Bolu , formerly Claudiopolis ( Greek : Κλαυδιούπολις), is a city in northern Turkey , and administrative center of the Bolu Province and of Bolu District , located on the highway between Istanbul and Ankara . Its population is 184,682 (2021).
86-400: The city has been governed by mayor Tanju Özcan ( CHP ) since local elections in 2019 . It was the site of Ancient Claudiopolis and has also been called Eskihisar ("old fortress") (and as such has several Turkish namesakes). The old highway ( D-100 ) between Ankara and Istanbul climbs over Mount Bolu, while the new motorway ( E-80 ) passes through Mount Bolu Tunnel , a little distance from
172-452: A republican nation state. Such reforms included the adoption of Swiss and Italian legal and penal codes, the acceleration of industrialization, land reform and rural development programs, nationalization of foreign assets, forced assimilation policies , strict secularism , women's suffrage, and switching written Turkish from Arabic script into Latin script , to name a few. In the party's second ordinary congress in 1927, Atatürk delivered
258-545: A Hellenistic town, Bithynium ( Greek : Βιθύνιον ), celebrated for its pastures and cheese, which according to Pausanias (VIII, 9) was founded by Arcadians from Mantinea . In the Ancient Roman era, as is shown by its coins, the town was commonly called Claudiopolis (Κλαυδιούπολις) after Emperor Claudius . It was the birthplace of Antinous , the posthumously deified lover of the Roman Emperor Hadrian , who
344-540: A core constituency of the CHP. With the onset of the Great Depression , the party divided into statist and liberal factions, being championed by Atatürk's prime minister İnönü and his finance minister Celal Bayar respectively. Atatürk mostly favored İnönü's policies, so economic development of the early republic was largely confined to state-owned enterprises and five-year plans . Further left-wing Republicans centered around
430-434: A free and fair multi-party election under Ecevit, when in 1977 , the party received 41% of the vote, but not enough support for a stable government. Ecevit and his political rival Süleyman Demirel would constantly turnover the premiership as partisan deadlock took hold. This ended in a military coup in 1980 , resulting in the banning of every political party and major politicians being jailed and banned from politics. Both
516-586: A member of the Socialist International , and the Progressive Alliance . Many politicians of CHP have declared their support for LGBT rights and the feminist movement in Turkey. The party is pro-European and supports Turkish membership to European Union and NATO . The Republican People's Party has its origins in the resistance organizations, known as Defence of Rights Associations , created in
602-431: A publication now in the public domain : Pétridès, Sophrone (1908). " Claudiopolis ". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Republican People%27s Party The Republican People's Party ( Turkish : Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi , pronounced [dʒumhuːɾiˈjet haɫk 'paɾtisi] , acronymized as CHP [dʒeːheːpeˑ] )
688-534: A snap election to increase his mandate, in which the CHP formed an electoral alliance with the declining DSP, but gained only 21% of the vote. During the campaign season, a memorandum directed at the AKP was posted online by the Turkish Armed Forces . The CHP boycotted Gül's second attempt to be voted president, though this time Gül had the necessary quorum with MHP 's participation and won. The swearing-in ceremony
774-564: A theatre have been uncovered. In Hisartepe, a temple believed to have been built by the Roman emperor Hadrian for his lover Antinous has been excavated. In 1911, it was noted that "in and around [Bolu] are numerous marbles with Greek inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral, and architectural fragments." Bolu Museum was established in 1975 to display and protect artifacts found in the Bolu area. It functions as both an archaeological and an ethnographic museum and
860-569: A thirty-six hour long speech of his account of the pivotal last 10 years of Turkish history, which ended with an appeal to the Turkish youth to protect the Republic. Its narrative has served as the basis of a growing cult of personality associated with Atatürk and the historiography of the transition to the Republic from the Sultanate. In the period of 1930–1939, Atatürk's CHP clarified its ideology from
946-462: A vague left-wing- Unionism for ' The Six Arrows ': republicanism , reformism , laïcité , populism , nationalism , and statism , as well as borrowing tenets from Communism and (Italian) Fascism . They defined Atatürk's principles , which were soon known as Kemalism , and were codified into the constitution on 5 February 1937. With the Ottomanism question settled, Turkish nation-building
