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45-497: In the 1970s and 1980s, the company diversified into public transport vehicles and commercial jets and became a multinational corporation . It grew particularly fast at the end of the 1980s when the turnover multiplied sixfold within six years. At that time it was North America's most important producer of railway vehicles, Canada's most important aerospace producer and the worldwide leading snowmobile manufacturer. The growth came mainly from buying failing government-owned companies at

90-462: A door plug (a structure installed to replace an optional emergency exit door) on the Boeing 737 MAX 9 aircraft, which was not bolted in place due to a manufacturing error, blew out. After months of talks, Boeing agreed to buy back Spirit AeroSystems in an all-stock transaction, worth $ 4.7 billion in equity value and $ 8.3 billion in enterprise value when including the assumption of Spirit's debt. As part of

135-566: A low price and orchestrating a turnaround. However, the launch of the CSeries aircraft sent the company into deep debt, pushing it to the brink of bankruptcy by 2015. As a result, the company sold nearly all of its operations except business jet manufacturing. Bombardier manufactures two families of corporate jets, the Global and Challenger. On May 18, 2021, the Global 7500/8000 series during testing became

180-591: A manufacturer of trains which were widely used throughout Germany and Great Britain , becoming one of the largest manufacturers of railway rolling stock in the world. This division produced the Bombardier Turbostar . In 2005, it launched the Bombardier Zefiro high-speed rail , with speeds of 200–380 kilometres per hour , for the Ministry of Railways (China) . On February 13, 2020, Alstom agreed to buy

225-588: A metric focused on by CEO Harry Stonecipher , who had come from McDonnell Douglas . The Wichita plant was originally founded as Stearman Aircraft in 1927 before being acquired by the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation (UATC) in 1929. Following the breakup of UATC in 1934, the plant was retained by Boeing and became the Wichita division of the Boeing Airplane Company in 1941. The Wichita division

270-596: A pure-play business aircraft company". In February 2020, Airbus acquired an additional 25% stake in the A220 for US$ 591 million. This transaction was the final step to get Bombardier Aviation out of the commercial jet industry. In December 2022, Bombardier broke ground on the new service center at the Abu Dhabi International Airport. This new facility in Abu Dhabi will be Bombardier's first full-service facility in

315-588: A repair shop in Valcourt , Quebec , he designed and produced the first snowmobile using a drive system he developed that revolutionized travel in snow and swampy conditions. In 1937, he patented and sold 12 of the 7-passenger "B7" snow coaches . They were used in rural Quebec to take children to school, carry freight, deliver mail, and as ambulances. In 1941, Bombardier opened a factory in Valcourt. In 1942, L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée ("Bombardier Snow Car Limited")

360-484: The 1970s energy crisis reduced demand for snowmobiles. In 1974, the company received its first order – to build MR-73 trains for Société de transport de Montréal for use on the Montreal Metro . In 1975, the company acquired Montreal Locomotive Works . It was sold to General Electric in 1988. In 1982, the company won a contract from New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority to build 825 R62A cars for

405-649: The Government of Quebec passed a law requiring all roads to be cleared of snow; Bombardier's sales fell by nearly half in one year. Armand Bombardier therefore decided to diversify his business, first by producing tracked snowplows sized specifically for use on municipal sidewalks, replacing horse-drawn vehicles , then by making all-terrain vehicles for the mining , petroleum, and forestry industries. The machines had removable front skis that could be replaced with front wheels for use on paved or hard surfaces, thus providing greater utility to his large snowmobiles. In 1951,

450-692: The New York City Subway for $ 663 million. In 1985, the company ceased manufacturing locomotives and concentrated on producing passenger train rolling stock . It acquired a 45% stake in La Brugeoise et Nivelles (formerly BN Constructions Ferroviaires et Métalliques) based in Bruges in 1986, the assets of U.S. railcar manufacturers Budd Company and Pullman Company in 1987, and ANF Industrie based in Crespin, Nord , France in 1989. A series of acquisitions in

495-575: The United Kingdom , Germany , Switzerland , Canada , and Mexico further increased operations. In 1996, the company was selected as the lead developer for the Acela Express trains, the fastest trains in North America, in a $ 710 million contract. Problems with the trains resulted in lawsuits between the company and Amtrak . In 2001, Bombardier acquired Adtranz (DaimlerChrysler Rail Systems),

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540-750: The United States and the United Kingdom —including the fuselages of the Sikorsky CH-53 K heavy-lift helicopter. It also produces or adapts various other defense-related aerospace products for other manufacturers. In December 2023, an employee of Spirit AeroSystems filled out a class action in federal court against the company, alleging that former employees repeatedly warned about safety problems and were told to cover up systematic quality control failures, undercount defects, records falsification and retaliation against employees raising safety concerns. On January 5, 2024, Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 experienced

