The church Marcion himself established appeared to die out around
16986-561: The most active in disseminating "heretical" teachings in the Kievan Rus' and other European kingdoms . In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Bogomils were already known in the West as "Cathars" or as "Bulgari", i.e. Bulgarians (българи). In 1207 the Bulgarorum heresis is mentioned . In 1223, the Albigenses are declared to be the local Bougres, and in the same period mention is made of the "Pope of
17135-411: The movement was very active in the region. Much of their literature has been lost or destroyed by the contemporary Christian Churches . The earliest description of the Bogomils is in a letter from Patriarch Theophylact of Bulgaria to Peter I of Bulgaria . The main source of doctrinal information is the work of Euthymius Zigabenus , who says that they believe that God created man's soul but matter
17284-629: The movement. There are no sources of Bogomil persecution during his reign (976–1014). оучѧтъ же своꙗ си не повиновати сѧ властелемъ своимъ; хоулѧще богатꙑѩ, царь ненавидѧтъ, рѫгаѭтъ сѧ старѣишинамъ, оукарꙗѭтъ болꙗрꙑ, мрьзькꙑ богоу мьнѧтъ работаѭщѧѩ цѣсарю, и вьсꙗкомоу рабоу не велѧтъ работати господиноу своѥмоу. učętǔ že svoja si ne povinovati sę vlastelemǔ svoimǔ; xulęšte bogatyję, carǐ nenavidętǔ, rǫgajǫtǔ sę starěišinamǔm, ukarjajǫtǔ boljary, mrǐzǐky bogu mǐnętǔ rabotajǫštęję cěsarju, i vǐsjakomu rabu ne velętǐ rabotati gospodinu svojemu. They teach their followers not to obey their masters; they scorn
17433-509: The name of Napoleon. The next day, Lauriston demanded an impossible contribution of a million francs. The Times in London reported these events in its edition of 24 June 1806: General Lauriston took possession of the City and Republic of Ragusa, on the 27th of May. The Proclamation which he published on that occasion is a most extraordinary document. The only reason advanced for this annihilation of
17582-410: The newly created title of "Duke of Ragusa" ( Duc de Raguse ). In 1810, Ragusa, together with Dalmatia and Istria, went to the newly created French Illyrian Provinces . Later, in the 1814 Battle of Paris , Marmont abandoned Napoleon and was branded a traitor. Since he was known as the "Duke of Ragusa", the word ragusade was coined in French to signify treason and raguser meant a cheat. Article 44 of
17731-557: The one maintained by the posterior Cathars . Their adoptionist teaching apparently came from Paul of Samosata (though at a later period the name of Paul was believed to be that of the Apostle). They rejected the Christianity of the Orthodox churches, though did not accept the docetic teaching of some of the other gnostic sects. They also opposed established forms of government and church, alike to later Christian anarchist beliefs. In
17880-487: The order of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin who was in charge of the Russian troops, and retreated to Cetinje . Around 1800, the Republic had a highly organized network of consulates and consular offices in more than eighty cities and ports around the world. In 1808, Marshal Marmont issued a proclamation abolishing the Republic of Ragusa and amalgamating its territory into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy , himself claiming
18029-569: The original city, giving the republic control of the abundant supply of fresh water that emerges from a spring at the head of the Ombla inlet . Stephen's grant also included the harbour of Gruž , which is now the commercial port for Dubrovnik. Thus the original territory of the Ragusan municipality or community comprised the city of Ragusa, Župa dubrovačka, Gruž , Ombla , Zaton , the Elafiti islands (Šipan, Lopud and Koločep) and some smaller islands near
18178-449: The province of Hum (modern Herzegovina ) the Bogomils were also strong, in the cities of Split and Trogir Bogomils were numerous but later they took refuge in Bosnia. Providing refuge to those labeled heretics, including Bogomils, was a recurrent pretext for Hungarian rulers to declare crusades against Bosnia and extend their influence in the region. A first Hungarian complaint to the Pope
18327-406: The refuge that some Cathars (also known as Bogomils or Patarenes ) had found there. To avert the Hungarian attack, Ban Kulin held a public assembly on 8 April 1203 and affirmed his loyalty to Rome in the presence of an envoy of the Pope, while the faithful abjured their mistakes and committed to following the Catholic doctrine. Yet, in practice this was ignored. After the death of Kulin in 1204,
18476-494: The rich, they hate the Tsars, they ridicule their superiors, they reproach the boyars , they believe that God looks in horror on those who labour for the Tsar, and advise every serf not to work for his master. From the imperfect and conflicting data that is available, one positive result can be gathered that the Bogomils may have been gnostics , adoptionists or dualists . Their dualism
18625-535: The rule of Serbian king Stefan Dušan (Stefan Uroš IV, r. 1331–1355), the two possessions were handed over to Ragusa. In January 1348, the Black Death struck the city and decimated the urban population. In 1358, the Treaty of Zadar forced Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia. The city accepted the mild hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary . On 27 May 1358, the final agreement was reached at Visegrád between Louis and