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#17328553301281032-756: Is pro-European and supports Turkish membership to the European Union . They also support Turkish membership to NATO and the expansion of the alliance. The party MPs voted overwhelmingly in favor of both Finland 's and Sweden's accession into NATO . The CHP draws its support from professional middle-class secular and liberally religious voters. It has traditional ties to the middle and upper-middle classes such as white-collar workers , retired generals, and government bureaucrats as well as academics, college students, left-leaning intellectuals and labour unions such as DİSK . The party also appeals to minority groups such as Alevis . According to The Economist , "to
1118-592: Is a Kemalist and social democratic political party in Turkey . It is the oldest political party in Turkey , founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the first president and founder of the modern Republic of Türkiye . The party is also cited as the founding party of modern Turkey. Its logo consists of the Six Arrows , which represent the foundational principles of Kemalism : republicanism , reformism , laicism (Laïcité/Secularism), populism , nationalism , and statism . It
1204-456: Is a fairly cloudy and foggy city and annual sunshine hours are about 1,800. Unlike the low-lying, sheltered city center, many parts of the province, like Gerede , have a colder humid continental climate ( Dfb/Dcb ), due to cold winters. Highest recorded temperature:42.8 °C (109.0 °F) on 15 August 2023 Lowest recorded temperature:−31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) on 5 January 1942 [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
1290-528: Is currently the second largest party in Grand National Assembly with 128 MPs, behind the ruling conservative Justice and Development Party (AK Party). The political party has its origins in the various resistance groups founded during the Turkish War of Independence . Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, they united in the 1919 Sivas Congress . In 1923, the "People's Party", soon adding
1376-443: Is home to 3286 archaeological and 1677 ethnographic artifacts, as well as 12,095 historical coins. The archaeological artifacts chronicle the history of the area from Neolithic to Byzantine eras. Local specialities include a sweet made of hazelnuts (which grow in abundance here) and an eau-de-cologne with the scent of grass. One feature of Bolu dear to the local people is the soft spring water ( kökez suyu ) obtained from fountains in
1462-508: Is now used by the Greeks for these documents. The only known Notitia episcopatuum for the Church of Antioch is that drawn up in the sixth century by Patriarch Anastasius (see Vailhe in Échos d'Orient , X, pp. 90–101, 139–145, 363–8). The Patriarchate of Jerusalem has no such document, nor has that of Alexandria , although for the latter Gelzer has collected documents that may help remedy
1548-507: The Kadro circle were deemed to be impermissible, so they were closed down. On 12 November 1938, the day after Atatürk's death, his ally İsmet İnönü was elected the second president and assumed leadership of the Republican People's Party. İnönü's presidency saw heavy state involvement in the economy and further rural development initiatives such as Village Institutes . On foreign affairs,
1634-600: The Notitiae Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius of about 640 and in that of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise of the early 10th century, ranking sixteenth viz. seventeenth among the Patriarchate's Metropolitans. The city, known as Hadrianopolis (like many others) under Byzantine rule fell to Turkmens migrating west in the 11th century who called it Boli, was recaptured by Byzantines in 1097, besieged unsuccessfully by
1720-661: The 1965 election . His labor minister Bülent Ecevit was instrumental in giving Turkish workers the right to strike and collective bargaining . As leader of the Democratic Left faction in the CHP, Ecevit contributed to the party adopting the Left of Centre ( Ortanın solu ) programme for that election, which they lost against the Justice Party. İnönü favored Ecevit's controversial faction, resulting in Turhan Feyzioğlu leaving
1806-466: The 2018 general election the CHP, Good Party, Felicity , and Democrat Party established the Nation Alliance to challenge the AKP and MHP's People's Alliance . Though CHP's vote was reduced to 22%, strategic voting for the other parties yielded the alliance 33% of the vote. Their candidate for president: Muharrem İnce , lost in the first round, receiving only 30% of the vote. The Nation Alliance
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#17328553301281892-766: The Battle of Manzikert in which the Byzantines suffered a defeat at the hands of the Seljuks , Turkmens migrating west settled the city in the 11th century and it was referred to as Boli , Turkicized short for the Greek Polis 'city'. It was recaptured by Byzantines in 1097 but was conquered by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in 1197. In 1325, the town was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under Orhan Ghazi , becoming known under
