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67-554: Bhawanigarh , earlier known as Dhode , is a town and a municipal council (Class-2) in the Sangrur district in the state of Punjab , India . It is also the headquarters of Bhawanigarh tehsil, which was formed in December 2016. The town is also called Dhode, after the clan of its original founders. The town lies 19 kilometres east of Sangrur on the Patiala-Sangrur road whereas Patiala

134-472: A Group Representation Constituency (GRC), a Single Member Constituency (SMC), or a collection of neighbouring GRCs and SMCs controlled by the same political party. The Members of Parliament head the town councils of their constituencies. Town councils boundaries do not correspond to new town boundaries; different parts of the same HDB town may be managed by different town councils. In the Republic of China ,

201-493: A municipal council ( French : conseil municipal ), which manage the commune from the mairie ( city hall ), with exactly the same powers no matter the size of the commune and council. The one exception is the city of Paris, where the city police is in the hands of the central state , not in the hands of the mayor of Paris. This uniformity of status is a clear legacy of the French Revolution, which wanted to do away with

268-591: A mythological Hindu monarch from whom Bhatti claimed descent. According to Hindu mythology , Yadu was the founder of the mythological Yadu dynasty , a branch of the legendary Lunar dynasty ( IAST : Candravaṃśa). Ala Singh was born in 1691 in Phul , in the present-day Bathinda district of Punjab . He was born into the Jat Sikh Phulkian dynasty to Chaudhary Ram Singh of the Phulkian Misl . Singh's mother

335-651: A City by the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 such as Glasgow City Council . The three cities which are not council areas have no city council. In Wales , where the lowest tier of local government is known as a community , the Community Council may unilaterally declare itself to be a Town Council, but this has the same status as a Community Council. A city council may be: City councils and town boards generally consist of several (usually somewhere between 5 and 51) elected aldermen or councillors . In

402-586: A basis of population) that are entitled to refer to themselves as cities. The official title is "Corporation of the City of ______" or similar. Some of the urban areas of Australia are governed mostly by a single entity (e.g. Brisbane and other Queensland cities), while others may be controlled by a multitude of much smaller city councils. Also, some significant urban areas can be under the jurisdiction of otherwise rural local governments. Periodic re-alignments of boundaries attempt to rationalize these situations and adjust

469-621: A consultative body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of a legally determined number of counsellors (for example 35 in Bălți) elected every four years, representing political parties and independent counsellors. Once elected, counsellors may form fractions inside of the Municipal Council. Last regional elections of local public administration held in Bălți in June 2007, brought to

536-554: A dominant figure in the Malwa region. According to historian Karam Singh , this period marked his transition from a Sardar chief to de facto kingship. By the beginning of the 1760s, Singh had conquered a considerable amount of territory in Punjab, including Sunam , Samana , Banur , Ghuram , and Sanaur , and his capital was located in Barnala. In 1763, Ala Singh at the age of 57, founded of

603-609: A fort in the town, and defeated Farid Khan, a Rajput Chieftain who stopped the construction of the fort through imperial governor. In 1799, George Thomas , Raja of Hansi attacked Jind and defeated forces of Patiala, Kaithal, Jind and Ladva, and imposed terms of friendship. But soon after he broke the truce and took possession of Bhawanigarh, Fatehabad, Sunam and Narangval, and was defeated later when he invaded Kaithal. In May 1834, Phulkian chiefs of Patiala, Nabha , Jind and Kaithal signed an agreement in Bhawanigarh. Till 1919, Bhawanigarh

670-475: A humiliating fee of five lakh rupees as a tribute and an additional twenty-five thousand rupees for permission to appear before Ahmed Shah Durrani with his long hair intact. Singh was later detained for a short period of time but was released on the promise that his territory would pay an annual tribute to the Durrani Empire. By 1758, Singh's successful conquests of cities and villages had established him as

737-502: A local committee by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee . The gurudwara's budget for 1990-91 shows rental income from land alone as ₹ 210,000. Bhawanigarh Fort was built by Maharaja Aala Singh of Patiala in 1749 for their defense. In 1781, Sahib Singh became king of Patiala at age of seven. In 1794, Marathas attacked Punjab and fought against Rani Sahib Kaur's force and finally Marathas lost

