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53-536: Bhadra was a king of Chedi Kingdom who participated in the Kurukshetra War from the side of the Pandavas . He was killed by the warrior Karna . The first man Svayambhuva Manu and his Shatarupa had a daughter named Shraddha. Bhadra was one of her twelve sons. Bhadra was also the name of a Yaksha who served their king, Kubera . Due to a curse of sage Gautama , he was born as a lion. The god Krishna married

106-624: A Kuru king Vasu, who thus obtained his epithet, Chaidyoparichara (the overcomer of the Chaidyas) or Uparichara (the overcomer). According to the Puranas, the Chedis were descendants of Chidi, son of Kaishika, grandson of Vidarbha, a descendant of Kroshta. According to the Puranas, the Vidarbhas or Vaidarbhas were descendants of Vidarbha, son of Jyamagha, a descendant of Kroshtu. Most well known Vidarbha king

159-459: A Vidarbha princess. His son Pradyumna married Rukmavati, daughter of Rukmi , brother of Rukmini. Pradyumna's son Aniruddha married Rochana, granddaughter of Rukmi. The Buddhist and Jaina texts list 16 powerful states ( shodasha mahajanapada ), which flourished in the early 6th century BCE. Shurasena was one of such states mentioned in the Anguttara Nikaya , a Buddhist text. The capital of

212-841: A Vrishni, as the ruler of Dvaraka. His name is found in the Nirukta (2.2) as the holder of the jewel. In the Puranas, Akrura is mentioned as the son of Shvaphalka, who was great-grandson of Vrishni and Gandini. In the Mahabharata , the Bhagavata Purana and the Brahma Purana , he was mentioned as the keeper of the Syamantaka , the most well-known jewel of the Yadavas. According to the Puranas Akrura had two sons, Devavant and Upadeva. According to

265-581: A common ancestor, Yadu. These five clans are Vitihotra, Sharyata, Bhoja, Avanti and Tundikera. The five Haihaya clans called themselves the Talajanghas According to the Puranas , Haihaya was the grandson of Sahasrajit, son of Yadu. Kautilya in his Arthaśāstra mentioned about the Haihayas. In the Puranas, Arjuna Kartavirya conquered Mahishmati from Karkotaka Naga and made it his capital. Later,

318-503: A daughter named Minakshi . Bhadrā was also the name of a daughter of Chandra (alias Soma), the moon god. She once did penance to gain the sage Utathya as her husband. Seeing this, sage Atri , her grandfather, got her married to Utathya. The god of the seas, Varuna , became enamoured of her and eloped with her from Utathya's hermitage and hid her inside the sea. Despite attempts by the sage Narada to make him return Bhadrā, Varuna refused to give her, causing an enraged Utathya to drink up

371-611: A king, disguised himself as Karusha and married her. Chedi Kingdom Chedi ( IAST : Cedī ) was a kingdom which fell roughly in the Bundelkhand division of Madhya Pradesh regions to the south of river Yamuna along the river Ken . Its capital city was called Suktimati in Sanskrit. According to the Mahabharata , the Chedi kingdom was ruled by Shishupala , an ally of Jarasandha of Magadha and Duryodhana of Kuru . He

424-655: A legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. The community was formed of various clans , being the Satvatas , Andhakas , Bhojas , Kukuras , Vrishni , Surasenas , and Abhira who all worshipped Krishna . They are listed in ancient Indian literature as the segments of the lineage of Yadu ( Yaduvamsha ). Amongst the Yadava clans mentioned in ancient Indian literature, the Haihayas are believed to have descended from Sahasrajit, elder son of Yadu and all other Yadava clans, which include

477-497: A month as a guest. He also accepted Yudhishthira's sway over his kingdom and gave Bhima tribute (2,28). During the midst of Yudhishthira's Rajasuya ceremony, a dispute arose between Shishupala and Vasudeva Krishna. Pandavas tried to mediate. He also rebuked the Pandavas and Kuru grandsire Bhishma along with Krishna. Then Krishna, extremely provoked, decapitated Shishupala. (2,44). Shishupala's hostilities to Krishna were many. He burned