1978-501: The Democrat Party (DP). İnönü called for a multi-party general election in 1946 – the first multi-party general election in the country's history, in a contest between the DP and CHP. The result was a victory for the CHP, which won 395 of the 465 seats, amid criticism that the election did not live up to democratic standards. Under pressure by the new conservative parliamentary opposition and
2064-506: The Hatay State was annexed and İnönü adopted a policy of neutrality despite attempts by the Allies and Axis powers to bring Turkey into World War II , during which extensive conscription and rationing was implemented to ensure an armed neutrality . Non-Muslims especially suffered when the CHP government implemented discriminatory " wealth taxes ," labor battalions , and peon camps . Over
2150-611: The Roman Catholic Church as a Latin Metropolitan titular archbishopric no later than the seventeenth century, first named Claudiopolis (Latin) / Claudiopoli (Curiate Italian), renamed in 1933 as Claudiopolis in Honoriade (Latin) / Claudiopoli di Onoriade (Italiano) / Claudiopolitan(us) in Honoriade (Latin). It has been held by: The countryside around Bolu offers excellent walking and other outdoor pursuits. There are hotels in
2236-626: The Sheikh Said rebellion and for conspiring with remaining members of the CUP to assassinate Atatürk in the İzmir Affair . Atatürk's prime minister, İsmet İnönü , proposed the passage of the Law on Ensuring Peace which gave the government extraordinary powers. Martial law was declared, all political parties except the CHP were banned, all newspapers beyond state approved papers were banned (this ban would be lifted by 1930), and Karabekir's partisans were purged from
2322-646: The Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), while the Democratic Left Party ( Turkish : Demokratik Sol Parti , DSP) was formed by Rahşan Ecevit , Bülent Ecevit's wife (Bülent Ecevit later took over the DSP in 1987). After the ban on pre-1980 politicians was lifted in 1987, Deniz Baykal , a household name from the pre-1980 CHP, reestablished the Republican People's Party in 1992, and the SHP merged with
2408-472: The Sultanate of Rum in 1179 and conquered in 1197. Under Ottoman rule since the 14th century it lost to Heraclea Pontica the Metropolitan dignity. It ceased to exist as a residential bishopric in the 15th century. Michel Lequien mentions twenty bishops of the see to the 13th century; documentary mentions are available for the following incumbent (Arch)bishops : The archdiocese was nominally restored by
2494-581: The denial of their existence . Anti-clerical and anti-veiling campaigns peaked in the mid-1930s. In the party's third convention, it clarified its approach towards the religious minorities of the Christians and the Jews , accepting them as real Turks as long as they adhere to the national ideal and use the Turkish language . However under the state sanctioned secularist climate Alevis were able to make great strides in their emancipation , and to this day make up
2580-485: The military junta of 1980 . The CHP was re-established with its original name by Deniz Baykal on 9 September 1992, with the participation of a majority of its members from the pre-1980 period. Since 2002 it has been the main opposition party to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). Özgür Özel is the chairman of the CHP since 5 November 2023. CHP is an associate member of the Party of European Socialists (PES),
2666-425: The ministry of labor and signed workers protections into law, and universities were given autonomy from the state. In its ninth congress in 1951, the youth branch and the women's branch were founded. In 1953, the establishment of trade unions and vocational chambers was proposed, and support for a bicameral parliament , the establishment of a constitutional court , election security , judicial independence , and
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2752-494: The right to strike for workers was added to the party program. Though the DP and CHP were rivals, the DP was founded by Republicans and mostly continued Kemalist policies. But despite its name, the Democrat Party became increasingly authoritarian by the end of its rule. İnönü was harassed and almost lynched multiple times by DP supporters, and the DP government confiscated CHP property and harassed their members. The DP blocked
2838-461: The 38th ordinary party congress held shortly after the election, Özgür Özel was elected leader of the CHP, defeating the incumbent Kılıçdaroğlu who had held the position since 2010. The party won a major victory in the 2024 local elections . CHP mayors were reelected in Istanbul and Ankara, along with new victories in rural Aegean and Central Anatolian provinces. Since 1977 , this was the first time
