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52-607: Liberal Republican Party may refer to: Liberal Republican Party (Turkey) , a short-lived party active in 1930 Liberal Republican Party (United States) , which contested the 1872 presidential election See also [ edit ] Liberal Republican Right , an interwar party in Spain Rockefeller Republican , a faction of the US Republican Party Republican Liberal Party (Panama) ,

104-462: A SCF meeting drew more than 100,000 people around the city, whose population was barely over 150,000. During this event, there were skirmishes with the police, and when the police fired into the crowd a number of people were wounded and a boy killed. The CHF leaders were alarmed and demanded that Mustafa Kemal should state openly that he was and would remain at the head of their party. One month later, on October 5, local elections took place, and all

156-612: A declaration of constitutional monarchy. Talât asked Fethi to write the declaration himself, and this proposal was also accepted in another vote. While the meeting continued, Ali Fethi wrote the declaration in another room. He was appointed the Paris Military Attaché by the Minister of War Mahmut Şevket Pasha on 12 January 1909, but took up his post in March, serving until 1911. During his duty he returned to Salonika to participate in

208-752: A defunct political party in Panama Republican Liberal Party (Portugal) , an interwar party in Portugal Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Liberal Republican Party . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Republican_Party&oldid=835389578 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

260-458: A discussion about the direction to give to the regime, and two factions emerged around the economic issue: whether to implement a more liberal economy or to keep a more statist one. Therefore, Mustafa Kemal, that was aware of the existence of discontent thanks to many reports and his frequent inspection tours in the country, decided to allow and even encourage the founding of a loyal opposition party. He decided to entrust this task to Fethi Okyar ,

312-555: A few days to discuss the issue: Okyar asked for guarantees that the government would allow a new party to function and that Atatürk himself would remain impartial, while the Turkish President demanded that the new party remained loyal to the ideals of republicanism and secularism. Once the negotiations were over, on August 12, 1930, the Liberal Republican Party was founded by Okyar, who took the role of President. Unlike

364-448: A former Prime Minister that had recently returned from a tour of duty as ambassador in Paris and he had submitted a very critical report on İnönü 's government's policies. The Turkish President may also have wanted to put pressure on İnönü who, after five years as PM, had gradually built up his own power base and was no longer a "President's puppet". Anyway, in the summer Kemal and Okyar met for

416-537: A one-party State, at least until 1945 and the birth of the National Development Party ( Milli Kalkınma Partisi ). Fethi Okyar Ali Fethi Okyar (29 April 1880 – 7 May 1943) was a Turkish diplomat and politician, who also served as a military officer and diplomat during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire . He was also the second Prime Minister of Turkey (1924–1925) and the second Speaker of

468-491: A one-party regime there were no other alternatives to express discontent towards the government other than an integrated opposition, this party became a tool of resistance to central power. The party's mobilizing power soon became clear. During his first political speech, held in İzmir on September 4, Okyar met both supporters and adversaries of the government. In particular, these opponents welcomed him with enthusiasm and anti-government demonstrations. Moreover, on September 7,

520-586: A strict link between the government and the SCF kept existing. This is clearly shown by the fact that Atatürk, İnönü and Okyar met to decide how many MPs it would have. In the end, only 15 representatives joined the Liberal Party, but they were all eminent members of the Kemalist establishment. Despite the presence of many loyal Kemalists within the élite of the new party, and the intention to create an integrated opposition,

572-504: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Liberal Republican Party (Turkey) In the context of the One-party period , Mustafa Kemal requested for Okyar to create a new movement as an opposition party to confront the ruling Republican People's Party with the aim of establishing the tradition of multi-party democracy in Turkey. After

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624-667: The Action Army . Returning from Istanbul, he accompanied Abdul Hamid II to his house arrest in Salonika, serving as a guard at the Villa Allatini for more than three months. During his second period as attaché to Paris, between 12–18 September 1910 Fethi observed the Picardie maneuvers that France carried out as a response to the maneuvers that Germany carried out in the Rhine region. He followed

