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91-821: In this period, British missionaries began to develop educational opportunities for Black Nova Scotians through the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ( Bray Schools ). The decline of slavery in Nova Scotia happened in large part by local judicial decisions in keeping with those by the British courts of the late 18th century. The next major migration happened during the War of 1812 , again with African Americans escaping slavery in

182-565: A French graphic novel, called Mathieu de Costa , which was written by Diane Groulx and illustrated by Jocelyne Jatte . A domestic rate postage stamp honoring da Costa was issued by Canada Post on February 1, 2017, in conjunction with Black History Month . A plaque at the Port Royal Habitation National Historic Site commemorates da Costa's contribution. It is part of the Mathieu da Costa African Heritage Trail,

273-632: A charter establishing the SPG as "an organisation able to send priests and schoolteachers to America to help provide the Church's ministry to the colonists". The new society had two main aims: Christian ministry to British people overseas; and evangelization of the non-Christian races of the world. The society's first two missionaries, graduates of the University of Aberdeen , George Keith and Patrick Gordon, sailed from England for North America on 24 April 1702. By 1710

364-566: A free woman was contested. This eventually led to a court trial. The community was named after British Brigadier General Samuel Birch , an official who assisted in the evacuation of Black Loyalists from New York . (Also named after the general was a much smaller settlement of Black Loyalists in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia , called Birchtown.) The two other significant Black Loyalist communities established in Nova Scotia were Brindley town (present-day Jordantown ) and Tracadie . Birchtown

455-778: A series of monuments marking African Nova Scotian history in the Annapolis Valley . It was unveiled in July 2005 The Mathieu da Costa Challenge was an annual creative writing and artwork contest started in 1996 by the Department of Canadian Heritage. The challenge encourages youth to discover how diversity has shaped Canada's history and the important role that pluralism plays in Canadian society. A school in Toronto and two streets, one in Montreal and

546-510: A significant Black population, first drawn there by the opening of the Dominion Iron and Steel Company steel mill in the early 20th century. Over 10,000 Over 5,000 Over 1,000 Black Nova Scotians by share of overall Black Canadian population: The first recorded Black person in Canada was Mathieu da Costa . He arrived in Nova Scotia sometime between 1605 and 1608 as a translator for

637-601: Is also involved in the training and development of Anglican lay and ordained church leaders and localized social advocacy on a diverse range of issues from gender based violence to climate change. The modern charity retains its strong funding and governance links with the Church of England , the Archbishop of Canterbury being the President of the charity. Projects in Africa still attract

728-488: Is devoted to increasing local churches' capacity to be agents of positive change in the communities that they serve. The United Society "seeks to advance Christian religion," but also to promote and support local Anglican church partners in their mission activities in a local community context. Project work includes community based health care provision for expectant mothers and for those with HIV and AIDS , as well as education and work skills training programmes. The charity

819-403: Is open to question. Du Gua's activities in Canada did not end until 1617. A court case related to expenses incurred by Nicolas de Bauquemare of Rouen to support da Costa dragged on until 1619, although there is no positive indication that Mathieu da Costa was personally present. There is controversy as to how da Costa had learned to communicate with Aboriginal peoples. One theory suggested that

910-771: The Liverpool Packet ). The last slave sale in Nova Scotia occurred in 1804. During the war, Nova Scotian Sir William Winniett served as a crew on board HMS  Tonnant in the effort to free enslaved people from America. (As the Governor of the Gold Coast , Winniett would later also work to end the slave trade in Western Africa.) By the end of the War of 1812 and the arrival of the Black Refugees, there were few people left enslaved in Nova Scotia. (The Slave Trade Act outlawed

1001-867: The Africville Apology , the Viola Desmond Pardon , the restorative justice initiative for the Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children, and most recently the official apology to the No. 2 Construction Battalion . Main denominations of African Nova Scotians Christians According to the 2021 Census, 59.1% of African Nova Scotians are Christian , especially Baptist, and 38.1 % are irreligious . 86.4% of African Nova Scotians are born to Canadian-born parents and 12% of them are born to at-least one immigrant parent. Black Nova Scotians were initially established in rural settings, which usually functioned independently until