2924-518: The AKP's existence was a 2008 closure trial which ended without a ban. Following the decision, the AKP government, in a covert alliance with the Gülen movement , began a purge of the Turkish military, judiciary, and police forces of secularists in the Ergenekon and Sledgehammer trials , which the CHP condemned. Between 2002 and 2010, Turkey held three general elections and two local elections, all of which
3010-403: The AKP. The 2013 Gezi Park protests found much support in the CHP. The 2014 presidential election was the first in which the position would be directly elected and came just after a massive corruption scandal . The CHP and MHP's joint candidate Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu still lost to Erdoğan with only 38% of the vote. The two parties were critical of the government's negotiations for peace with
3096-503: The CHP and founding the Reliance Party . When asked about his reasoning for his favoring Ecevit, İnönü replied: "Actually we are already a left-to-center party after embracing Laïcité. If you are populist, you are (also) at the left of center." With Feyzioğlu's departure, the CHP participated in the 1969 election with a Democratic Left program without qualms, though it achieved a similar result as its performance from last election due to
3182-486: The CHP from forming an electoral alliance with opposition parties for the 1957 snap election . By 1960, the DP accused the CHP of plotting a rebellion and threatened its closure . With the army concerned by the DP's authoritarianism, Turkey's first military coup was performed by junior officers. After one year of junta rule the DP was banned and Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and two of his ministers were tried and executed. Right-wing parties which trace their roots to
3268-510: The CHP in reaction to the AKP's candidate for that year's presidential election : Abdullah Gül , due to his background in Islamist politics and his wife 's wearing of the hijab . The CHP's campaign focused on the alleged İrtica (Islamic reaction) that the AKP victory would bring into government, which served to alienate liberals and democrats from the party. The CHP chose to boycott the ( indirect ) election. Without quorum , Erdoğan called for
3354-470: The CHP received between 18 and 23% of the vote. In the lead up to the US-lead coalition invasion of Iraq , AKP leadership failed to come to a consensus whether to participate. By a thin margin, parliament vetoed invading Iraq, due to half of the AKP's parliamentary group voting with the CHP against war. CHP leadership briefly held a soft Euroscepticism as the AKP government came close to an assension plan with
3440-421: The CHP refused to govern with the AKP after weeks of negotiations. In a snap election held that November , the AKP regained their parliamentary majority as well as MHP's support. Kılıçdaroğlu supported the government in the 2016 coup d'état attempt , the subsequent purges , and incursions into Syria . This support went so far as to help the government pass a law to lift parliamentary immunities , resulting in
3526-975: The CHP urged the Socialist International to accept the Republican Turkish Party of Northern Cyprus as a full member. During its latest war with Hamas , Chairman Özgür Özel accused Israel of committing state sanctioned terrorism on the Palestinian people, declaring "The Turkish left is never far from the Palestinian cause." The CHP has supported Turkey's interventions in the Middle East. While it still supports Turkish intervention in Libya , it has voted against intervention in Iraq since 2021; since 2023, it has also voted against intervention in Syria . The party
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3612-623: The CHP were in coalition governments with the DYP. Baykal supported Mesut Yılmaz 's coalition government after the collapse of the Welfare-DYP coalition following the 28 February " post-modern coup ." However, due to the Türkbank scandal , the CHP withdrew its support and helped depose the government with a no confidence vote . Ecevit's DSP formed an interim-government, during which the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan
3698-399: The CHP won the popular vote winning 37.8% of the electorate, and was the AKP's first nation-wide defeat. The Republican People's Party is a centre-left political party that espouses social democracy and Kemalism . The CHP describes itself as a ''modern social-democratic party, which is faithful to the founding principles and values of the Republic of Turkey". The distance between