18774-408: The same origin as those from the older lists of apocryphal books, they underwent a modification at the hands of their Bogomil editors, so as to be useful for the propagation of their own specific doctrines. In its most simple and attractive form—invested with the authority of the reputed holy author—their account of the creation of the world and of man, the origin of sin and redemption, the history of
18923-551: The same time the survival of the Bosnian Church. Notwithstanding the incoming Franciscan missionaries, the Bosnian Church survived, although weaker and weaker, until it disappeared after the Ottoman conquest. Outsiders accused the Bosnian Church of links to the Bogomils, a stridently dualist sect of Gnostic Christians heavily influenced by the Manichaean Paulician movement. The Bogomil heretics were at one point mainly centered in Bulgaria and are now known by historians as
19072-522: The sense "abominable heresy", though "bugger" in a sexual sense is not recorded until 1555. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology quotes a similar form—"bowgard" (and "bouguer"), but claims that the Bulgarians were heretics "as belonging to the Greek Church, sp. Albigensian". Webster's Third New International Dictionary gives the only meaning of the word "bugger" as sodomite, "from the adherence of
19221-459: The so-called flag episode. The Flag of Saint Blaise was flown alongside the Austrian and British colors, but only for two days because, on 30 January, General Milutinović ordered Mayor Sabo Giorgi to lower it. Overwhelmed by a feeling of deep patriotic pride, Giorgi, the last Rector of the Republic and a loyal francophile, refused to do so "for the masses had hoisted it". Subsequent events proved that Austria took every possible opportunity to invade
19370-469: The suffix il (meaning God ), in which his power resided. Satanail was thus transformed into Satan. However, through Satan's machinations the crucifixion took place, and Satan was the originator of the whole Orthodox community with its churches, vestments, ceremonies, sacraments and fasts, with its monks and priests. This world being the work of Satan, the perfect must eschew any and every excess of its pleasure, though not so far as asceticism. They held
19519-430: The town of Gandaulim (Ilhas) . The town is said to have been a colonial outpost of Ragusa . On 6 April 1667, a devastating earthquake struck and killed around 2,000 citizens, and up to 1,000 in the rest of the republic, including many patricians and the Rector ( Croatian : knez ) Šišmundo Gundulić . The earthquake also leveled most of the city's public buildings, leaving only the outer walls intact. Buildings in
19668-427: The trade between East and West; in addition, the city retained most of its independence. The people, however, resented the ever-growing tribute. In the middle of the 13th century the island of Lastovo was added to the original territory. On 22 January 1325, Serbian king Stefan Uroš III issued a document for the sale of his maritime possessions of the city of Ston and peninsula of Pelješac to Ragusa. In 1333, during
19817-651: The traffic of the ancient Balkan slave trade , from which slaves were transported from the Balkans across the Adriatic Sea to the Aegean Sea , from which they were sold on to either slavery in Spain in the West or slavery in Egypt in the South. Unlike with Zadar , there was not much friction between Ragusa and Venice as the city had not yet begun to compete as an alternative carrier in
19966-480: The writings of outside sources — primarily Catholic ones. The monumental tombstones called stećak that appeared in medieval Bosnia, as well as Croatia , Serbia , and Montenegro , are sometimes identified with the Bosnian Church. Christian missions emanating from Rome and Constantinople started pushing into the Balkans in the 9th century, Christianizing the South Slavs , and establishing boundaries between
20115-415: The younger Michael . Satanail rebelled against the father and became an evil spirit. He created the lower heavens and the Earth and tried in vain to create man, though in the end he had to appeal to God for the Spirit. After creation, Adam was allowed to till the ground on condition that he sold himself and his posterity to the owner of the Earth, Satanail. In order to free Adam and his offspring, Michael
20264-409: Was a Christian neo-Gnostic , dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Peter I in the 10th century. It most probably arose in the region of Kutmichevitsa , today part of the region of Macedonia . The Bogomils were dualists or Gnostics in that they believed in a world within the body and a world outside the body. They did not use
20413-418: Was also well represented at the Sorbonne University in Paris. The fate of Ragusa was linked to that of the Ottoman Empire. Ragusa and Venice lent technical assistance to the Ottoman– Mameluke – Zamorin alliance that the Portuguese defeated in the Battle of Diu in the Indian Ocean (1509). There is some evidence of Ragusan trade with India in the 16th century. This has been historical evidence of this in
