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70-504: Drona Parva describes the appointment of Drona as commander-in-chief of the Kaurava alliance, on the 11th day of the Kurukshetra War , the next four days of battles, and his death on the 15th day of the 18-day war. The parva recites how the war became more brutal with each passing day, how agreed rules of a just war began to be ignored by both sides as loved ones on each side were slain, how

140-401: A beggar could be his friend. This outraged Drona and he wanted revenge. Acquisition of Weapons There was a sage named Agnivesha who was the former disciple of Drona's father, Bharadwaja . Agnivesha studied the use of weapons from the sage, Agastya , and passed his knowledge to Drona and Drupada. Many years later, Drona heard that the sage Parashurama was donating his wealth. However, by

210-460: A consequence, Menaka gave birth to a daughter, whom she abandoned on the banks of a river. That daughter was Shakuntala herself, the narrator of the story. Shu Ting referenced apsara in her poem "O Motherland, Dear Motherland". Many Indian apsaras were identified with names and were central in myths. However, since they were not attributed specific physical features or attributes, artistic depictions do not individualize them. Natya Shastra ,

280-568: A gross violation of the rules of war. Arjuna would condemn Dhrishtadyumna for this act. Drona was somewhat parallel to Bhishma both in martial powers, and, compelled by the refuge King Dhritarashtra had given him, in his unwavering commitment to fighting for Hastinapura irrespective of who the ruler was and whether or not the cause was just. Drona is often accused of dragging the Kuru dynasty into his own personal conflicts when he demanded his pupils to capture Drupada . This action would ultimately lead

350-516: A man who was offered Bidadari depended upon his holiness: how often he prayed, how much he turned away from the 'outside world', and how little he heeded worldly desires. Images of apsaras are found in several temples of ancient Java dating from the era of the Sailendra dynasty to that of the Majapahit empire. The apsara celestial maidens might be found as decorative motifs or also as integral parts of

420-636: A member of a class of celestial beings in Hindu and Buddhist culture . They were originally a type of female spirit of the clouds and waters, but, later play the role of a " nymph " or " fairy ". They figure prominently in the sculptures, dance, literature and paintings of many South Asian and Southeast Asian cultures. The apsaras are described to be beautiful, youthful and elegant, and are said to be able to change their shape at will; making anyone fall for their beauty. There are two types of apsaras— laukika (worldly) and daivika (divine). They are great in

490-677: A relationship resulting from birth. Dronābhisheka Parva , Chapter 5: Another can never see so well what should be done as he seeth it whose concern it is. Jayadratha-badha Parva , Chapter 148: Men that are heroic, virtuous and most exalted, having defeated an enemy, neither boast of themselves with harsh words, nor indulge in abusive language. Ghatotkacha-badha Parva , Chapter 154: Millions of foot-soldiers and hundreds of millions of horses were pierced with shafts by Drona alone that night. Drona Droṇa ( Sanskrit : द्रोण , IAST : Droṇa ), also referred to as Dronacharya ( Sanskrit : द्रोणाचार्य , IAST : Droṇācārya ),

560-681: A revered figure in Hindu history, and a pillar of the Indian tradition of respecting one's teacher as an equal not only of parents, but even of God. The Government of India annually awards the Dronacharya Award for excellence in sports tutelage to the best sports teachers and coaches in India . It is believed that the city of Gurgaon ( lit.   ' Village of the Guru ' ) was founded as "Guru Gram" by Dronacharya on land given to him by Dhritarashtra ,

630-623: A sacrificial yagna in order to beget a son who would kill Drona. The sages Upayaja and Yaja helped him to beget such a son Dhrishtadyumna . The sacrificial fire also yielded a daughter, Draupadi . Droṇa received the Brahmastra from Parashurama . Parashurama imparted knowledge of celestial weapons to Drona along with the mantra of invocation and withdrawal of weapons. He had a huge range of weapons like Brahmastra, Brahmashira, Narayanastra, Rudra, Agneya, Vajra etc. Nakula received this sword from Drona. Drona received Brahmashira from Guru Agnivesha and he