3784-494: The DP have since continuously attacked the CHP for their perceived involvement in the hanging of Menderes. The CHP emerged as the first-placed party at the general election of 1961 , and formed a grand coalition with the Justice Party , a successor-party to the Democrat Party. This was the first coalition government in Turkey, which endured for seven-months. İnönü was able to form two more governments with other parties until
3870-519: The European Union (see Ulusalism ). On 10 May 2010, Deniz Baykal announced his resignation as leader of the Republican People's Party after a sex tape of him was leaked to the media. Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu was elected to be the new party leader . Kılıçdaroğlu returned the CHP to its traditional social-democratic image and cast away its secularist-establishmentalist character. This involved building bridges to voters it has traditionally not attracted:
3956-561: The Notitia of Leo VI, and therefore do not present the true situation, which was profoundly changed by the Islamic invasions of the region. After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, another Notitia was written, portraying the real situation (Gelzer, Ungedruckte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum 613–37), and on it are based nearly all those that have been written since. The term Syntagmation
4042-498: The PKK , which lasted from 2013–July 2015. In the June 2015 general election , the AKP lost its parliamentary majority due to the debut of the pro-Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP), which was possible because of strategic voting by CHP voters so the party could pass the 10% threshold. Coalition talks went nowhere. MHP ruled out partaking in a government with HDP in a CHP lead government and
4128-684: The Patriarch; then 'simple', i.e. exempt bishops, neither Archbishop nor suffragan; and lastly suffragan bishops, who depended on a (Greater) Metropolitan Archbishopric. It is not known by whom this very ancient order was established, but it is likely that, in the beginning, metropolitan sees and simple exempt bishoprics must have been classified according to the date of their respective foundations, this order being modified later on for political and religious considerations. The principal documents (by church) are : All these Notitiae are published in: The later works are only more or less modified copies of
4214-533: The United States, the party became especially anti-communist , and retracted some of its rural development programs and anti-clerical policies. The period between 1946 and 1950 saw İnönü prepare for a pluralistic Turkey allied with the West . A more free and fair general election was held in 1950 that led to the CHP losing power to the DP. İnönü presided over a peaceful transition of power . The 1950 election marked
4300-469: The city include the İmaret Mosque , built in the 16th century, Saraçhane Mosque , built in 1750, Ilıca Mosque , built in 1510–11, Karaköy Cuma Mosque , built in 1562-63 and Tabaklar Mosque , built in 1897. The remains of the ancient city of Bithynium have been found in four hills in the city centre, Kargatepe, Hisartepe, Hıdırlıktepe and the Uğurlunaip Hill. In Hıdırlıktepe, a tomb and the remains of
4386-504: The course of the war, the CHP eventually rejected ultranationalism , with pan-Turkists being purged in the Racism-Turanism Trials . In the aftermath of World War II, İnönü presided over the democratization of Turkey. With the crisis of war over, factionalism between the liberals and statists again broke out. The Motion with Four Signatures resulted in the resignation of some CHP members, most prominently Bayar, who then founded
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#17328553301284472-424: The devout, Kurds, and right-wing voters. However even with Kılıçdaroğlu at the helm, after five general elections, the CHP still did not win an election, receiving between only 22 and 26% of the vote in parliamentary elections. The CHP supported the unsuccessful "no" campaign in the 2010 constitutional referendum . In his first general election in 2011 , the party increased its support by 25% but not enough to unseat
4558-569: The dismay of its own leadership the CHP's core constituency, as well as most of its MPs, are Alevis." The party's former leader, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu , was also an Alevi. The CHP also draws much of their support from voters of big cities and coastal regions. The party's strongholds are the west of the Aegean Region ( İzmir , Aydın , Muğla ), the northwest of the Marmara Region ( Turkish Thrace ; Edirne , Kırklareli , Tekirdağ , Çanakkale ),
4644-709: The east of the Black Sea Region ( Ardahan and Artvin ), and the Anatolian college town of Eskişehir . Notitiae Episcopatuum The Notitiae Episcopatuum (singular: Notitia Episcopatuum ) were official documents that furnished for Eastern countries the list and hierarchical rank of the metropolitan and suffragan bishoprics of a church. In the Roman Church (the mostly Latin Rite 'Western Patriarchate' of Rome), archbishops and bishops were classed according to