676-513: The Bolayır line and Şarköy . The aim was to surround the Bulgarians between the two lines. However due to the complexity of the operation and last minute criticisms the two forces failed to link up and land on time. The Tenth Corps commanded by Hurşit Pasha and Staff Officer Enver Pasha, landed successfully, but Bolayır Corps commanded by Fahri Pasha and Staff Officer Ali Fethi (Mustafa Kemal Director of

728-748: The Dardanelles Strait Staff on 25 November 1912. When the London Conference was unsuccessfully dispersed on 29 January 1913, the Bulgarian armies resumed their offensive on the Çatalca line , surrounded Edirne , and advanced on the Gallipoli peninsula ; squeezing the Bolayır Corps into a narrow line, where Fethi and Kemal fought alongside each other. Battle plans were drawn up for an operation to relieve Edirne, which included an amphibious landing at

780-692: The Liberal Republican Party [ Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası ] and became the party's chairman. He was allowed to re-enter the parliament as deputy of Gümüşhane . However it quickly became clear that the opposition party was attracting reactionaries and Islamists after the İzmir Meeting, so he dissolved his own party on 17 November, heeding Atatürk's request. He went abroad again. In 1933, he contracted heart failure. Learning of his friend's illness, Atatürk assigned his aide Salih Bozok as his companion and arranged for Fethi Bey to receive treatment in Vienna. He

832-647: The Progressive Republican Party as an opposition party, and on 22 November, 1924, Ali Fethi was appointed Prime Minister, replacing İsmet. Fethi's reconciliatory politics were intended to be more tolerable than İsmet Pasha's hardliner stance. However, three months later, Fethi's strategy failed when the Sheikh Said Rebellion broke out in the East. On 2 March, 1925, Fethi and his government resigned, and İsmet Pasha became Prime Minister again. The same day,

884-484: The TCF in 1924, the SCF was born under Atatürk's directives to weak the growing discontent in the country against the government. To prove his good faith, Kemal let some of his companions join the party: Mehmet Nuri Coker , that became Secretary General, Ahmet Ağaoğlu , end even his sister Makbule Atadan (the first woman member of the party). Despite Atatürk's claim to maintain an impartial attitude toward political affairs,

936-607: The TCF of 1924. There were four main points: 1930 was a difficult year in Turkey: the aftermath of the Kurdish revolts and the global economic crisis hit Turkish policies very hard. However, the CHF had no real means of managing this discontent because of its authoritarian structure, which left it without the means of communication with the masses. At the same time, in the Assembly there began to be

988-449: The CHF with 35,942 votes. At the same time, the total number of non-voters reached 250,000. Istanbul was also an example of the support given by minorities to SCF: in this municipality, it fielded five Greeks, two Armenians, and two Jews for forty-two councilman positions. According to British diplomatic records, the CHF believed that SCF was taking too much consent from the minorities and the reactionaries. There were also some rumours that

1040-711: The First Grand National Assembly as an Istanbul Deputy on 15 August 1921. He served as the Minister of Internal Affairs between 10 October, 1921 and 4 October, 1922. He was re-elected in the 1923 election . He served as the Chairman of the Executive Board (Prime Minister of the Ankara government) and Minister of Internal Affairs from August 14, 1923 until the declaration of the Republic. The political events that led to

1092-508: The Law for the Establishment of Peace [ Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu ] silenced opposition nationwide. The Progressive Party was closed, and Fethi Bey requested to be appointed as ambassador to Paris. Atatürk long attempted to liberalize Turkey's political system and establish an opposition party. On 9 August 1930, per his instruction, Fethi resigned from the ambassadorship and returned to Turkey, founding

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1144-503: The Liberal Party was getting the support of Kurds in Constantinople and was courting the ex-Ottoman dynasty. Then, in an assembly debate directly after the elections, Fethi Okyar accused the CHF of large-scale irregularities and electoral fraud. In this context, Atatürk started to worry about the risk of political instability and told Fethi privately that he could no longer remain impartial in this atmosphere. Due to these evolutions and