20562-423: Was an outcome of many factors that had arisen in the beginning of the 10th century, most probably in the region of Macedonia. It was also strongly influenced by the Paulicians who had been driven out of Armenia . Slav peasantry in parts of Bulgaria were very likely the first to come into in closer contact with Bogomilism and the young Bulgarian church was aware of the danger. Pope Nicholas I warns Boris I of
20711-399: Was averted by the public abjuration of the Bosnian ruler Ban Kulin , whose sister was married to Miroslav of Hum , in 1203. A second Hungarian crusade against Bosnia on the pretext of Bogomil heresy was launched in 1225, but failed. In 1254, rebelling against the Papal order to accept a Hungarian bishop, the Bosnian Church chose the schism. In the following centuries, the Bosnian Church and
20860-399: Was dualist in character, and so was neither a schismatic Catholic nor Orthodox Church. According to Mauro Orbini (d. 1614), the Patarenes and the Manicheans were two Christian religious sects in Bosnia. The Manicheans had a bishop called djed and priests called strojnici (strojniks), the same titles ascribed to the leaders of the Bosnian Church. The religious centre of the Bosnian Church
21009-446: Was established between Podvisoki and Ragusa. This trading activity culminated in the year 1428, on 9 August, when a group of Vlachs pledged to the lord of Ragusa, Tomo Bunić, that they would provide a delivery of 600 horses along with 1500 modius of salt . The intended recipient of the delivery was Dobrašin Veseoković, and in exchange the Vlachs agreed to receive payment equal to half the amount of salt delivered. In 1430 and 1442,
21158-496: Was granting them some privileges. In the 16th century the administrative units of the Republic were: the City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), counties ( Konavle , Župa dubrovačka – Breno , Slano – Ragusan Littoral , Ston , Island of Lastovo , Island of Mljet, Islands of Šipan, Lopud and Koločep) and captaincies ( Cavtat , Orebić , Janjina ) with local magistrates appointed by the Major Council. Lastovo and Mljet were semi-autonomous communities each having its own Statute. According to
21307-422: Was imposed on Bosnia. The Inquisition reported of the existence of a dualist sect in Bosnia in the late 15th century and called them "Bosnian heretics", but this sect was most likely not the same as the Bosnian Church . Bogomilism was eradicated in Bulgaria, Rascia (a Serbian medieval state) and Byzantium in the 13th century, but some smaller elements survived in Hum (present day Herzegovina) and Bosnia until
21456-440: Was initially moderate (or "monarchian"): according to their teachings, God created and rules the spiritual part of the world, and Satan the material, but Satan is ultimately inferior to God and his side by virtue of being God's son. However, Bogomils were not quite free from the absolute dualism of Manichaeism and Paulicianism , and over time adopted an absolute position too, believing God and Satan as eternal opponents, similar to
21605-494: Was located in Moštre , near Visoko , where the House of Krstjani was founded. Some historians contend that the Bosnian Church had largely disappeared before the Ottoman conquest in 1463. Other historians dispute a discrete terminal point. The Bosnian Church used Slavic language in liturgy . The church was headed by a bishop, called djed ('grandfather'), and had a council of twelve men called strojnici . The monk missionaries were known as krstjani or kršćani ('adherents of
21754-479: Was published. Rački argued that the Bosnian Church was essentially Gnostic and Manichaean in nature. This interpretation has been accepted, expanded and elaborated upon by a host of later historians, most prominent among them being Dominik Mandić , Sima Ćirković , Vladimir Ćorović , Miroslav Brandt , and Franjo Šanjek . However, a number of other historians ( Leo Petrović , Jaroslav Šidak , Dragoljub Dragojlović , Dubravko Lovrenović , and Noel Malcolm ) stressed
21903-407: Was refused to the representative of the Ragusan Republic. All of this was in blatant contradiction to the solemn treaties that the Austrian Emperors signed with the Republic: the first on 20 August 1684, in which Leopold I promised and guaranteed inviolate liberty ("inviolatam libertatem") to the Republic, and the second in 1772, in which the Empress Maria Theresa promised protection and respect of
22052-412: Was sent in the form of a man, becoming identified with Jesus Christ , and was " elected " by God after the baptism in the Jordan. When the Holy Ghost appeared in the shape of the dove, Jesus received power to break the covenant in the form of a clay tablet ( hierographon ) held by Satanail from Adam. He had now become the angel Michael in a human form, and as such he vanquished Satanail, and deprived him of
22201-443: Was the invention of Satan , God's older son, who in seducing Eve lost his creative power. Concerning the Bogomils, something can be gathered from the polemic Against the Newly-Appeared Heresy of the Bogomils written in Slavonic by Cosmas the Priest , a 10th-century Bulgarian official. The old Slavonic lists of forbidden books of the 15th and 16th century also give us a clue to the discovery of this heretical literature and of
#315684