4730-462: The end of the CHP's last majority government. The party has not been able to regain a parliamentary majority in any subsequent election since. Due to the winner-take-all system in place during the 1950s, the DP achieved landslide victories in elections that were reasonably close, meaning the CHP was in opposition for 10 years. In the meantime, the party began a long transformation into a social democratic force. Even before losing power İnönü created
4816-620: The government . Republican Turkey was the third one-party state of Interwar Europe , after the Soviet Union and Fascist Italy . For the next two decades Turkey was under a paternalist one-party authoritarian dictatorship , with one interruption; another brief experiment of opposition politics through the formation of the Liberal Republican Party . From 1924 to 1946, the CHP introduced sweeping social, cultural, educational, economic, and legal reforms that transformed Turkey into
4902-510: The government's lackluster response to the economic crisis , COVID-19 pandemic , and the Kahramanmaraş earthquake , Kılıçdaroğlu lost his bid to Erdoğan after taking the race to a run-off and receiving 48% of the vote. The Nation Alliance again lost the parliamentary election to the ruling People's Alliance. Smaller parties to the CHP's right ran on its lists, which resulted in them receiving 35 seats in parliament for minimal electoral gains. At
4988-437: The growing perception that the party primarily appealed to the educated urban elite. İnönü remained as opposition leader and the leader of the CHP until 8 May 1972, when he was overthrown by Ecevit in a party congress, due to his endorsement of the military intervention of 1971 . Ecevit adopted a distinct left wing role in politics and, although remaining staunchly nationalist, attempted to implement democratic socialism into
5074-401: The ideology of CHP. His arrival saw support for the party increase in the 1973 election . After establishing a coalition arrangement with an Islamist party , Ecevit made the decision to invade Cyprus . The 1970s saw the party solidify its relations with trade unions and leftist groups in an atmosphere of intense polarization and political violence . The CHP achieved its best ever result in
5160-586: The immediate aftermath of World War I in the Turkish War of Independence . In the Sivas Congress , Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) and his colleagues united the Defence of Rights Associations into the Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia ( Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti ) (A–RMHC), and called for elections in the Ottoman Empire to elect representatives associated with
5246-560: The jailing of MPs from the HDP, including Selahattin Demirtaş , as well as CHP lawmakers. The party lead the unsuccessful "no" campaign for the 2017 constitutional referendum . By 2017, dissidents from MHP founded the Good Party . Kılıçdaroğlu was instrumental in the facilitating the rise of the new party by transferring MPs so they would have a parliamentary group to compete in the 2018 election. In
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#17328553301285332-492: The late 19th and early 20th century, following the 1864 Vilayetler Nizannamesi , Bolu was part of the Kastamonu Vilayet of the Empire. As secular capital of the Roman province of Honorias, in the civil Diocese of Pontus , the bishopric of Claudiopolis became the metropolitan see , in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople , with five suffragan sees : Heraclea Pontica , Prusias ad Hypium , Tium , Cratia and Hadrianopolis in Honoriade . It appears as such in
5418-415: The local economy, which traditionally depended on forestry and handicrafts. Market day is Monday, when people from the surrounding villages come into town for their weekly shop. The main road from Istanbul to Ankara used to cross Mount Bolu , although more people would stop at the roadside restaurants than actually come into the town, and anyway now the Mount Bolu Tunnel is open most people will rush by on
5504-408: The monarchy . After the 1923 election , the A–RMHC was transformed into a political party called the People's Party ( Halk Fırkası ) soon changing its name to Republican People's Party ( Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası , and then Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ) (CHP). With a united parliament, the republic was proclaimed with Atatürk as its first president, the Treaty of Lausanne was ratified, and the Caliphate
5590-458: The motorway rather than climb up into Bolu, especially in winter when the road has often been closed due to ice and snow. Some of the service stations on the mountain road have already announced their closure or moved elsewhere. Bolu has a borderline oceanic climate and humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb, or Trewartha climate classification : Dcb ), with chilly, snowy winters and warm summers with cool nights. Bolu