1196-512: The Operations Department) suffered many casualties upon landing in Şarköy. Despite all the losses, Enver Pasha insisted on attacking Şarköy again, despite Fahri Pasha, Ali Fethi and Mustafa Kemal's opposition. The commanders of the two corps blamed each other for the defeat. As a result of the defeat, Ali Fethi and Mustafa Kemal attempted to submit their resignations, but they were not accepted. The Bulgarians captured Edirne on March 26, and

1248-579: The Ottoman government's belief that the issue would be resolved through diplomatic means, the CUP leaders decided to take matters into their own hands. Ten Unionists including Ali Fethi, Mustafa Kemal, Eşref Kuşçubaşı, and Süleyman Askerî gathered at Enver's house. After the meeting, it was decided they would organize a resistance. Ali Fethi went by way of Paris with Ambassador Rıfat's assistance. He also asked for help from SFIO leaders Jean Jaures and Pierre Loti , and

1300-848: The Reval meeting between King Edward VII and Tsar Nicholas II , and in Strebne. Upon the suggestion of Rumelia Inspector Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha , he was appointed as the commander of the Salonika Gendarmerie Officer's School on 21 March 1908 and promoted to the rank of "Major". In 1907, he was indicted into the Committee of Union and Progress by one of the members of the General Staff, Major İsmail Hakkı. Hakkı advised him to go to Manastir ( Bitola ) and asked him to meet İsmail Enver Bey , where he

1352-531: The SCF was quickly embraced by many groups that felt excluded by the new regime. In fact, it was seen as a means to reverse the reforms of the regime. There were three main factions that joined the party in opposition to the government: the notables from the countryside, against secularism; the Muslims of Greece that had been subjected to the exchange of population in 1923; many minorities, such as Armenians, Greeks, and Jews, against Turkish nationalism. Indeed, since in

1404-658: The Turkish Parliament after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . Ali Fethi (Okyar after 1934 ) was born in the Ottoman town of Prilep in Manastir Vilayet (present-day North Macedonia ) to an Albanian family. Some sources also claim that he was of Circassian descent. His father was İsmail Hakkı Bey, a civil servant in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs who died when Ali Fethi was young. His uncle Müderris İbrahim Ethem Efendi, who

1456-626: The city was lost with the Treaty of London on May 30 1913. In July 1913, the Second Balkan War broke out over Bulgaria and Serbia's disagreements over captured territory, and the Ottoman Empire soon entered the war to retake lost Rumelian territory. Fethi's Bolayır Corps participated in the operations to retake Edirne from Bulgaria, but Enver Pasha's troops retook the city first. Fethi resigned from military service immediately after returning from

1508-422: The committee, and also for Mustafa İsmet (İnönü) . As membership in the committee increased, new branches cells were formed, many of which were administered by him. After Paris and Salonika became the two centers of the CUP, it was Fethi that handled communication between Salonika and other branches. Following the Reval meetings between King Edward VII and Tsar Nicholas II , on June 25, 1908, Ali Fethi Bey and

1560-507: The constitution Ali Fethi and the leading Unionists again gathered at Manyasizade Refik's house. Atıf Kamçıl advocated for assassinating Şemsi Pasha and personally executed the plan. Şemsi was shot dead by Lieutenant Atıf at the entrence of the Manastır Post Office on 7 July. On the night of 22–23 July, another Unionist meeting was held at Manyasizade Refik's house. It was decided per Mehmet Talât 's suggestion that they should prepare

1612-506: The country and was rehabilitated, being appointed as Deputy of Bolu on 4 January 1939, winning reelection the same year. He became the Minister of Justice in the 2nd Refik Saydam Cabinet and continued this duty until 12 March 1941. He died in Istanbul on 7 May 1943. His grave is in Zincirlikuyu cemetery . He was married to Galibe Hanım (1899–1981). British intelligence reports described