530-475: A very special chariot. He introduced a festival in his kingdom in the honour of Indra. The festival involved planting of a bamboo pole every year, in honour of Indra . The king will then pray for the expansion of his cities and kingdom. After erecting the pole, people decked it with golden cloth and scents and garlands and various ornaments. From Chedi, he ruled a large territory, placing his sons as governors of various provinces. His son Vrihadratha (Maharatha)

583-412: A wife named Bhadrā. She died on the funeral pyre of her husband. Bhadrā was a beautiful princess, who was the daughter of King Kakshivan. She married King Vyushitashva of Puru dynasty. After his untimely death, she lamented over his body. The spirit of her husband appeared in the sky and blessed her with six sons. Bhadrā was a princess of Vishala who once did penance to married King Karusha. Shishupala,

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636-654: The Ashtadhyayi (IV.1.114) of Panini , the Andhakas were of the Kshatriya gotra , having a sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government In the Drona Parva (141.15) of the Mahabharata , Andhakas were categorized as the Vratya s (deviators from orthodoxy). According to the Puranas, the Andhakas were the descendants of Bhajamana, son of Andhaka and grandson of Satvata. According to

689-632: The Mausala Parva (7.185-253) of the Mahabharata a few years after the Kurukshetra War , Andhaka-Vrsni Yadava clans of Dvaraka were destroyed due to a fratricidal war. Both Balarama and Krishna died soon after this war. Later, son of Kritavarma became ruler of Mrittikavati and grandson of Yuyudhana became ruler of the territory near the Sarasvati River . The rest of the surviving Yadavas took refuge in Indraprastha . Vajra, great-grandson of Krishna

742-595: The Andhaka-Venhu s killed each other. Kautilya also in his Arthaśāstra (I.6.10) mentioned about the destruction of Vrishni clan because of their foolhardiness. According to a modern historian, Romila Thapar , the kinship system of the Yadavas shows traces of matrilineal structure, which is found from the mention of their cross-cousin marriages. This is particularly prohibited in the Indo Aryan kinship system. The Vishnu Purana mentions that Krishna married Rukmini,

795-793: The Chedis , the Vidarbhas , the Satvatas, the Andhakas, the Kukuras, the Bhojas, the Vrishnis and the Surasenas are believed to have descended from Kroshtu or Kroshta, younger son of Yadu. In the Mahabharata it is mentioned that when the Yadavas abandoned Dvārakā (Dwaraka) and Gujarat after the death of Krishna and retreated northwards under Arjuna 's leadership, they were attacked and broken up. It can be inferred from

848-702: The Ikshvakus after the death of Rama and his brothers. Andhaka, son of Bhima Satvata was contemporary with Kusha , son of Rama. He succeeded his father to the throne of Mathura. The Andhakas , the Vrishnis , the Kukuras , the Bhojas and the Surasenas are believed to have descended from Satvata, a descendant of Kroshtu . These clans were also known as the Satvata clans. According to

901-524: The Mahabharata , the Vrishnis, like the Andhakas were categorized as the Vratya s (apsotates). In the Shanti Parva (81.25) of the Mahabharata , the Kukuras, the Bhojas, the Andhakas and the Vrishnis are together referred as a sangha , and Vasudeva Krishna as Sanghamukhya (seignor of the sangha ) According to the Puranas, Vrishni was one of the four sons of Satvata. Vrishni had three (or four) sons, Anamitra (or Sumitra), Yudhajit and Devamidhusha. Shura

954-477: The Mahabharata , the allied army of the Andhakas, the Bhojas, the Kukuras and the Vrishnis in the Kurukshetra War was led by Kritavarma , son of Hridika, an Andhaka. But, in the same text, he was also referred as a Bhoja of Mrittikavati. According to the Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14), the Bhojas were a southern people, whose princes held the Satvatas in subjection. The Vishnu Purana (IV.13.1-61) mentions