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804-623: A municipal council represents a special municipality or a provincial city . Members of the councils are elected through municipal elections held every four–five years. Councils for the special municipalities in Taiwan are Taipei City Council , New Taipei City Council , Taichung City Council , Tainan City Council , Kaohsiung City Council and Taoyuan City Council . Councils for the provincial cities in Taiwan are Chiayi City Council , Hsinchu City Council , and Keelung City Council . In Ukraine , almost all cities have their City Councils, and

871-470: A similar but separate form of legislature called " Sangguniang Panlungsod " (literally "city council"). The Local Government Code of 1991 established the current local government structure, including municipal councils. City councils range from 12, in most cities, to 38 members, such as the Manila City Council . Members of city councils are called "councilors". The Local Government Act 2001 restyled

938-489: A similar role as city councils in cities for smaller or low tier municipalities. Directly elected every four years, the number of councillors vary depending on the size of their municipalities. The councillors' powers and responsibilities are governed by the Municipal Act of Ontario. Manitoba town council members serve primarily as a policy and direction board for the community. They consist of five to seven members with

1005-421: A total population of 104,507 people. The city is governed by a civic administration or local government headed by Sub-Divisional Magistrate Vineet Kumar and President Sukhjit Kaur Ghabadiya. The town comprises 15 wards represented by 15 elected councillors . As of 2011 India census , Bhawanigarh has population of 22,320 out of which 11,780 are males whereas females are 10,540. Population of children (age:0-6)

1072-650: A town council. If another type of local council, such as a district authority, covers a single town (such as Luton or Stevenage ) then the council is often a 'borough council': borough status is however conferred at the discretion of the Crown . There is also the London assembly which is City council by default Civil parishes are the most local level in the local government system. The higher levels are district , unitary and county . However town councils are not subordinate in democratic accountability to those higher levels, but to

1139-415: Is 2422 which is 10.85% of total. Female Sex Ratio of Bhawanigarh is 895 whereas child sex ratio is 862. literacy rate of Bhawanigarh is 77.56% which is higher than state average. In Bhawanigarh, Male literacy is around 82.60% while female literacy rate is 71.95%. Guru Tegh Bahadur stayed here during one of his journeys through the Malwa country. The original memorial on the spot where the guru had stayed

1206-567: Is 39 kilometres east of Bhawanigarh. The literacy rate is higher than other places of Sangrur. Bhawanigarh is divided into 15 wards. The Bhawanigarh block consists of 66 villages in the Sangrur district. The name Bhawanigarh originates from " Bhawani " mata, the Hindu goddess. There is a temple of Bhawani mata in the town. Earlier, the town was known as Dhode and was a tehsil of Karamgarh nizamat of Patiala Princely State . In 1749, Ala Singh built

1273-447: Is affiliated to Lovely Professional University , Jalandhar for Distance Education Programmes. People may opt for many courses under the streams Art, Commerce, Computer Science, Information and technology, Management and Library Sciences. This institution is situated at Balyal Road Bhawanigarh. Serves as kindergarten / crech for children having age 3 to 6 years. This institution is affiliated to Punjabi University Patiala , it offers all

1340-408: Is led by a mayor ( ordfører ) and is divided into an executive council ( formannskap ) and a number of committees, each responsible for a subsection of tasks. It is not uncommon for some members of the council to sit in the county councils too, but very rare that they also hold legislative ( Storting ) or Government office, without leave of absence . The municipal council dates back to 1837 with

1407-618: Is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice: in 2003 during the anticipated elections (as a result of a new reform of the administrative division in Moldova in 2003), and in 2007. In Chișinău, the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation. As a result, Dorin Chirtoacă (Liberal Party), won the last mayor elections in Chișinău . In the Netherlands,

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1474-504: Is the legislative and decision making body of a municipality. A municipality is the local government for a smaller urban area, known as municipal area. The entire district under the Municipality is divided into smaller legislative units known as a ward. The people of the ward elect a councillor known as the municipal councillor, and all such councillors together make the Council. The Council is