700-427: A serious fight. Drona sent Ashwatthama to stop the fight because seeing this the citizens may get triggered by their fight. Then, Arjuna entered the hall with much appreciation and praises from the citizen of Hastinapura. He showed various archery skills to the people. Drona impressed by his beloved student Arjuna's skills then declared that Arjuna is the greatest archer in the world. Then, Karna gatecrashed and entered

770-509: A story in bas-relief . Images of apsaras can be found on Borobudur , Mendut , Prambanan , Plaosan , and Penataran . At Borobudur apsaras are depicted as divinely beautiful celestial maidens, pictured either in standing or in flying positions, usually holding lotus blossoms, spreading flower petals, or waving celestial clothes as if they were wings enabling them to fly. The temple of Mendut near Borobudur depicted groups of devatas , divine beings flying in heaven, which included apsaras. In

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840-981: Is Rāma . The nominative singular form is अप्सरास् apsarās , or अप्सरा: apsarāḥ when standing alone, which becomes अप्सरा apsarā in Hindi, from which in turn the English "apsara" presumably is derived. The Monier-Williams et al . (1899) gives the etymology as अप् + √सृ, "going in the waters or between the waters of the clouds". Apsaras are widely known as Apsara ( អប្សរា Âbsâréa ) in Khmer , and also called Accharā in Pāli , or Bidadari ( Malay , Maranao ), Biraddali ( Tausug , Sinama ), Hapsari / Apsari or Widadari / Widyadari ( Javanese , Sundanese , and Balinese ), Helloi ( Meitei ) and Apsorn ( Thai : อัปสร ). The most ancient descriptions of apsara portray them as " water nymph "-like beings. The Rigveda tells of an apsara who

910-510: Is a major character of the Hindu epic Mahabharata . In the epic, he serves as the royal preceptor of the Kauravas and the Pandavas . He is one of the primary counsellors and warriors featured in the epic. He is a friend of Sukracharya , the guru of the asuras , as well as Mahabali . He is described to be the son of the sage Bharadvaja , and a descendant of the sage Angirasa . The preceptor

980-417: Is a master of advanced military arts, including the divine weapons known as astras . He serves as the second commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army, from the 11th day to the 15th day. The acharya fails four times in capturing Yudhishthira (The 11th day, 12th day, 14th day, and the 14th night). He was beheaded by Dhrishtadyumna when he meditates to release his soul on the battlefield. It is said that Drona

1050-582: Is able to bypass his guru. On the 14th night of the Mahabharata war, Drona is instigated by Duryodhana's remarks of being a traitor as he was not able to protect Jayadratha. Sensing his end is near, he used the Brahmastra against the common Pandava soldiers. At that moment, all the Saptarshi appeared on the sky and requested Drona to retract this ultimate weapon used on ordinary soldiers. Drona obeyed, retracting

1120-456: Is an incarnation of Shukracharya. He is guru to the Pandavas, Kauravas, Jayadratha, and Ashwatthama , his son. Drona's name means Vessel or Bucket or Quiver. He had many other names. Some of his names are- On a river side, Sage Bharadwaja saw an apsara named Ghritachi . He was filled with desire and his seed fell into a pot or basket. Inside it, a child developed who was named Drona because he

1190-447: Is impressed with Abhimanyu and praises him endlessly, earning the ire of Duryodhana . With his army facing decimation and spurred on by Duryodhana's criticisms, Drona asked the Kaurava warriors to simultaneously attack Abhimanyu, to strike down his horses and his charioteer and to disable his chariot from different angles. Left without support, Abhimanyu began fighting from the ground. Exhausted after his long and prodigious feats, Abhimanyu

1260-538: Is played by a woman, wearing a tight-fitting traditional dress with gilded jewelry and headdress modelled after Angkor bas-reliefs, whose graceful, sinuous gestures are codified to narrate classical myths or religious stories. In the Indonesian language throughout medieval times, apsaras are also known as 'bidadari', being conflated with the 'vidyadharis' (from Sanskrit word vidhyadhari : vidhya , 'knowledge'; dharya , 'having, bearer, or bringer') known as Bidadari in

1330-475: Is stopped by Dhristadyumna . Drona severely wounds his friend's son, disarming him and forcing him to retreat. When he attempts to chase after Dhristadyumna, he is checked by Satyaki , who insults his teacher's teacher and issues a challenge. Their combat is described as fierce and despite being able to hold off Drona for several hours, Satyaki eventually tires and has to be rescued by the Upapandavas . Later in