1007-477: The Matsya Purana (44.69) describes them as pious and the performers of the religious rites. Kautilya in his Arthaśāstra (XI.1.5), describes the Kukuras as a clan, having sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government, whose leader uses the title of rājā ( rājaśabdopajīvinah ). According to the Bhagavata Purana , the Kukuras occupied the territory around Dwarka . The Vayu Purana mentions that

1060-625: The Satapatha Brahmana (III.1.1.4) and the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana (I.6.1). The Taittiriya Samhita and the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana mention about a teacher, Gobala belonging to this clan. Although, Panini, in his Ashtadhyayi (IV.1.114) includes the Vrishnis in the list of the clans of the Kshatriya gotra , having a sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government, but in the Drona Parva (141.15) of

1113-520: The Sultan Abdullah of Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1071 Hijri , Kondiah built the fort for the sultan by using his charisma in resolving the mystery of the site, and also discovered for him gold coins buried underground. In return, the sultan gave him the Charter conferring upon Kondiah the rights and privileges due to the head of the fourteen seats, and of twelve classes of and two classes of Kondiah, although

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1166-496: The Warangal according to a sanad granted in 1425 (Shaka Samvat), by Sree Pratapa Rudra, Maharaja of Warangal, to Sree Kondiah Guru, as the head of the fourteen seats. Subsequently when Bhagyanagar was founded by Sultan Abdulla of Qutub Shahi in AD 1560 the rights of the were acknowledged and recognized, and the name Golkonda was substituted for Manugal. According to the charter awarded by

1219-632: The vamshanucharita (genealogy) sections of a number of major Puranas that, the Yadavas spread out over the Aravalli region, Gujarat , the Narmada valley, the northern Deccan and the eastern Ganges valley. The Mahabharata and the Puranas mention that the Yadus or Yadavas, a confederacy comprising numerous clans were the rulers of the Mathura region. and were pastoral cowherds . The Mahabharata also refers to

1272-465: The Bhojas as a branch of the Satvatas. According to this text, Bhojas of Mrittikavati were descendants of Mahabhoja, son of Satvata. However, according to a number of other Puranic texts, the Bhojas were descendants of Babhru, grandson of Satvata. In the Adi Parva of the Mahabharata (85.3533) and in a passage of the Matsya Purana (34.30) the Bhojas are mentioned as the mleccha s. Another passage of

1325-618: The Haihayas were also known by the name of the most dominant clan amongst them — the Vitihotras. According to the Puranas , Vitihotra was the great-grandson of Arjuna Kartavirya and eldest son of Talajangha. Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra ruler of Ujjayini was overthrown by his amatya (minister) Pulika, who placed his son, Pradyota on the throne. The Mahagovindasuttanta of the Dighanikaya mentions about an Avanti king Vessabhu (Vishvabhu) and his capital Mahissati (Mahishmati). Probably he

1378-1016: The Jangalas, the Surasenas, the Kalingas, the Vodhas, the Mallas, the Matsyas, the Sauvalyas, the Kuntalas, the Kasi-Kosalas, the Chedis, the Karushas, the Bhojas...(6,9) Chedi was one among the kingdoms chosen for spending the 13th year of exile by the Pandavas . Surrounding the kingdom of the Kurus , are, many countries beautiful and abounding in corn, such as Panchala , Chedi, Matsya , Surasena , Pattachchara, Dasarna , Navarashtra, Malla , Salva , Yugandhara, Saurashtra , Avanti , and

1431-581: The Satvatas also as being of the Kshatriya gotra , having a sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government but in the Manusmriti (X.23), the Satvatas are placed in the category of the Vratya Vaishyas . According to a tradition, found in the Harivamsa (95.5242-8), Satvata was a descendant of the Yadava king Madhu and Satvata's son Bhima was contemporary with Rama . Bhima recovered the city of Mathura from