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1092-555: The Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia , which opened in 1983. The organization houses a museum, library and archival area. Oliver designed the Black Cultural Centre to help all Nova Scotians become aware of how Black culture is woven into the heritage of the province. The centre also helps Nova Scotians trace their history of championing human rights and overcoming racism in the province. For his efforts in establishing

1183-543: The Cambridge Mission to Delhi also joined the organization. From November 2012 until 2016, the name was United Society or Us . In 2016, it was announced that the Society would return to the name USPG , this time standing for United Society Partners in the Gospel , from 25 August 2016. During its more than three hundred years of operations, the Society has supported more than 15,000 men and women in mission roles within

1274-580: The Church in the Province of the West Indies (CPWI) . The work will include four areas of work in collaboration with the descendants of the enslaved; community development and engagement; historical research & education; burial places & memorialisation, and family research. USPG has pledged, in response to proposals that Codrington Trust has advanced, 18M Barbadian dollars - (£7M) - to be spent in Barbados over

1365-689: The National Hockey League was founded, and as such, it has been credited with some innovations which exist in the NHL today. Most notably, it is claimed that the first player to use the slapshot was Eddie Martin of the Halifax Eurekas, more than 100 years ago. The league remained in operation until 1930. The No. 2 Construction Battalion , Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), was the only predominantly Black battalion in Canadian military history and also

1456-588: The New England Planter migration (1763–1775), and 22 graves are from immediately following the arrival of the Black Loyalists in 1776. Rev. John Breynton reported that in 1783, he baptized 40 Black people and buried many because of disease. According to a 1783 report, 73 Black people arrived in Halifax from New York. Of the 4007 Black people who came to Nova Scotia in 1783 as part of promised resettlement by

1547-637: The North American cultural context of trading centers, with multi-lingual populations, was very similar to the African trading ports. Da Costa's translation and communication skills helped reduce the cultural gap between early French explorers and the First Nations. His work in Canada is honoured at the Port-Royal National Historic Site in Nova Scotia, Canada. He was also the subject of

1638-543: The Protestant Society for the Propagation of the Gospel . Some of the schoolmasters were: Thomas Brownspriggs (c.1788–1790) and Dempsey Jordan (1818–?). There were 23 Black families at Tracadie in 1808; by 1827 this number had increased to 30 or more. While most Black people who arrived in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution were free, others were not. Enslaved Black peoples also arrived in Nova Scotia as

1729-681: The Revd Thomas Bray to report on the state of the Church of England in the American Colonies . Bray, after extended travels in the region, reported that the Anglican church in America had "little spiritual vitality" and was "in a poor organizational condition". Under Bray's initiative, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was authorised by convocation and incorporated by Royal Charter on 16 June 1701. King William III issued

1820-571: The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ( SPG ) as a high church missionary organization of the Church of England and was active in the Thirteen Colonies of North America. The group was renamed in 1965 as the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel ( USPG ) after incorporating the activities of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA). In 1968

1911-476: The United States settled in many parts of Nova Scotia including Hammonds Plains, Beechville , Lucasville and Africville . Canada was not suited to the large-scale plantation agriculture practiced in the southern United States, and slavery became increasingly rare. In 1793, in one of the first acts of the new Upper Canadian colonial parliament , slavery was abolished. It was all but abolished throughout

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2002-462: The War of 1812 . The British had promised enslaved people of rebels freedom if they joined their forces (See Dunmore's Proclamation and Philipsburg Proclamation ). Approximately three thousand Black Loyalists were evacuated by ship to Nova Scotia between April and November 1783, traveling on Navy vessels or British chartered private transports. This group was made up largely of tradespeople and labourers. Many of these African Americans had roots in

2093-555: The 1920s, which led to a Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) office in Cape Breton, and then the famous 1937 visit. He was initially drawn by the founding of an African Orthodox Church in Sydney in 1921 and maintained contact with the ex-pat West Indian community. The UNIA invited him to visit in 1937. (Garvey presided over UNIA regional conferences and conventions in Toronto, in 1936, 1937, and 1938. At

2184-623: The 1937 meeting he inaugurated his School of African Philosophy.) Despite objections from Martin Luther King Jr. , this separatist politics was reinforced again in the 1960s by the Black Power Movement and especially its militant subgroup the Black Panther Party . Francis Beaufils (a.k.a. Ronald Hill) was a fugitive Black Panther facing charges in the U.S. who had found refuge in rural Nova Scotia. The separatist movement influenced