5676-432: The organization. Most members of the A–RMHC were previously associated with the Committee of Union and Progress . After the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies , A–RMHC members proclaimed the Grand National Assembly as a counter government from the Ottoman government in Istanbul. The Grand National Assembly forces militarily defeated Greece , France , and Armenia , overthrew the Ottoman government, and abolished
5762-600: The party administration and many leftist grassroots, especially left-oriented Kurdish voters, contributed to the party's shift away from the political left. Some leftists critical of Kemalism criticize the party's continuous opposition to the removal of Article 301 of the Turkish penal code, which caused people to be prosecuted for "insulting Turkishness" including Elif Şafak and Nobel Prize winner author Orhan Pamuk , its conviction of Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink , its attitude towards minorities in Turkey , as well as its Cyprus policy . Numerous politicians from
5848-404: The party have espoused support for LGBT rights , and the feminist movement in Turkey. Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu and then Özgür Özel have repeatedly called for Selahattin Demirtaş and Osman Kavala to be released from jail. The party holds a significant position in the Socialist International , Progressive Alliance and is an associate member of the Party of European Socialists . In 2014,
5934-408: The party in 1995. However, Ecevit's DSP remained separate, and to this day has not merged with the CHP. Observers noted that the two parties held similar ideologies and split the Kemalist vote in the nineties. The CHP held an uncompromisingly secularist and establishmentalist character and supported bans of headscarves in public spaces and the Kurdish language . From 1991 to 1996, the SHP and then
6020-399: The party initiated a peaceful transition of power after losing the 1950 election , ending the one-party period and beginning Turkey's multi-party period . The years following the 1960 military coup saw the party gradually trend towards the center-left, which was cemented once Bülent Ecevit became chairman in 1972. The CHP, along with all other political parties of the time, was banned by
6106-463: The party name "Republican People's Party" and the abbreviation "CHP" were banned until 1987. Until 1999, Turkey was ruled by the centre-right Motherland Party (ANAP) and the True Path Party (DYP), unofficial successors of the Democrat Party and the Justice Party, as well as, briefly, by the Islamist Welfare Party . CHP supporters also established successor parties. By 1985, Erdal İnönü , İsmet İnönü's son, consolidated two successor parties to form
6192-514: The present Turkish name - sometimes called Bolou or Boli . It was also ruled by Candaroğlu between 1402 and 1423. It became the chief town of a sanjak in the vilayet (province) of Kastamonu and had a population of 10,000 inhabitants. Bolu was an Ottoman eyalet (state) until the Charter of States ( Vilayetler Nizannamesi ) of 1864, and was within the area stretching from Beykoz kazasi of İzmid sanjak to Boyabat kazasi of Sinop sanjak. In
6278-565: The rank of each Suffragan (see) was thus determined, and remained unchanged unless the list was subsequently modified. The hierarchical order included first of all the Patriarch; then the 'greater Metropolitans', i.e., those who had archdioceses with suffragan sees; next ' Autocephalous Metropolitans', who had no suffragans, and were directly subject to the Patriarch; next other Archbishops, although not functionally differing from autocephalous metropolitans, whose sees occupied hierarchical rank inferior to theirs, and were also immediately dependent on
6364-405: The second largest party and the main opposition party , a position it has retained since. Since the dramatic 2002 election, the CHP has been racked by internal power struggles, and has been outclassed by the AKP governments of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . Many of its members were critical of the leadership of CHP, especially Baykal, who they complained was stifling the party of young blood by turning away
6450-698: The seniority of their consecration, and in Africa according to their age. In the Eastern patriarchates, however, the hierarchical rank of each bishop was determined by the see he occupied. Thus, in the Patriarchate of Constantinople , the first Metropolitan was not the longest ordained, but whoever happened to be the incumbent of the See of Caesarea ; the second was the Archbishop of Ephesus , and so on. In every ecclesiastical province,