1484-631: The Shurasenas was Mathura, which was also known as Madura. Megasthenes (c. 350 – 290 BCE) mentions that the Sourasenoi (Shurasenas), who lived in the Mathura region, worshipped Herakles , by which he may have meant Vasudeva Krishna , the Indian god bearing the closest resemblance to Herakles. The worship of Vasudeva Krishna seems to have originated in the Mathura region. A number of traditions exist regarding

1537-437: The Vrishnis were also discovered from Sunet, near Ludhiana . The Shaineyas are believed to have descended from Shini, son of Anamitra, son of Vrishni. In the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the most notable Shaineya was Yuyudhana , son of Satyaka and grandson of Shini. He was a contemporary of Krishna. According to the Puranas, Asanga and Yugandhara were his son and grandson respectively. A number of Puranas mention Akrura ,

1590-454: The Yadava ruler Ugrasena belonged to this clan ( Kukurodbhava ). According to the Puranas, Ahuka, an Kukura, had two sons by a Kashi princess, Ugrasena and Devaka. Ugrasena had nine sons and five daughters, Kamsa being the eldest. Devaka had four sons and seven daughters, Devaki was one of them. Kamsa usurped the throne of Mathura after imprisoning Ugrasena. But later he was killed by Krishna , son of Devaki, who re-installed Ugrasena to

1643-577: The banks of river Yamuna , in the kingdom of Kurus . The famous Kuru king Santanu 's wife Satyavati was from this fishermen community. The author of Mahābhārata , vis Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa and the Kuru kings viz Chitrangada and Vichitravirya were the sons of Satyavati. Pandavas and Kauravas were the grandsons of Vichitravirya.(1,63) Shishupala was the malevolent son of the King Damaghosha (1,189). He had another name viz Sunitha. His mother

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1696-461: The city of Dwaraka , while Krishna was in Pragjyotisha with his army. He attacked king Bhoja, sporting at Raivataka hill close to Dwaraka. He stole the horse of Krishna's father Prince Vasudeva of Mathura , during his horse-sacrifice. He insulted the wife of Akrura (Vabhru – the friend of Krishna), on her way from Dwaraka to Sauvira Kingdom . He kidnapped the princess of Visala , viz Bhadra ,

1749-557: The entire sea. Seeing the sage's divine powers, Varuna submitted himself to him and returned Bhadrā back. The sage was pleased to get her back, and released both the world and Varuna from their sufferings. Bhadrā is one of the Ashtabharya , the eight principal queen-consorts of Hindu god Krishna. The Vishnu Purana and the Harivamsa refer to her as 'the daughter of Dhrishtaketu' or 'the princess of Kekeya'. Krishna's father Vasudeva also had

1802-599: The exodus of the Yadavas from Mathura to Dvaraka owing to pressure from the Paurava rulers of Magadha , and probably also from the Kurus . At various times there have been a number of communities and royal dynasties of the Indian subcontinent that have claimed descent from the ancient Yadava clans and legendary Yadava personalities, thus describing themselves as the Yadavas. The Haihayas were an ancient confederacy of five gana s (clans), who were believed to have descended from

1855-533: The fiancé of Karusha king. (2,44) Dhrishtaketu , the king of Chedi (3,12), was described as the elder son of King Shishupala (5,50). During the time of Dhrishtaketu too, Suktimati was the capital of Chedi. Dhrishtaketu was an army-general in the army of Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War . He was the leader of the army of the Chedis, the Kasis , and the Karushas (5,199). He was a Maharatha (a great chariot-warrior) as per

1908-565: The five Vrishni vira s (heroes) in a stone shrine by a person, named Tosha. These five Vrishni heroes have been identified with Samkarshana , Vasudeva , Pradyumna , Aniruddha and Samba from a passage in the Vayu Purana (97.1-2). A unique silver coin of the Vrishnis was discovered from Hoshiarpur , Punjab . This coin is presently preserved in the British Museum , London . Later, a number of copper coins, clay seals and sealings issued by