2275-954: The 1960s. Black Nova Scotians in urban areas today still trace their roots to these rural settlements. Some of the settlements include: Gibson Woods, Greenville, Weymouth Falls , Birchtown , East Preston , Cherry Brook , Lincolnville , Upper Big Tracadie , Five Mile Plains , North Preston , Tracadie , Shelburne , Lucasville , Beechville , and Hammonds Plains among others. Some have roots in other Black settlements located in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island including Elm Hill, New Brunswick , Willow Grove (Saint John, NB) and The Bog (Charlottetown, PEI). Prominent Black neighbourhoods exist in most towns and cities in Nova Scotia including Halifax , Truro , New Glasgow , Sydney , Digby , Shelburne and Yarmouth . Black neighbourhoods in Halifax include Uniacke Square and Mulgrave Park . The ethnically diverse Whitney Pier neighbourhood of Sydney has

2366-690: The 20th century, Black Nova Scotians organized for civil rights, establishing such groups as the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, the Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission , the Black United Front , and the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia . In the 21st century, the government and grassroots groups have initiated actions in Nova Scotia to address past harm done to Black Nova Scotians, such as

2457-506: The American states of Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia and Maryland. Some came from Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York as well. Many of these African-American settlers were recorded in the Book of Negroes . In 1785 in Halifax, educational opportunities began to develop with the establishment of Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ( Bray Schools ). In Halifax, for example,

2548-611: The Atlantic Creole generation, often working as sailors or interpreters. His portfolio of languages is thought to have included Dutch , English , French , Portuguese , Mi'kmaq , and pidgin Basque , the dialect many Aboriginals used for trading purposes. He was originally engaged by the Portuguese as a translator, having learned their language quickly. It was thought that his skills would be valuable in future cartography expeditions to

2639-703: The Baptist association on missionary visits to the black communities surrounding Halifax. He was the mentor of Richard Preston . New Horizons Baptist Church (formerly known as Cornwallis Street Baptist Church, the African Chapel, and the African Baptist Church) is a baptist church in Halifax, Nova Scotia that was established by Black Refugees in 1832. When the chapel was completed, Black citizens of Halifax were reported to be proud of this accomplishment because it

2730-578: The Black Pioneers. Historian Barry Moody has referred to Blucke as "the true founder of the Afro-Nova Scotian community." Blucke led the founding of Birchtown, Nova Scotia , in 1783. The community was the largest settlement of Black Loyalists and was the largest free settlement of Africans in North America in the 18th century. One of these Loyalists was a woman named Mary Postell, whose status as

2821-571: The Black community in 20th Century Nova Scotia. This Black separatist approach to address racism and black empowerment was introduced to Nova Scotia by Marcus Garvey in the 1920s. Garvey argued that Black people would never get a fair deal in white society, so they ought to form separate republics or return to Africa. White people are considered a homogenous group who are essentially racist and, in that sense, are considered unredeemable in efforts to address racism. Garvey visited Nova Scotia twice, first in

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2912-505: The Black people in eastern Nova Scotia migrated to Sierra Leone. One of the Black Loyalists was Andrew Izard (c. 1755 – ?). He was formerly enslaved by Ralph Izard in St. George, South Carolina . He worked on a rice plantation and grew up on Combahee. When he was young he was valued at 100 pounds. In 1778 Izard made his escape. During the American Revolution he worked for the British army in

3003-538: The British Isles and further afield; only one third of the missionaries employed by the Society in the 18th century were English. Included in their number such notable individuals as George Keith , and John Wesley , the founder of Methodism (which was originally a movement within the Anglican Church). The SPG and all British officials were permanently expelled in 1776. Through a charitable bequest bestowed upon

3094-513: The British government approved 16,000 pounds for the emigration, three times the total annual budget for Nova Scotia. They were led to Sierra Leone by John Clarkson and became known as the Nova Scotian Settlers . The other significant Black Loyalist settlement is Tracadie . Led by Thomas Brownspriggs , Black Nova Scotians who had settled at Chedabucto Bay behind the present-day village of Guysborough migrated to Tracadie (1787). None of