1541-561: The Dal Khalsa recognized his strength and pragmatism; however, they found him to be an unworthy Sikh, and clashes with the Dal Khalsa persisted throughout Singh's adult life. Singh's reign ended with his death in 1765, and he was succeeded by his grandson, Amar Singh . Ala Singh was born into the Phulkian dynasty , named after Chaudhary Phul Sidhu-Brar, Singh's paternal grandfather, who was also

1608-632: The King of the Durrani Empire, and in 1757, he plundered Ahmed Shah Durrani's son, Taimur Shah Durrani . In 1760, he supplied grain to the Maratha Confederacy during their conflicts against the Durrani Empire. During the Vadda Ghalughara in April 1762, Singh did not assist other Sikhs during the massacre by the Durrani Empire. He stayed neutral during the events and did not initiate hostilities against

1675-484: The Local Government Commission in 1989 when approximately 700 councils and special purpose bodies were amalgamated to create 87 new local authorities. As a result, the term "city" began to take on two meanings. The word "city" came to be used in a less formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. Gisborne , for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in

1742-664: The Muslim Bhattis . In 1749, he built a fortress in Bhawanigarh and led an expedition to Bhatinda where he conquered territory for himself and his then expanding domain. In 1759, Singh, along with his son Lal Singh, managed to break the stalemate with the Muslim Bhattis and defeated them in a battle at Dharsul. Singh had numerous conflicts with the Afghan Durrani Empire . In 1748, Singh plundered Ahmed Shah Durrani ,

1809-518: The National Highway 7 . The town is well linked to Sangrur, Patiala, Sunam, Rajpura, Chandigarh, Mansa, and Bathinda through the road. The town is connected to Nabha through state highway SH 12A while is also connected to Samana. The town consists of two bus stands generally known as "Old Bus Stand" and "New Bus Stand". Though the town lies on national highway has good bus service and the most of buses including public and private have two bus stops in

1876-610: The Punjab region . The Battle of Barnala in 1731 was a significant turning point in Singh's life. In the battle, Singh, along with the Majha Sikhs led by Kapur Singh, faced off against a confederacy of neighboring Muslim chiefs. His victory in this conflict established him as one of the prominent chiefs in the Cis-Sutlej region. Between the last 1730s and the early 1740s, Singh was in conflict with

1943-476: The Dal Khalsa, angered by Singh's relations with the Durrani Empire and his royal titles, attacked Patiala State. Patiala's army and the Dal Khalsa's army clashed in Patiala State's northern territories; however, peace was quickly brokered by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia , the leader of the Dal Khalsa. Singh's military policies involved building and maintaining fortresses in strategic locations. During Singh's ruler,

2010-559: The Durrani Empire. However, Singh's neutrality did not benefit him as Ahmed Shah Durrani, who was told that Singh was secretly an ally of the Majha Sikhs by Zain Khan and Bikhan Khan, would later burn the city of Barnala and advances upon Bhawanigarh , where Singh had fortified himself. Singh sought the help of Najib-ud-Daula , the Mughal Empire's Administrator of Delhi, and was forced to pay

2077-537: The Legislative and decision-making unit of the Municipality. The head of the council is called a Chairperson, or President, followed by a Vice-chairperson or a Vice-president. All the meetings are conducted and presided over by the President. The state government appoints a Chief Executive Officer or Secretary of the Municipality who is responsible for the day-to-day administration. In cities Municipal Corporation acts as

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2144-585: The Maratha Confederacy during the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. On 7 August 1765, Singh died of a fever at the age of 74. He was succeeded by his grandson Amar Singh , who later gained the title Raja-e Rajgan, his three sons having predeceased him. Sardaul Singh the eldest died in 1753, Bhumian Singh died in 1742 and Lal Singh the youngest died in 1748. Singh's descendants were the rulers of Patiala until 1947, when India gained independence from

2211-569: The Municipal Council in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (including the New Kowloon ) provided municipal services to the covered regions in the then British Hong Kong . Partial elections were allowed in 1887, though merely enabling selected persons to vote for members of the Board. The Board was reconstituted in 1935 and hence renamed as Urban Council in the following year after the government had passed