1961-628: The origin of the Shurasenas. According to a tradition, found in the Linga Purana (I.68.19), Shurasenas were descendants of Shurasena, son of Arjuna Kartavirya. According to another tradition found in the Ramayana (VII.62.6) and the Vishnu Purana (IV.4.46), the Shurasenas were descendants of Shurasena, son of Shatrughna , brother of Rama. According to the Devibhagavata Purana (IV.1.2), Shurasena

2014-412: The rating of Bhishma (5,172). One of his sons also took part in the war (5,57). He was slain by Drona (7,128), (11,25). Dhrishtaketu was also slain in battle by Drona. King of Chedi Kingdom, Dhrishtaketu, the son of Shishupala (who was killed by Krishna on the day of Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya Yagna ) and his sons (at least 3) took part in the Kurukshetra War from the Pandavas' side. Dhrishtaketu

2067-508: The river goddess Kalindi and had 10 sons. Bhadra was one of them. Bhadra was a renowned Maharishi . He was the son of Pramati and the father of Upamanyu. Bhadrā or Bhadrakālī is one of the fierce forms of the supreme goddess Devi . Bhadrā is the queen of Yakshas . She was the first wife of Kubera , the god of wealth. She is also known by the names Yakshi, Chhavi, Riddhi, Manorama, Nidhi, Sahadevi and Kuberi. Bhadrā and Kubera had three sons named Nalakuvara , Manigriva and Mayuraja, and

2120-512: The spacious Kuntirashtra . (4,1) Uparichara Vasu was a king of Chedi belonging to the Puru Dynasty . He was known as the friend of Indra . During his reign, Chedi kingdom had a good economic system and contained much mineral wealth, which made a lot of merchants around the world, come to the Kingdom. It was abundant in animals and corn. There were many towns and cities in the kingdom. He possessed

2173-522: The throne. The Nashik Cave Inscription of Gautami Balashri mentions that her son Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Kukuras. The Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I includes the Kukuras in the list of the peoples conquered by him. The Vrishnis are mentioned in a number of Vedic texts, which include the Taittiriya Samhita (III.2.9.3), the Taittiriya Brahmana (III.10.9.15),

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2226-450: Was Bhishmaka , father of Rukmin and Rukmini . In the Matsya Purana and the Vayu Purana , the Vaidarbhas are described as the inhabitants of Deccan ( Dakshinapatha vasinah ). According to the Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14), the Satvatas were a southern people held in subjection by the Bhojas. The Satapatha Brahmana (XIII.5.4.21) mentions that Bharata seized the sacrificial horse of the Satvatas. Panini, in his Ashtadhyayi mentions

2279-424: Was Shrutakirti , who was the sister of Kunti , the mother of Pandavas . Both Kunti and Shrutakirti were sisters of Vasudeva the father of Vasudeva Krishna . However Shishupala developed enmity with Krishna (2,44), though he was affectionate to the Pandava Bhima . During his military campaign to collect tribute for Pandava king Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya sacrifice, Bhima stayed at the palace of Shishupala for

2332-414: Was a Vitihotra ruler. In the Balakanda (70.28) of the Ramayana , the Shashabindus are mentioned along with the Haihayas and the Talajanghas. The Shashabindus or Shashabindavas are believed as the descendants of Shashabindu, a Chakravartin (universal ruler) and son of Chitraratha, great-great-grandson of Kroshtu. The Chedis or Chaidyas were an ancient Yadava clan, whose territory was conquered by

2385-447: Was a rival of Vasudeva Krishna who was his uncle's son. He was killed by Vasudeva Krishna during the Rajasuya sacrifice of the Pandava king Yudhishthira . Nakula 's wife was from Chedi. Prominent Chedis during the Kurukshetra War included Damaghosha, Shishupala , Dhrishtaketu , Suketu, Sarabha , Nakula 's wife Karenumati, Dhrishtaketu's sons. Other Chedis included King Uparichara Vasu, his children, King Suvahu, King Sahaja. It