1400-479: Is the wife of Gandharva ; however, the Rigveda also seems to allow for the existence of more than one apsara. The only apsara specifically named is Urvashi . An entire hymn deals with the colloquy between Urvashi and her mortal lover Pururavas . Later Hindu scriptures allow for the existence of numerous apsaras, who act as the handmaidens of Indra or as dancers at his celestial court serving as musicians alongside

1470-510: The Chakravyuha strategy to capture Yudhishtira, knowing that only Arjuna and Krishna would know how to penetrate it. The Trigartas were distracting Arjuna and Krishna into another part of the battlefield, allowing the main Kaurava army to surge through the Pandava ranks. Unknown to many, Arjuna's young son Abhimanyu had the knowledge to penetrate the formation but did not know the way out. At

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1540-556: The Angkorian temples in Cambodia (8th–13th centuries AD), however, not all female images are considered to be apsaras. In harmony with the Indian association of dance with apsaras, Khmer female figures that are dancing or are poised to dance are considered apsaras ; female figures, depicted individually or in groups, who are standing still and facing forward in the manner of temple guardians or custodians are called devatas . Angkor Wat ,

1610-554: The Mogao Caves , Yulin Caves , Tianlongshan grottoes , the Yungang , and Longmen Grottoes . They are also depicted on tiles of pagoda , such as Xiuding-si pagoda. They may also be depicted as dancers or musicians holding musical instruments such as flute , pipa , or sheng . Apsara may be portrayed as multiple spirits who played music for Buddhas. Generally, they are depicted with

1680-556: The Prambanan temple compound, especially in Vishnu temple, along with the gallery, some images of male devata are found flanked by two apsaras. In the ancient Manipur culture of the Meitei people of northeastern India, apsaras are considered as celestial nymphs or hellois as the flying creatures resembling the human female body attracting the male wanderers or any knights who lost their ways in

1750-464: The 10th day, he became the Chief Commander of the Kaurava army on the 11th day of war. Duryodhana manages to convince Drona to try to end the war by capturing Yudhishthira . Though he killed hundreds and thousands of Pandava troops, Drona failed to capture Yudhishthira on the 11th and 12th day of the war, as Arjuna was always there to repel his advances. On the 13th day of the war, Drona formed

1820-516: The 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations. Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15 volume set of the Mahabharata which includes a translation of Drona Parva by Vaughan Pilikian. This translation is modern and uses an old manuscript of the Epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into

1890-498: The Epic in 1st or 2nd millennium AD. Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of Drona Parva, after removing verses and chapters generally accepted so far as spurious and inserted with prejudice, has 8 parts, 173 adhyayas (chapters) and 8,069 shlokas (verses). He has published a translated version of the critical edition of Drona Parva in Volume 6 of his series. The entire parva has been "transcreated" and translated in verse by

1960-564: The Kingdom of Panchala developing hostile relations with Hastinapura. Drona was also notably silent during Draupadi 's disrobing as he was afraid of antagonizing the Kauravas. Drona was criticized for many of his actions during the war: Drona's overarching actions during the war are portrayed differently. When he became commander-in-chief , the rules of war were averted. Divine weapons were used against ordinary soldiers, war continued throughout

2030-474: The Kuru princes, he demanded that they invade Panchala and bring Draupada as their Gurudakshina. Arjuna succeeds in defeating Drupada and brings the captured king to Drona. Drona reminds Drupada about their days of friendship and his false promise before taking away half of the Panchala kingdom. Drona would make Ashwatthama the king of the annexed half of the Panchala kingdom. This action would lead Drupada to perform

2100-646: The Malay archipelago when Arabic traders came to trade spices with the Malays; at that time, Hinduism formed the basis of the Malay culture, but syncretism with the Islamic religion and culture spawned the idea of a Bidadari . It is usually seen as a prize offered to those who lived a lifestyle in service to and pleasing to God; after death, the Bidadari was the man's wife or wives, depending on what type of person he was. The worthiness of