2278-743: The Municipal Council serving the New Territories (excluding New Kowloon ) was the Regional Council established as the Provisional Regional Council in 1986. The functional select committees, district committees, and sub-committees constituted the entire Regional Council. All members were elected from the constituencies and district boards . Both of the Municipal Councils in Hong Kong are now defunct. In India,a Municipal council

2345-537: The Patiala army consisted primarily of horseback cavalry and artillery that was transported by camels. Singh's administration was secular, and he had Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in high administrative positions. Having seen several famines in his lifetime, Singh focused extensively on agriculture , land management and cultivation. His extensive cultivation efforts led to the founding, rehabilitation, resettlement, and reclamation of many villages, ultimately resulting in

2412-533: The Sirhind for 25,000 rupees from the Sikh Confederacy, which enlarged his territory and formed the early territories of Patiala State. He also shifted his capital from Barnala to the city of Patiala in 1764. In 1765, Durrani granted Ala Singh the title of Raja , robe of honour and the right to mint coinage . According to historian Rajmohan Gandhi , by accepting the title of Raja from Durrani, Ala Singh became

2479-590: The United States, members of city councils are typically called council member , council man , council woman , councilman , or councilwoman , while in Canada they are typically called councillor . Ala Singh Ala Singh (1691–1765) was the founder and first ruler of Patiala . Singh was born into the Sikh Phulkian dynasty , which had an ancient lineage, being direct descendants of Rawal Jaisal Singh ,

2546-542: The Urban Council Ordinance. Democratisation had been implemented, allowing universal suffrage to happen throughout its development. Two years after the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong , the council was disbanded in 1999 by the then Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . All members of the council were elected through universal suffrage by the time of the dissolution. The counterpart of

2613-495: The city of Patiala and founded Patiala State. Singh, at various times, had both adversarial and allied relations the Afghan Durrani Empire . Ahmed Shah Durrani , the King of the Durrani Empire, granted Singh the title of Raja and other royal powers. After being granted the title of Raja, Singh became the first Sikh monarch in history. Singh was praised and criticised, both by his contemporaries and historians, for his shrewd and cunning policies and strategies. Many in

2680-475: The city of Patiala and laid the foundations of Patiala State . In Patiala, he also built Qila Mubarak in 1763, which was initially constructed as a mud fortress and later reconstructed with bricks. In 1764, while leading the Sikh Confederacy against the Durrani Empire, he conquered Sirhind and the surrounding territories along with his close friend Nanu Singh Saini . Singh later purchased part of

2747-534: The common ancestor of the rulers of Nabha , Jind and Faridkot . Singh was a direct descendant of Rawal Jaisal Singh , the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer from 1156 to 1168. Singh's ancestry extends further back from Jaisal Singh, and he was also a direct descendant of Rao Bhatti , a 3rd-century Hindu king. Descendants of Rao Bhatti , including the former and historical Patiala royal family, also claim to be direct descendants of Yadu ,

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2814-720: The common areas of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats and estates, such as the common corridors, void decks , lifts, water tanks, external lighting and the open spaces surrounding the estates. They are regulated under the Town Councils Act ;( Cap. 329A, 2000 Rev. Ed. ). The rationale was to delegate the duties of estate management to the members of parliament in addition to their existing responsibilities. They would also gain management experience and be accountable to their district's resident voters. Town councils boundaries are drawn based on electoral districts boundaries. A town council area can consist of

2881-469: The conquest of other villages and significantly increasing agricultural output. This not only boosted his finances and provided surplus grains for future emergencies but also secured the loyalty of the inhabitants of his territories. Singh's agricultural success enabled him to support political allies with provisions during critical times, which included the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II in 1758 and

2948-430: The courses under stream Arts and computer sciences. This is the oldest college in the town, it was established by Mehma Singh Grewal, it is run by a charitable trust. Municipal council Because of the differences in legislation between the states , the exact definition of a city council varies. However, it is generally only those local government areas which have been specifically granted city status (usually on