3185-610: The Churches of England, Wales , and Ireland in the decades following the Second World War. In the context of decolonization in Africa and India's independence in 1947, new models of global mission engagement between the interdependent member provinces of the Anglican Communion were required. In 1965 the SPG merged with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), and in 1968 with the Cambridge Mission to Delhi , to form

3276-561: The Crown, 69% (2775) were free, 35% (1423) were former British soldiers, and 31% (1232) were slaves of white Loyalists. While 41 former slaves were sent to Dartmouth, none were sent to Halifax. 550 Jamaican Maroons lived in Halifax for four years (1796–1800); they were resettled in Freetown (now Sierra Leone ). A return in December 1816 indicates there were 155 Black people who migrated to Halifax during

3367-413: The Department of Education. The Association also developed an Adult Education program with the government department. By 1970, over one-third of the 270 members were white. Along with Oliver and the direct involvement of the premier of Nova Scotia Robert Stanfield , many Black activists were responsible for the establishment of the Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission (1967). Originally the mandate of

3458-658: The French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts . The first known Black person to live in Canada was an enslaved person from Madagascar named Olivier Le Jeune (who may have been of partial Malay ancestry). Of the 10,000 French living at Louisbourg (1713–1760) and on the rest of Ile Royale , 216 were African-descended slaves. According to historian Kenneth Donovan, slaves on Ile Royal worked as "servants, gardeners, bakers, tavern keepers, stone masons, musicians, laundry workers, soldiers, sailors, fishermen, hospital workers, ferry men, executioners and nursemaids." More than 90 per cent of

3549-662: The French secured his services. Mathieu da Costa was in Amsterdam , Holland , in February 1607. Apparently, the Dutch had seized Pierre Du Gua de Monts's ships near Tadoussac at the St. Lawrence River in a trade dispute, and took Pierre as well. His abduction strongly suggests that his talents helped bridge the gap between the Europeans and the First Nations of Canada. It is thought that he

3640-515: The NSAACP had branches in Halifax, Cobequid Road, Digby, Weymouth Falls, Beechville, Inglewooe, Hammonds Plains and Yarmouth. Preston and Africville branches were added in 1962, the same year New Road, Cherry Brook, and Preston East requested branches. In 1947, the Association successfully took the case of Viola Desmond to the Supreme Court of Canada. It also pressured the Children's Hospital in Halifax to allow for Black women to become nurses; it advocated for inclusion and challenged racist curriculum in

3731-412: The New World. The tradition of Europeans depending on such translators was more than a century old by the time da Costa started working with them. An interpreter, translator, and general go-between such as da Costa was known as um grumete in the Portuguese-speaking world. Da Costa would later be sought by both the English and the Dutch to help in their contacts with Aboriginal peoples in North America, but

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3822-405: The Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People was formed in 1945 out of the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church. The organization was intent of improving the standard of living for Black Nova Scotians. The organization also attempted to improve Black-white relations in co-operation with private and governmental agencies. The organization was joined by 500 Black Nova Scotians. By 1956,

3913-427: The Nova Scotian legislature refused to legalize slavery. Two chief justices, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790–1796) and Sampson Salter Blowers (1797–1832) waged "judicial war" in their efforts to free enslaved people from their owners in Nova Scotia. They were held in high regard in the colony. Justice Alexander Croke (1801–1815) also impounded American slave ships during this time period (the most famous being

4004-481: The Presbyterian church who enslaved people. Historian Alan Wilson describes the document as "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country." Historian Robin Winks writes "[it is] the sharpest attack to come from a Canadian pen even into the 1840s; he had also brought about a public debate which soon reached the courts." In 1790 John Burbidge freed the people he had enslaved. Led by Richard John Uniacke , in 1787, 1789 and again on January 11, 1808,

4095-529: The SPG by Barbadian planter and colonial administrator Christopher Codrington , the Codrington Plantations (and the slaves working on them) came under the ownership of the Society. With the aim of supplying funding for Codrington College in Barbados , the SPG was the beneficiary of the forced labour of thousands of enslaved Africans on the plantations . Many of the slaves on the plantations died from such diseases as dysentery and typhoid , after being weakened by overwork. The SPG even branded its slaves on