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1664-454: The country by Committee of Union and Progress . He had the opportunity to read the works of Montesquieu , Voltaire , Rousseau , Mirebeau , and Robespierre . Tevfik Fikret 's works were also among those read. With the impressions these works left on his own worlds; he joined in the discussions he had with his friends about exile, oppression, and freedom. After graduating from the Harbiye with

1716-648: The division command that Italian soldiers were abusing the civilian population, and he requested that this situation be protested by the European states. Fethi played an important role in the Battle of Ain Zara , but outnumbered and outgunned, the Italians took the oasis. However the Italians couldn't advance beyond Ain Zara into December and January, they lost control over Sedra, failed to take Homs and retreated back to Ain Zara. Responding to

1768-509: The excessive activism of opponents, on November 17 the SCF was dissolved on Atatürk's recommendation. Okyar used the pretext that the Turkish people were not yet ready to rule themselves, because of their illiteracy. The real state of things was that those in control of the vested interests created as a result of the one-party system feared the establishment of an era of equal opportunity which would put an end to their privilege. In any case, in 1930

1820-569: The fall of the CUP government, he became the Minister of the Interior in the Ahmet İzzet Pasha government, per Mustafa Kemal's suggestion. He was accused of letting the CUP leaders escape the country, which caused the resignation of Ahmet İzzet Pasha's cabinet. With the fall of the CUP, Ali Fethi founded the Ottoman Liberal People's Party , which largely consisted of liberal Unionists. He published

1872-466: The first tentative of Progressive Republican Party during the period 1924–1925, it represents the second attempt to create a pluralist system in the country. Even if the party advocated liberal views, both economically and politically, in its program, it was quickly embraced by many opponents of Atatürk's reforms , particularly regarding secularism . Thus, after its participation in the 1930 local elections in which it won 31 of 502 municipalities, it

1924-706: The leading figures of the CUP gathered at the house of Manyasizade Refik Bey, the chief of the Salonika branch, to discuss a response. These events initiated the beginning of the Young Turk Revolution . It was decided that the Unionists should rise in revolt and that if necessary, the incoming Hamidian agents, principally Şemsi Pasha , must be killed. On 3 July, 1908, a group of 150 people, including Reşneli Ahmed Niyazi began an uprising from which many Rumelian cities joined in revolution. After demonstrations in places like Salonika, Serres , İştip , Priştina in support of

1976-593: The maneuvers with Mustafa Kemal and Hüseyin Selahattin Bey . He spent most of his time between 1910–1911 writing reports on the maneuvers and informing the capital and the General Staff. During the Malissori uprising on 25 June 1911 his request to join the Shkodra War Staff was granted, which he served for a three months. On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire for Tripolitania . Due to

2028-452: The nation. As a way to pretend some pluralism, Atatürk even reserved thirty seats to men holding independent views so that the government's actions could be examined and criticized. Nevertheless, obviously, the CHF controlled the choice of all other candidates. Therefore, the new Assembly included in its membership some people that did not come from the republican élite. However, in effect it remained

2080-408: The newspaper Minber together with Mustafa Kemal between 1 November and 21 December 1918, as an organ of the party. The party was banned on 5 May 1919 for being a continuation of the CUP, and a few days later, on 10 March 1919 he was arrested for being a member of a secret Unionist organization, and was exiled to Malta on 2 June 1919. He was released in a prisoner exchange on 30 May 1921. He joined

2132-466: The people against Kemal's reforms (especially in the Aegean region and Istanbul ) voted for the Liberal Party. On this occasion, SCF gained 31 cities out of 502 and captured a number of seats in various municipalities. Where voters didn't have the capacity to resist power pressures, they preferred abstention from vote for CHF. In Istanbul, for instance, the opposition party gained only 12,888 votes, well behind

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2184-454: The political mood in the country was really hostile, also because of two rebellions. These events and the dissolution of the Liberal Party convinced Atatürk of the necessity to consolidate CHP's power in order to maintain and reinforce his Revolution. As a result of this political instability, the Assembly decided to hold a new election to prove that the Kemalists represented the majority of