585-703: The United States International Trade Commission overturned the tariffs. Boeing did not appeal. In July 2018, Airbus acquired a 50.01% stake in the CSeries for one Canadian dollar, with an option to acquire the remaining interest by 2024. Airbus built a second CSeries assembly line at its A320 assembly facility in Mobile, Alabama . In November 2018, the company announced the sale of its turboprop passenger aircraft unit to an affiliate of Viking Air . It also announced 5,000 layoffs. In March 2019,

630-637: The manufacture of the Boeing 737 fuselage , and other components. As well as the nose and forward-cabin sections of most Boeing jetliners. The Boeing sub-assemblies are mostly built at Spirit's former Boeing-Wichita factory complex, near its headquarters in Wichita, Kansas . Spirit also manufactures major fuselage and/or wing sub-assemblies for current Airbus jetliners, mostly in its Tulsa, Oklahoma factory. Spirit also manufactures parts and sub-assemblies for various other aircraft manufacturers at various sites in

675-542: The 2020 pandemic affected the industry, the agreement was renegotiated with the sale to Spirit concluded finally in October 2020. Bombardier's former aerostructures division purchased by Spirit consisted at time of sale of operations in Belfast , UK; Casablanca , Morocco; and Dallas , USA. The 2019 to 1920 aerostructures division sell-off was described at the time as supporting Bombardier's "strategic decision to reposition itself as

720-485: The Bombardier Transportation division for €7 billion. The acquisition deal was completed on January 29, 2021. In January 1934, a blizzard prevented Joseph-Armand Bombardier from reaching the nearest hospital in time to save his two-year-old son, Yvon, who died from appendicitis complicated by peritonitis . Bombardier was a mechanic who dreamed of building a vehicle that could "float on snow". In 1935, in

765-562: The Mirabel assembly facility and produce the CRJ on behalf of Mitsubishi until the current order backlog is complete. In October 2019, Bombardier announced the sale agreement of its remaining aerostructure division to US company Spirit AeroSystems . The division at time of sale involved component manufacture for new and after-market Bombardier group and Airbus group aircraft models, and also operated in aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul. Due to how

810-630: The Ski-Doo line to prevent it from crowding out other company products, while still dominating the snowmobile industry against competitors Polaris Industries and Arctic Cat . Rolling stock The term rolling stock in the rail transport industry refers to railway vehicles , including both powered and unpowered vehicles: for example, locomotives , freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-revenue cars . Passenger vehicles can be un-powered, or self-propelled, single or multiple units. In North America, Australia and other countries,

855-650: The Tulsa factory. Over time North American and Douglas would both become part of Boeing, which took control of both Oklahoma factories in 1996. Operationally, they were wrapped into the Wichita division. However, Boeing long expressed interest in selling the Oklahoma factories. When they were spun-off to Spirit, again talks were held about selling the Oklahoma plants. However, nothing came of these talks. In 2020, Spirit announced it would close its McAlester plant, moving work to Tulsa and Wichita. Under Onex ownership, Spirit's mandate

900-517: The United Arab Emirates. From 1973, when it was based in Colchester, Vermont , Bombardier Capital offered financial services such as lending and leasing. In 1997, the company began transitioning some services to Jacksonville, Florida . In 2001, it ceased taking on new consumer loans. In 2005, Bombardier sold its inventory finance division to GE Commercial Finance . The company acquired

945-610: The acquisition completing a year later in October 2020. The deal gives Spirit a bigger place in Airbus' supply chain as the Belfast plant produces the wings for the Airbus A220 , while the Casablanca factory produces the mid-fuselage for the A220. In February 2020, Spirit acquired Fiber Materials Inc., a company which specializes in making high-temperature materials and composites, primarily for

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990-804: The business. In 2009, Spirit opened a plant in Subang , Malaysia out of a need for expansion and to take pressure off the Prestwick facility. Spirit opened a composites manufacturing facility in Kinston, North Carolina on July 1, 2010, to build sections of the Airbus A350 . Those sections are then sent to another Spirit plant in Saint-Nazaire , France, where they are partially assembled before being sent on to Airbus in Toulouse for final assembly. During this time, Spirit also won

1035-632: The company renamed GAC Ireland Limited. The prototypes were devised in Germany and production of 51 express coaches (KE type) and 366 double-decker buses (KD type) were assembled between 1980 and 1983 at a facility in Shannon, County Clare . They remained in service until 1997 and 2000, respectively. Some surviving examples are now exhibited at the National Transport Museum of Ireland at Howth Castle . The company diversified into rail transport after