4186-456: The Sieur de Monts , and Samuel de Champlain that travelled from France to the New World in the early 17th century. He was the first recorded free black person to arrive on the territory of today's Canada . There is little documentation about Mathieu da Costa. Of at least partial African ancestry, he is known to have been a freeman favoured by explorers for his multilingual talents. Numerous mixed-race African-Portuguese persons were part of

4277-407: The Society's charter had expanded to include work among enslaved Africans in the West Indies and Native Americans in North America. The SPG funded clergy and schoolmasters, dispatched books, and supported catechists through annual fundraising sermons in London that publicized the work of the mission society. Queen Anne was a noted early supporter, contributing her own funds and authorizing in 1711

4368-726: The United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (USPG). The Society found a new role in support of clergy training and in the movement of community development specialists, resources and ideas around the world church. The list of SPG- and USPG-founded and sponsored church, hezlthcare, and educational institutions is geographically diverse. In some cases direct funding was supplied by the Society; in others SPG and USPG mission staff played prominent roles as founding ordained clergy, fundraisers, academic and administrative staff. Ghana South Africa Zimbabwe China India Japan Myanmar Barbados Canada United States New Zealand Australia The modern charity's work

4459-453: The United States. Many of the parishes founded by SPG clergy on the Eastern seaboard of the United States are now listed among the historic parishes of the Episcopal Church . SPG clergy were instructed to live simply, but considerable funds were used on the construction of new church properties. The SPG clergy were ordained, university-educated men, described at one time by Thomas Jefferson as "Anglican Jesuits." They were recruited from across

4550-704: The United States. Many came after having gained passage and freedom on British ships. The British issued a proclamation in the South promising freedom and land to those who wanted to join them. Creation of institutions such as the Royal Acadian School and the African Baptist Church in Halifax, founded in 1832, opened opportunities for Black Canadians. During the years before the American Civil War, an estimated ten to thirty thousand African Americans migrated to Canada, mostly as individual or small family groups; many settled in Ontario. A number of Black Nova Scotians also have some Indigenous heritage, due to historical intermarriage between Black and First Nations communities. In

4641-412: The addition of steeples. The white church with steeple was copied by other groups and became associated with New England-style churches among the range of Protestant denominations. Such designs were also copied by church congregations in the Southern colonies. From 1702 until the American Revolution , the SPG had recruited and employed more than 309 missionaries to the American colonies that came to form

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4732-417: The black Loyalists performed military service in the British Army, particularly as part of the only black regiment of the war, the Black Pioneers , while others served non-military roles. The soldiers of the Black Pioneers settled in Digby and were given small compensation in comparison to the white Loyalist soldiers. Many of the Black settled under the leadership of Stephen Blucke , a prominent black leader of

4823-431: The chest with the word SOCIETY to show who they belonged to. In 1758, the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Secker agreed to reimburse funds to the SPG's accounts for the purchase of slaves from Africa and the hiring of third party enslaved labour. Between 1710 and 1838, around 600 to 1,200 slaves lived and died on the plantations. The ownership of the Codrington Plantations by the SPG started to come under scrutiny during

4914-430: The church, they also established the African Friendly Society, the African Abolition Society, and the African United Baptist Association . The church remained the centre of social activism throughout the 20th century. Reverends at the church included William A. White (1919–1936) and William Pearly Oliver (1937–1962). Numerous Black Nova Scotians fought in the American Civil War in the effort to end slavery. Perhaps

5005-407: The commission was primarily to address the plight of Black Nova Scotians. The first employee and administrative officer of the commission was Gordon Earle . In keeping with the times, Reverend William Oliver began the Black United Front in 1969, which explicitly adopted a Black separatist agenda. The Black separatist movement of the United States had a significant influence on the mobilization of

5096-443: The development of the Halifax-based Black United Front (BUF). Black United Front was a Black nationalist organization that included Burnley "Rocky" Jones and was loosely based on the 10 point program of the Black Panther Party . In 1968, Stokely Carmichael , who coined the phrase Black Power! , visited Nova Scotia helping organize the BUF. Reverend William Oliver eventually left the BUF and became instrumental in establishing