2438-480: Was father of Vasudeva, father of Krishna. Alexander Cunningham in his Ancient Geography of India states that because of Surasena, his grandfather, Krishna and his descendants were known as the Surasenas. Bhasa , in his Balacharita mentions that the mother of Kamsa was a Shurasena ( Shaurasenimata ). Besides chiefdoms and jagirs , the peethams (seats) granted to them by virtue of their religious powers. For instance, there were fourteen seats ( peethams ) among

2491-414: Was from the valley of Kolahala. Girika's brother was installed as the generalissimo of Vasu's army. Apart from his five royal sons, he had a son and a daughter born of a woman of fisherman community. The male child, in due course established the Matsya Kingdom and founded the royal dynasty called Matsya Dynasty . The female child lived as a member of fishermen community. Her line established as fishermen on

2544-433: Was installed as their king. Vajra is mentioned as the great-grandson of Krishna in the Vishnu Purana . According to a section of this text (IV.15.34-42), he was the son of Aniruddha and Subhadra. But according or another section (V.32.6-7), he was the son of Aniruddha and Usha, daughter of Bana and granddaughter of Bali . Bahu (or Pratibahu) was his son and Sucharu was his grandson. Elsewhere in this text (V.38.34), he

2597-452: Was installed in Magadha , who later fathered Emperor Jarasandha . His other sons, viz., Pratyagraha, Kusamva (Manivahana), Mavella and Yadu also became governors at various places. Thus the Chedi king attained the status of an emperor and his kingdom became a vast empire . He diverted the waters of river Suktimati from the locks of the Mountain Kolahala , for irrigating his capital-city which he named Suktimati . (1,63) His wife Girika,

2650-527: Was killed by Guru Dronacharya on the 14th day of the war. Prince of Chedi kingdom (Son of Dhrishaketu) was killed by Ashwatthama on the 15th day of the war. In the 2012 anthropological thriller The Krishna Key , the origin of the Chedi clan is linked to the Yadavas . Dr. Devendra Chedi is one of the main characters of the novel who is the genetic expert. Yadava The Yadava ( lit.   ' descended from Yadu ' ) were an ancient Indian people who believed to be descended from Yadu ,

2703-638: Was mentioned as installed as king in Mathura instead of Indraprastha. The narrative of the Yadava fratricidal war is also found in two Jataka tales of the Pali Buddhist canon : the Ghata Jataka and the Samkicca Jataka . According to the Ghata Jataka , Vasudeva, Baladeva and eight other Andhaka-Venhu (probably, a corrupt form of Andhaka-Venhi , Pali equivalent to Sanskrit Andhaka-Vrishni) brothers seized Dvaravati and killed its king Kamsa. Later, these brothers fought amongst themselves and except Vasudeva and Baladeva everybody died. Vasudeva and Baladeva also died soon after. The Samkicca Jataka mentions that

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2756-411: Was ruled during early periods by Paurava kings and later by Yadava kings in the central part of the country. The Chedi clan and kingdom was founded by Chidi, the son of Vidarbha and belonging to the Yadava dynasty. Chedi was later conquered and ruled by the Pururava King Vasu Uparichara, upon the order of Indra. Uparichara's descendant is Shishupala. The Kuru-Panchalas, the Salwas, the Madreyas,

2809-404: Was son of Devamidhusha. His son Vasudeva was father of Balarama and Krishna. According to the Harivamsa (II.4.37-41), the Vrishnis worshipped goddess Ekanamsha , who, elsewhere in the same text (II.2.12), described as daughter of Nandagopa . The Mora Well Inscription , found from a village near Mathura and dated to the early decades of the Common era records the installation of the images of

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