3015-605: The creation of the Formannskabsdistrikt . In cities, the council is often called a city council ( bystyre ). The Palestinian National Authority established village councils to serve as local administrations and service providers for Palestinian villages and small towns. Village councils are also referred to as D-level municipalities. In the Philippines , all municipalities have their own municipal council, and these are officially called: " Sangguniang Bayan ". Cities have

3082-559: The deployment of assets and resources. There are currently seven town councils in Belize . Each town council consists of a mayor and a number of councillors, who are directly elected in municipal elections every three years. Town councils in Belize are responsible for a range of functions, including street maintenance and lighting, drainage, refuse collection, public cemeteries, infrastructure, parks and playgrounds. Township councils in Ontario play

3149-414: The electorate of their civil parish area. The chairman of a town council is entitled to be styled as "town mayor". This term contrasts with simply "mayor", which means the mayor of a borough or a city . However, this is often abbreviated simply to mayor, especially where the town was historically a borough or city, such as Lewes or Ely . In Scotland , the term ' provost ' is commonly used to designate

3216-463: The first Sikh monarch in history and, by 1765, the most powerful Sikh in Punjab. During his time as the ruler of Patiala, Singh's territory also extended to Karnal and Thanesar . Singh and other Sikh leaders were noted for forming beneficial alliances and gaining concessions from more powerful empires that were competing for dominance in Punjab. However, Singh, during his time the as the Raja of Patiala,

3283-485: The five county boroughs of Dublin , Cork , Galway , Waterford , and Limerick as cities, each with a city council, having the same status in law as county councils. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 amalgamated Limerick City Council and Limerick County Council to form Limerick City and County Council , and Waterford City Council and Waterford County Council to form Waterford City and County Council . In Singapore, town councils are in charge of maintaining

3350-450: The founder and ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer in the 12th century, and further back to Rao Bhatti , a Hindu king in the 3rd century. Rising to power through key battles in his early life, Singh expanded his territory in Punjab . As an adult, Singh was constantly engaged in battles and war. Through warfare and diplomacy, Singh began to acquire territory that would form the foundations of Patiala State . In 1763, he established

3417-673: The governing body. Municipal councils are parliamentary bodies established in local authorities in accordance with Article 93 of the Constitution of Japan and Article 89 of the Local Autonomy Act , etc. The Yokohama and Osaka City Councils are examples. The Municipal Council in Moldova is the governing body in five municipalities: Chișinău , Bălți , Tiraspol and Bendery (also known as Tighina or Bender ). The Municipal Council ( Moldovan language : Consiliul municipal ) serves as

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3484-435: The government department Local Government New Zealand . For many decades until the local government reforms of 1989, a borough with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city . The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. New Zealand's local government structural arrangements were significantly reformed by

3551-604: The head of council being the mayor or reeve . Municipal councils exist in the People's Republic of China , these are designated as Municipal People's Congress in many sub-provincial cities and direct-administered municipalities such as the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress . In spite of enormous differences in populations, each of the communes of the French Republic possesses a mayor ( French : maire ) and

3618-401: The journey via Phaguwala , Gharanchon and Ghanaur . With Guru Sahib's blessings peoples wishes are fulfilled here. The present gurudwara, consisting of a rectangular hall in front of a semi-octagonal sanctum with verandahs on three sides, was constructed in 1916. A small sarovar was added in the 1980s. The gurdwara owns 140 acres (0.57 km) of agricultural land and is now managed through

3685-438: The leader of the town council. Historically the term 'town council' was used for the governing body of a municipal borough until the 1972 Act . A city council may be: Belfast City Council is now the only city council. Since the local government reforms of 2015 the other four cities form parts of wider districts and do not have their own councils. A city council is the council of one of four council areas designated

3752-480: The local idiosyncrasies and tremendous differences of status that existed in the kingdom of France. The size of a commune still matters, however, in two domains: French law determines the size of the municipal council according to the population of the commune; and the size of the population determines which voting process is used for the election of the municipal council. Established as the Sanitary Board in 1883,

3819-587: The mayors (usually elected by people) are the chairmen of them (e.g.: Kyiv City Council , Kharkiv City Council , Odesa City Council , Lviv City Council , Chernihiv City Council ). In the United Kingdom, not all cities have city councils, and the status and functions of city councils vary. In England , since the Local Government Act 1972 , "town council" is the specific name given to a civil parish council which has declared itself by resolution to be