5187-547: The enslaved people were from the French West Indies , which included Saint-Domingue, the chief sugar colony, and Guadeloupe. Among the founders recorded for Halifax, were 17 free Black people. By 1767, there were 54 Black people living in Halifax. When Halifax, Nova Scotia , was established (1749), some British people brought slaves to the city. For example, shipowner and trader Joshua Mauger sold enslaved people at auction there. A few newspaper advertisements were published for runaway slaves. The first Black community in Halifax

5278-485: The face of opposition from Wentworth. On August 6, 1800, the Maroons departed Halifax, arriving on October 1 at Freetown , Sierra Leone . In their new home, the Maroons established a new community at Maroon Town, Sierra Leone . In 1808, George Prévost authorized a Black regiment to be formed in the colony under captain Silas Hardy and Col. Christopher Benson . The next major migration of Black people into Nova Scotia occurred between 1813 and 1815. Black Refugees from

5369-441: The first African to receive ordination in the Anglican Communion . He returned to the Gold Coast in 1765 and worked there in a missionary capacity until his death in 1816. SPG missionary activities in South Africa began in 1821. The Society's work in the wider region made significant progress under the leadership of Bishop Robert Gray , expanding to Natal in 1850, Zululand in 1859, Swaziland in 1871 and Mozambique in 1894. During

5460-521: The first of many annual Royal Letters requiring local parishes in England to raise a "liberal contribution" for the Society's work overseas. In New England, the Society had to compete with a growing Congregational church movement, as the Anglican Church was not established here. With resourceful leadership it made significant inroads in more traditional Puritan states such as Connecticut and Massachusetts. The SPG also helped to promote distinctive designs for new churches using local materials, and promoted

5551-435: The first teacher was a "capable and serious Negroe woman". Initially, the school was in the Orphan House and had 36 Black children, six of whom were enslaved. She was followed by Reverend William Furmage (d. 1793), Huntingdonian Missionary who was buried in the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia) . After a year he was followed by Isaac Limerick. Limerick moved the school and went into debt to maintain it. The next teacher

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5642-444: The four leading organizations in the 20th century to support Black Nova Scotians and, ultimately, all Nova Scotians, William Oliver was awarded the Order of Canada in 1984. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts United Society Partners in the Gospel ( USPG ) is a United Kingdom -based charitable organization (registered charity no. 234518). It was first incorporated under Royal Charter in 1701 as

5733-435: The largest percentage of the United Society's funding due to historic links and established endowments. In the financial year 2013, the charity supported church based initiatives in poverty relief, health, education and church leadership training in 20 different countries. Mathieu da Costa Mathieu da Costa (sometimes d'Acosta ) ( fl. 1589-1619) was an Afro-French member of the exploring party of Pierre Dugua,

5824-419: The late 18th century, as the British abolitionist movement started to emerge. In 1783, Bishop Beilby Porteus , an early proponent of abolitionism , used the occasion of the SPG's annual anniversary sermon to highlight the conditions at the Codrington Plantations and called for the SPG to end its connection with colonial slavery. However, the SPG did not relinquish ownership of its plantations in Barbados until

5915-399: The lives of local people. During this period, the SPG also supported increasing numbers of indigenous missionaries of both sexes, as well as medical missionary work. To a limited degree, the Society was socially progressive from the mid-1800s in its encouragement of women from Britain and Ireland, including single women, to train and work as missionaries in their own right, rather than only as

6006-454: The monies provided by the Jamaican Government, procured an annual stipend of £240 for the support of a school and religious education. The Maroons complained about the bitterly cold winters, their segregated conditions, unfamiliar farming methods, and less than adequate accommodation. The Maroon leader, Montague James , petitioned the British government for the right to passage to Sierra Leone , and they were eventually granted that opportunity in

6097-536: The most well known Nova Scotians to fight in the war effort are Joseph B. Noil and Benjamin Jackson . Three Black Nova Scotians served in the famous 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry : Hammel Gilyer, Samuel Hazzard, and Thomas Page. In 1894, an all-Black ice hockey league, known as the Coloured Hockey League , was founded in Nova Scotia. Black players from Canada's Maritime provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island ) participated in competition. The league began to play 23 years before

6188-437: The next 10–15 years to support this work. The Rev. Thomas Thompson, having first served as an SPG missionary in colonial New Jersey , established the Society's first mission outpost at Cape Coast Castle on the Gold Coast in 1752. In 1754 he arranged for three local students to travel to England be trained as missionaries at the Society's expense. Two died from ill health, but the surviving student, Philip Quaque , became