2236-593: The rank of "Infantry Lieutenant" in 1900, he continued his education in the War Institute , graduating top of his class in 1903. In 1904, Fethi began his duty as a staff captain in the Third Army in Salonika in the 13th Cavalry Regiment. During his internship training he came face to face with Bulgarian, Serbian, and Greek chetas and committee units. He was promoted to the rank of Kolağası in 1906. On 30 April 1906 he

2288-673: The resignation of the Fethi Bey cabinet led to the declaration of the Republic of Turkey with a constitutional amendment on October 29, 1923. Immediately after the declaration of the Republic, he was elected as the President of the Grand National Assembly on 1 November 1923, and reelected the next year. However, in November 1924, a group of deputies led by Kazım Karabekir and Ali Fuat Pashas

2340-658: The stalemate in Libya, Italy invaded the Dodecanese between April 23 and May 17. In April 1912, he was elected deputy of Monastir in that year's general election for the Chamber of Deputies . After the closure of the Chamber , he returned to Tripoli. However by the start of the First Balkan War , Ali Fethi and other officers had to return to the capital. Fethi was given command over

2392-615: The two of them wrote articles criticizing the Italian occupation. Fethi first reached the port of Sfax in French Tunisia with five military medical doctors and a boatman from Marseille, and arrived in Tripoli on 12 October 1911. He was appointed chief of staff of the 42nd Division, commanded by Colonel Neşet Pasha, and took to organizing local militia groups against the Italians. During his activities around Tripoli, on 3 November he reported to

2444-402: The war on September 14, 1913. He was elected as the secretary general of the CUP in an abortive attempt to liberalize the party, but quickly resigned and sent to Sofia on a diplomatic exile. There he kept up with Mustafa Kemal, who was also in Sofia as a military attaché . On 8 December 1917 he was elected as a deputy of Istanbul in a by-election and left his ambassadorial post. After

2496-446: Was appointed as an assistant course supervisor at the Edirne War School, despite his wishes. He was soon appointed to Third Army's Mahçova ( Metsovo ) Greek Border Zone Command in August 1906. On 1 March 1907 he was appointed to the Salonika Eastern Railway Line Inspectorate. While on the staff of the Third Army Marshal İbrahim Pasha, he played an important role in the clashes with Greek committee bands, which became more active after

2548-404: Was appointed to as Ambassador to London on 31 March 1934, where he played an important role in the rapprochement between Turkey and the United Kingdom before World War II; he was among the architects of the Montreux Convention . He received the surname "Okyar". Shortly after Atatürk's death, in accordance with President İsmet İnönü's policy of reconciliation with his former enemies, he returned to

2600-454: Was initiated with Enver's guidance. He returned to Kesriye ( Kastoria ) opened a CUP cell there. He quickly became an important member, becoming a member of the Salonika central committee with İsmail Canbulat, Mithat Şükrü , Topçu Rasim, and Hamdi. During this period of military service, he also worked to induct new members for the CUP. When Mustafa Kemal was assigned to the Third Army in Selanik in October 1907, Fethi made sure to induct him into

2652-500: Was personally dissolved in November 1930 by Okyar, who was an ardent supporter of the reforms. The closure of the Free Republican Party left Turkey as a one-party state until the establishment of the National Development Party ( Milli Kalkınma Partisi ) in 1945 and the Democrat Party in 1946. The main difference between the SCF and the ruling CHF was that the first claimed that he advocated liberal views in its program. The party produced an 11-point manifesto, which echoed that of

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2704-601: Was the Governor of Manastır at the time, helped to complete his education. He attended the Monastir Military High School , where he was a friend of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) , helping him with French and introducing him to French political thought. Politics began to interest him during this period, as he began reading Namık Kemal 's works. Fethi entered the Military Academy with Kemal in 1898. There he befriended with figures like Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) , Şevket, Cafer Tayyar (Eğilmez) , Kara Vasıf , and Mürsel. He went further into dangerous literature, reading books smuggled into to

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