3886-484: The municipal council (Dutch: gemeenteraad ) is the elected assembly of the municipality. It consists of between 9 and 45 members (as determined by law) who are elected by the citizens once every four years. The council's main tasks are setting the city's policies and overseeing the execution of those policies by the municipality's executive board . Local councils in New Zealand do vary in structure, but are overseen by

3953-615: The power the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which holds 21 mandates, 11 mandates are held by representatives of other parties, and 3 mandates by independents. There are two fractions in the Municipal Council: PCRM fraction (21 counsellors) and "Meleag" fraction (3 independent counsellors and 4 representatives of different parties). The Mayor of the municipality is elected for four years. In Bălți, Vasile Panciuc (PCRM)

4020-454: The town. The construction of the "New Bus Stand" costing around ₹2.5 crore was completed in 2021, and it was inaugurated by Vijay Inder Singla in January 2021. As per Census of 2011, there are 14 primary schools, 6 middle schools, 2 secondary, 2 senior secondary schools, and one arts/science college in the town. Guru Nanak Convent School, is one of the oldest institution of city Bhawanigarh. It

4087-510: The war. But because of some traitors Rani Sahib Kaur was imprisoned in Bhawanigarh Fort by Maharaja Sahib Singh. Rani escaped from the fort and lived in Ubhawal and died there in 1799. Shri Guru Teg Bahadur Stadium situated near the police station. It is of approximately 5 acres in area. The stadium was built under the construction budget of est. ₹2.5 crore. Bhawanigarh is settled along

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4154-484: The world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a district council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law, the minimum population for a new city is 50,000. The municipal council ( Norwegian : Kommunestyre ), literally municipal board, is the highest governing body of the municipality in Norway . The municipal council sets the scope of municipal activity, takes major decisions, and delegates responsibility. The council

4221-458: Was Sabi Kaur. His father had six children, from eldest to youngest: Dunna, Sabha, Ala, Bakhta, Buddha, Laddha. At the age of 16, Singh married Fateh Kaur. Kaur's cousin, Gurbaksh Singh Kaleke, later helped Singh found Patiala State . Singh's father Ram, was killed by the sons of Chain Singh. He and his brother Subha later avenged their father by killing two of Chain Singh's sons. During his life, Singh engaged in many battles and conflicts in

4288-473: Was established by M.S. Toor and the founder principal was Paramjit Kaur. This institution is a Sikh minority community institution, situated in middle of the city near old bus stand, Bhawanigarh. This institution serves students to study form elementary classes to senior secondary classes under affiliation from Central Board of Secondary Education . Guru Nanak Convent School bears 'A' Grade Accreditation from Ministry of Education Govt. of India. This institution

4355-495: Was in time developed into a gurdwara called Gurudwara Sahib Patshahi Nauvi . Gurudwara Patshahi Nauvi Sabhib is situated in the Bhawanigarh Town in District Sangrur. Guru Tegh Bahadur accepting the invitation of King of Assam , started journey from Shri Anandpur Sahib along with the 300 sangat and carrying necessary commodities for 3 years journey visited this place and stayed here for 2 days. On his two days stay Guru Sahib used perform kirtan darbar here. From here they resumed

4422-416: Was particularly noted for particularly being shrewd and cunning in his foreign policy and military policy. He managed to simultaneously maintain cordial relations with the Mughal Empire, Maratha Confederacy, Durrani Empire and the Dal Khalsa , all whom were competing for power and dominance in Punjab. However, Singh's foreign and military policies were criticised by and angered the Dal Khalsa. In early 1765,

4489-516: Was the headquarter of Karamgarh, later the headquarters were shifted to Sunam . The town was named "Dhode" after the clan of Jats of Dhodan, a sub-clan of Bajha clan. The town received status of municipal committee in 1945. In July 2016, municipal council of the town was promoted to Class-II. In December 2016, Sukhbir Singh Badal , then Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab announced sub-division and tehsil status to Bhawanigarh. The Bhawanigarh sub-division of Sangrur district consists of 66 villages, and

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