6279-450: The number who were transported from Jamaica to Nova Scotia, with one saying that 568 Maroons of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) made the trip in 1796. It seems that just under 600 left Jamaica, with 17 dying on the ship, and 19 in their first winter in Nova Scotia. A Canadian surgeon counted 571 Maroons in Nova Scotia in 1797. Their initial destination was Lower Canada but on July 21 and 23, the ships arrived in Nova Scotia. At this time Halifax

6370-439: The only Canadian Battalion composed of Black soldiers to serve in World War I . The battalion was raised in Nova Scotia and 56% of battalion members (500 soldiers) came from the province. Reverend William A. White of the Battalion became the first Black officer in the British Empire. An earlier black military unit in Nova Scotia was the Victoria Rifles . Founded by Pearleen Oliver and led by minister William Pearly Oliver ,

6461-430: The other British North American colonies by 1800, and was illegal throughout the British Empire after 1834. This made Canada an attractive destination for those fleeing slavery in the United States, such as American minister Boston King . In 1814, Walter Bromley opened the Royal Acadian School which included many Black students – children and adults – whom he taught on the weekends because they were employed during

6552-586: The passage in Parliament of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 . At the February 2006 meeting of the Church of England's General Synod , attendees commemorated the church's role in helping to pass the Slave Trade Act of 1807 to abolish Britain's involvement in the slave trade . The attendees also voted unanimously to apologise to the descendants of slaves for the church's involvement in and support of

6643-503: The period 1752–1906, the Society employed a total of 668 European and locally recruited missionaries in Africa. The Society established mission outposts in Canada in 1759, Australia in 1793, and India in 1820. It later expanded outside the British Empire to China in 1863, Japan in 1873, and Korea in 1890. By the middle of the 19th century, the Society's work was focused more on

6734-462: The promotion and support of indigenous Anglican churches and the training of local church leadership, than on the supervision and care of colonial and expatriate church congregations. From the mid-1800s until the Second World War, the pattern of mission work remained similar: pastoral, evangelistic, educational and medical work contributing to the growth of the Anglican Church and aiming to improve

6825-557: The property of White American Loyalists. In 1772, prior to the American Revolution, Britain outlawed the slave trade in the British Isles followed by the Knight v. Wedderburn decision in Scotland in 1778. This decision, in turn, influenced the colony of Nova Scotia. In 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor from Pictou published the first anti-slavery literature in Canada and began purchasing slaves' freedom and chastising his colleagues in

6916-507: The same congregation. In 1811 Burton's church had 33 members, the majority of whom were free Black people from Halifax and the neighbouring settlements of Preston and Hammonds Plains. According to historian Stephen Davidson, they were "shunned, or merely tolerated, by the rest of Christian Halifax, the they were first warmly received in the Baptist Church." Burton became known as "an apostle to the coloured people" and would often be sent out by

7007-636: The slave trade and slavery. Tom Butler , the Bishop of Southwark , confirmed in a speech before the vote that the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts had owned the Codrington Plantations. On Friday 8 September 2023, USPG announced at a press conference in Barbados that it will be seeking to address the wrongs of the past by committing to a long-term project: ‘Renewal & Reconciliation: The Codrington Reparations Project’ . The project will be in partnership with Codrington Trust and

7098-464: The slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 outlawed slavery all together.) According to historian Richard Cannon, on June 26, 1796, 543 men, women and children, Jamaican Maroons , were deported on board the ships Dover, Mary and Anne, from Jamaica after being defeated in an uprising against the British colonial government. However, many historians disagree on

7189-533: The wagonmaster-general's department. He was on one of the final ships to leave New York in 1783. He traveled on the Nisbett in November, which sailed to Port Mouton. The village burned to the ground in the spring of 1784 and he was transported to Guysborough. There he raised a family and still has descendants that live in the community. Education in the Black community was initially advocated by Charles Inglis who sponsored

7280-585: The week. Some of the Black students entered into business in Halifax while others were hired as servants. In 1836, the African School was established in Halifax from the Protestant Gospel School (Bray School) and was soon followed by similar schools at Preston, Hammond's Plains and Beech Hill . Following Black Loyalist preacher David George , Baptist minister John Burton was one of the first ministers to integrate Black and white Nova Scotians into