1080-523: The company sold its Business Aircraft Training business to CAE Inc. for $ 645 million. The business included flight simulators and training devices for the Bombardier Learjet, Challenger, and Global product lines. On June 25, 2019, Bombardier agreed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to sell the CRJ programme , a deal was expected to close in early 2020 subject to regulatory approval. Bombardier will retain

1125-466: The contract to win the contract to build the wings for the Gulfstream G280 and G650 . Onex sold its final shares of Spirit in 2014 and at that time it has made $ 3.2 billion on its ownership of the company. On October 31, 2019, Spirit acquired Bombardier Aviation 's aerostructures activities and aftermarket services operations in Belfast (a former Short Brothers plant) and Casablanca , with

1170-553: The course of the nine-year investment, the Onex Group received aggregate proceeds of approximately $ 3.2 billion on its initial $ 375 million investment. Spirit's principal products are metal and composite structural sub-assemblies ("aerostructures") for Boeing , Airbus , and Bombardier airliners , as well as business aircraft (and their military variants). It also provides various other aerospace products and services. Spirit's initial and continuing role has primarily been

1215-914: The deal, Airbus agreed to take over Spirit's unprofitable European operations, receiving $ 559 million in compensation from Spirit. The deal is expected to close in mid-2025, pending regulatory approval. As part of the deal, Boeing will take ownership of the Wichita and Tulsa plants it previously operated, along with the MRO facility in Dallas. Airbus will take over the facilities in Casablanca, Kinston and St. Nazaire, along with A220 production assets in Belfast. Spirit also plans to divest its operations Subang and Prestwick, along with Fiber Materials, and non-Airbus operations in Belfast. In 2010, 96% of Spirit's revenue came from its two largest customers: 85% of sales were from Boeing, 11% from Airbus. After planning to take Spirit public, at initial public offering on November 21, 2006,

1260-681: The defense and space industry, operating out of facilities in Biddeford, Maine and Woonsocket, Rhode Island . In July 2021, the company purchased Applied Aerodynamics, an aerostructures maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility in Dallas . After years of losses and quality control problems at Spirit, Boeing started talks to re-acquire Spirit AeroSystems in March 2024. At the time, both Boeing and Spirit faced intense scrutiny after an uncontrolled decompression on Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 , that occurred when

1305-560: The firm's stock rose 10% on the first day. In November 2006, Onex owned 58% of Spirit, which resulted in 92% of voting power , as its shares conferred "supervoting" power. The chief architect of the Onex purchase of Spirit was Nigel S. Wright , who was later Chief of Staff for the Canadian Prime Minister until his resignation as part of an expense scandal . In August 2014 the Onex Group sold all of its remaining shares of Spirit. Over

1350-517: The first business jet to break the sound barrier and the fastest civil aircraft since the Concorde . With deliveries of 138 business jets in 2023, Bombardier was the number one manufacturer of business jets in the world. The key trends of Bombardier are (as at the financial year ending December 31): In 1986, Bombardier acquired Canadair for C$ 120 million from the Government of Canada after it recorded

1395-768: The flight deck sections for a majority of Boeing airliners. Spirit also supplies Airbus with fuselage sections and front wing spars for the A350 and wings for the A220 . Spirit's primary competitors in the aerostructures market include Collins Aerospace , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , Leonardo , and Triumph Group . Spirit AeroSystems was established in 2005 when Boeing spun-off its Wichita division to an investment firm. Boeing entered into an agreement to re-acquire Spirit in July 2024 for $ 4.7 billion. Airbus will assume control of Spirit's European operations, which have faced financial challenges. Spirit

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1440-588: The governments of Canada and Quebec, the United States Department of Commerce proposed a 219% tariff on the aircraft. Boeing's complaint stated that the CS100 planes were being sold at US$ 19.6 million each, below the US$ 33.2 million production cost. The governments of Canada and the United Kingdom threatened to stop ordering Boeing aircraft since the company was putting aerospace jobs at risk. On January 26, 2018,

1485-460: The largest corporate loss in Canadian history. In 1989, the company acquired Short Brothers . By 1990, the first product of the company, the Ski-Doo snowmobile, had become its weakest part gaging up deficits and high inventories. In 1990, it acquired Learjet . In 1992, the company acquired de Havilland Canada from Boeing . In 1995, the company founded Flexjet . In December 2013, the division

1530-774: The late 1970s, in the Republic of Ireland , CIÉ (now Bus Éireann and Dublin Bus ) commissioned a range of single and double-decker buses to be designed and produced. CIÉ looked for partners to build these buses in Ireland, eventually finding two: Bombardier , and the United States–based General Automotive Corporation (GAC) from Ann Arbor , Michigan . The two companies formed a new company Bombardier Ireland Limited, 51% owned by Bombardier and 49% owned by GAC. In August 1983, Bombardier sold its shares to GAC, with