6536-406: The town. Bolu is home to 12 local newspapers published in the city centre, two local TV channels (Köroğlu TV and Abant TV), three local radio stations and six local magazines. Bolu is a busy market town rather than a large city. It has one long shopping street and an attractive forested mountain countryside. Students from the university and soldiers based in Bolu make an important contribution to
6622-511: The town. It is situated at 742 m (2,434 ft) above sea level on the southern slopes of a bare hill. Bolu was part of one of the Hittite kingdoms around 2000 BC and later 500 BC became one of the leading cities of the Greek Kingdom of Bithynia (279 BC - 79 BC). Bebryces, Mariandynes, Koukones, Thyns and Paphlagons are native people of the area in antique era. Strabo (XII, 4, 7) mentions
6708-550: The town. Sights near the town include: Bolu is home to examples of Ottoman architecture . The Bayezid Grand Mosque dates to 1899, commissioned by Sultan Abdul Hamid II , but was originally built by Bayezid the Thunderbolt and is home to decorations that resemble embroideries. The Kadı Mosque is perhaps the best example of classical Ottoman architecture in the city, having been built in 1499 and having its entrance embroidered with ornate kündekari works. Other Ottoman mosques in
6794-517: The word "Republican" to its name, declared itself to be a political organisation and announced the establishment of the Turkish Republic , with Atatürk as its first president. As Turkey moved into its authoritarian one-party period , the CHP was the apparatus of implementing far reaching political, cultural, social, and economic reforms in the country. After World War II , Atatürk's successor, İsmet İnönü , allowed for multi-party elections, and
6880-457: The young who turn either to apathy or even vote for the AKP. In 2007, the culmination of tensions between Turkey's secularist establishment and AKP politicians turned into a political crisis . Since Baykal proclaimed the party to be the bulwark of the secularist establishment , the CHP assisted undemocratic attempts by the army and judiciary to shut down the newly elected AKP. The crisis began with massive protests by secularists supported by
6966-595: Was abolished the next year. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's People's Party began as a de facto successor of the Young Turks – Unionism movement. In 1924, a right-wing opposition to Atatürk led by Kâzım Karabekir , reacting against the abolition of the Caliphate, formed the Progressive Republican Party . The life of the opposition party was short. The Progressive Republican Party faced allegations of involvement in
7052-531: Was boycotted by the CHP and the Chief of the General Staff Yaşar Büyükanıt . The party also voted against a package of constitutional amendments to have the president elected by the people instead of parliament, which was eventually put to a referendum . The "no" campaign, supported by the CHP, failed, as a majority of Turks voted in favor of direct presidential elections. The final challenge against
7138-610: Was captured in Kenya . As such, in the election of 1999 , the DSP benefited massively in the polls at the expense of CHP, and the party failed to exceed the 10% threshold (8.7% vote), not winning any seats. In the 2002 general election , the CHP came back with 20% of the vote but 32% of the seats in parliament, as only it and the new AKP (Justice and Development Party) received above the 10% threshold to enter parliament. With DSP's collapse, CHP became Turkey's main Kemalist party. It also became
7224-422: Was prioritized which saw nationalist propaganda, language purification , and pseudo-scientific racial theories propagated. Opposition to Atatürk's reforms were suppressed by various coercive institutions and military force , at the expense of religious conservatives, minorities, and communists. The party-state cracked down on Kurdish resistance to assimilation, suppressing multiple rebellions and encouraging
7310-585: Was re-established for the 2019 local elections , which saw great gains for the CHP, capturing nearly 30% of the electorate. A tacit collaboration with the HDP allowed for CHP to win the municipal mayoralties of İstanbul and Ankara . Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu was nominated as the CHP and the Nation Alliance candidate for the 2023 presidential election . Ekrem İmamoğlu and Mansur Yavaş , mayors of İstanbul and Ankara respectively, along with other party leaders in Nation Alliance, ran to be his vice-presidents. Despite
7396-482: Was very generous to the city, and his name was later added to that of Claudius on the coins of the city. Emperor Theodosius II (408-50) made it the capital of a new province, formed out of Bithynia and Paphlagonia , and called by him Honorias in honour of his younger son and successor Honorius . The city was known under Byzantine rule as Hadrianopolis (like many others; not to be confused with Hadrianopolis in Honoriade, also Constanti(n)a, now Viranşehir ). After
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