7371-815: The wives of male missionaries. In 1866, the SPG established the Ladies' Association for Promoting the Education of Females in India and other Heathen Countries in Connection with the Missions of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. In 1895, this group was updated to the Women's Mission Association for the Promotion of Female Education in the Missions of the SPG. As part of the inclusion of more women in this organization, Marie Elizabeth Hayes

7462-588: The worldwide Anglican Communion . Working through local partner churches, the charity's current focus is the support of emergency relief, longer-term development, and Christian leadership training projects. The charity encourages parishes in United Kingdom and Ireland to participate in Christian mission work through fundraising, prayer, and by setting up links with its projects around the world. In 1700, Henry Compton , Bishop of London (1675–1713), requested

7553-497: Was a white woman, Mrs. Deborah Clarke (1793–1809), followed by Mary Fitzgerald. The school was dissolved in 1814 (when the Royal Acadian School was established for Black and white people). The next teacher was Daniel Gallagher, who held the position of schoolmaster for a long period. The school was in the Black community on Albemarle Street, where it served the people for decades under the son of Rev. Charles Inglis . Many of

7644-411: Was accepted into the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 1905. She served as a member of the Cambridge Mission to Delhi , India, where she is known for her notable work as a Christian Medical Missionary. Her leadership in the medical field promoted more women's leadership in the Society's mission activities. The promotion of women's leadership within the Society's overseas mission activities

7735-408: Was championed for many years by Louise Creighton , also an advocate for women's suffrage . At the peak of SPG missionary activity in India, between 1910 and 1930, more than 60 European women missionaries were at any one time employed in teaching, medical or senior administrative roles in the country. In Japan, Mary Cornwall Legh , working among people with Hansen's disease at Kusatsu, Gunma . She

7826-655: Was evidence that former enslaved people could establish their own institutions in Nova Scotia. Under the direction of Richard Preston, the church laid the foundation for social action to address the plight of Black Nova Scotians. Preston and others went on to establish a network of socially active Black baptist churches throughout Nova Scotia, with the Halifax church being referred to as the "Mother Church." Five of these churches were established in Halifax : Preston (1842), Beechville (1844), Hammonds Plains (1845), and another in Africville (1849) and Dartmouth. From meetings held at

7917-523: Was experiencing a major construction boom initiated by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 's efforts to modernize the city's defenses. The many building projects had created a labour shortage. Edward was impressed by the Maroons and immediately put them to work at the Citadel in Halifax , Government House, and other defense works throughout the city. The British Lieutenant Governor Sir John Wentworth , from

8008-615: Was kidnapped. French documents record da Costa working for the leaders of Port Royal in 1608. In 1608 he was hired for three years by Pierre Du Gua de Monts. It may be assumed that Da Costa accompanied Du Gua de Mons and Samuel de Champlain on one or more of their voyages to Acadia and the St Lawrence area. However, in 1609, his presence is recorded in Rouen , France, and in a jail in Le Havre , France, in December. Whether he visited Canada that year

8099-587: Was located near the larger town of Shelburne , with a majority white population. Racial tensions in Shelburne erupted into the 1784 Shelburne riots , when white Loyalist residents drove Black residents out of Shelburne and into Birchtown. In the years after the riot, Shelbourne county lost population due to economic factors, and at least half of the families in Birchtown abandoned the settlement and emigrated to Sierra Leone in 1792. To accommodate these British subjects,

8190-472: Was on Albemarle Street, which later became the site of the first school for Black students in Nova Scotia (1786). The school for Black students was the only charitable school in Halifax for the next 26 years. Whites were not allowed to attend. Prior to 1799, 29 recorded Black people were buried in the Old Burying Ground ; 12 of them were listed with both first and last names, seven of the graves are from

8281-601: Was regarded as one of the most effective Christian missionaries to have served in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai . In China, Ethel Margaret Phillips (1876–1951) was an SPG medical missionary who constructed two hospitals, worked with the YWCA, and went on to establish a private practice. The SPG, alongside the Church Mission Society (CMS), continued to be one of the leading agencies for evangelistic mission and relief work for

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