1575-625: The rights to the Volkswagen Iltis in 1981. Production ceased in 1989. When UTDC was acquired by Bombardier in 1991 several military products were added: UTDC 24M32 - HLVW military trucks based on the Steyr 91 (Percheron) In 2003, the company sold its arms industry division in Canada. Military Aviation Services was sold to SPAR Aerospace . Land-based arms industry products made by Urban Transportation Development Corporation ceased operations. In

1620-489: The term consist ( / ˈ k ɒ n s ɪ s t / KON -sist ) is used to refer to the rolling stock in a train. In the United States, the term rolling stock has been expanded from the older broadly defined "trains" to include wheeled vehicles used by businesses on roadways. The word stock in the term is used in a sense of inventory . Rolling stock is considered to be a liquid asset , or close to it, since

1665-575: The value of the vehicle can be readily estimated and then shipped to the buyer without much cost or delay. The term contrasts with fixed stock ( infrastructure ), which is a collective term for the track , signals , stations , other buildings, electric wires, etc., necessary to operate a railway. Spirit AeroSystems Spirit AeroSystems Holdings, Inc. is an American manufacturer of aerostructures for commercial airplanes, headquartered in Wichita, Kansas . The company produces fuselage sections for Boeing 's 737 and 787 aircraft, as well as

1710-586: The war ended, Douglas mothballed the plant until 1953 when it reopened to assemble the B-47 StratoJet and the B-66 Destroyer . North American Aviation moved into about a third of the facility in 1962. The Tulsa plant builds wings and components for Boeing aircraft. The McAlester factory opened in 1964 as North American Aviation facility, supported the company's Apollo capsule and B-1B Bomber projects, primarily focusing on machining operations in support of

1755-450: The wooden bodies were replaced with sheet steel, and these vehicles were powered by Chrysler flathead six-cylinder engines and 3-speed manual transmissions. In the early 1950s, Bombardier focused on developing a snowmobile for 1 or 2 passengers. A breakthrough occurred in 1957 when Bombardier developed a one-piece molded rubber continuous track with enough durability to provide snow-gripping traction for lightweight vehicles. The vehicle

1800-515: Was called the "Ski-Dog" because it was meant to replace the dog sled for hunters and trappers. However, in 1958, " Ski-Doo " was accidentally painted on the first prototype, and immediately became the popular name. The public soon discovered the great fun of speedy vehicles zooming over snow, and a new winter sport was born, centered in Quebec. In the first year, Bombardier sold 225 Ski-Doos; four years later, 8,210 were sold. Bombardier slowed promotion of

1845-512: Was founded in Valcourt . During World War II , the Government of Canada issued wartime rationing regulations. Bombardier customers had to prove that snowmobiles were essential to their livelihood in order to buy one. The company then shifted its focus to the arms industry . In 1947, during a blizzard in Saskatchewan , the company received positive press coverage when army snowmobiles resupplied isolated radio communication towers. In 1948,

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1890-594: Was originally formed as Mid-Western Aircraft Systems when Boeing sold its Wichita factory along with facilities in Tulsa and McAlester to the investment firm Onex Corporation in June 2005 for US$ 900 million in cash and the assumption of $ 300 million in debt, a total of $ 1.2 billion in enterprise value. The company was renamed Spirit AeroSystems a few months later. The sale was part of a larger effort of Boeing to divest itself of assets, in pursuit of increased return on net assets ,

1935-482: Was responsible for the construction of several models of strategic bomber aircraft including the B-29 Superfortress , B-47 Stratojet , and B-52 Stratofortress . The Wichita factory primarily builds fuselage sections, including 70% of the structure for the Boeing 737 . The Tulsa plant was originally opened as a Douglas Aircraft Company facility to build bombers and other aircraft during World War II. When

1980-442: Was sold for $ 195 million. On June 29, 2016, Bombardier delivered the first CSeries CS100 aircraft (now called the Airbus A220 ) to Swiss International Air Lines . Air Canada placed an order for the aircraft one day earlier. In April 2016, Delta Air Lines placed an order for the aircraft. On September 26, 2017, after Boeing complained that Bombardier was selling the CS100 to Delta Air Lines below cost due to subsidies from

2025-444: Was to build a portfolio of business with customers other than Boeing. In January 31, 2006, BAE Systems announced it had agreed to sell its aerostructures business, based at Glasgow Prestwick Airport and Samlesbury Aerodrome , to Spirit. The unit is a major supplier to Airbus (80%), Boeing (15%) and Raytheon (5%). The transaction was completed on April 1, 2006. Spirit paid £80,000,000 (equivalent to £150,877,479 in 2023) for

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