2170-409: The arena and surpassed everyone's expectations and performances with the permission of Drona. He then challenged Arjuna for a duel and Kripa demanded that Karna state his lineage. Karna could not answer as he does not know who are his real parents. Duryodhana then made Karna the king of Anga. Then sunset occurred and the duel of Karna and Arjuna was stopped. After Drona completed the formal training of

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2240-621: The art of dancing, and often wives of the gandharvas , the court musicians of Indra . The apsaras reside in the palaces of the gods and entertain them by dancing to the music made by the Gandharvas. The 26 apsaras of Indra's court are each said to symbolise a different facet of the performing arts, drawing comparisons to the Muses of ancient Greece . They are also renowned for seducing rishis in order to prevent them from attaining divine powers. Urvashi , Menaka , Rambha , Tilottama and Ghritachi are

2310-428: The art of maces, Ashwatthama excelled in the use of astras, Nakula and Sahadeva excelled in swordsmanship, Yudhishthira excelled in charioteering, and Arjunaexcelled in archery. When Arjuna, inspired by his brother Bhima 's nocturnal eating, mastered archery in absolute darkness, Drona was moved. Drona was greatly impressed by Arjuna's concentration, determination, and drive, and promised him that he would become

2380-509: The day, Yudhishthira sends Satyaki to aid Arjuna. When Satyaki comes upon Drona, he circumvents him, saying he must follow in his teacher's footsteps. When Yudhishthira later sends Bhima , Drona recounts what happened with Arjuna and Satyaki, and hence makes sure he does not allow Bhima also to circumvent him. Angrily rebuking him, Bhima shatters Drona's chariot with his mace. Drona takes up another chariot, only for Bhima to smash that one as well. In total, Bhima smashes eight of Drona's chariots and

2450-512: The demonstration of weapon-game by the princes. An arena was prepared. Drona entered the arena. Drona worshiped the gods as a form of preparatory rites. Then he invited the Brahmins to bless his disciples. After that the students gave gold, precious stones, clothes and other valuables to the teacher. The teacher blessed him. With this the demonstration started. Bhima and Duryodhana showed their skills by fighting with each other. The mock fight turned into

2520-626: The depictions of apsaras in the Tra Kieu Style of Cham art, a style which flourished in the 10th and 11th centuries AD. Apsaras are often depicted in East Asian Buddhist art. They are referred to as feitian ( simplified Chinese : 飞天 ; traditional Chinese : 飛天 ) in Chinese. They are depicted as flying figures in the mural paintings and sculptures of Buddhist cave sites in China such as in

2590-477: The education of the Kuru princes. After being insulted by Drupada, Drona and his family went to live with his brother-in-law, Kripa , in Hastinapura. There, Drona encountered the young Kuru princes and demonstrated his skill by pulling their ball from a well using only stalks of grass attached from end-to-end with the power of mantras. Upon learning this feat, Bhishma immediately recognised Drona and appointed him as

2660-460: The elements of a refined elegance," wrote Marchal. The bas-reliefs of Angkorian temples have become an inspiration of Khmer classical dance . The indigenous ballet-like performance art of Cambodia is frequently called " Apsara Dance ". The dance was created by the Royal Ballet of Cambodia in the mid-20th century under the patronage of Queen Sisowath Kossamak of Cambodia. The role of the apsara

2730-469: The entire Pandava army that day. Knowing it would be impossible to defeat an armed Drona that day since Arjuna refuses to kill his guru, Krishna suggests a plan to disarm Drona by some means of contrivance. Bhima would then proceed to kill an elephant named Ashwatthama, and then claim to Drona that he has killed his son. Disbelieving his claim, Drona approached Yudhishthira, knowing of Yudhishthira's firm adherence to Dharma and honesty. When Drona asked for

2800-455: The gandharvas ("celestial musicians"). The Kaushitaki Upanishad mentions apsaras as a class of divinities associated with ointments, garlands, vestments, and powdered aromatics. The origin of the apsaras is described in the Ramayana and Puranas . Apsaras are further associated with water by relating them to the churning of the ocean , water sports, and groups such as nāgas . In many of

2870-465: The gods to defeat the giant. Later in the Javanese tradition the apsara was also called Hapsari , also known as Widodari (from Sanskrit word vidyādhari). The Javanese Hindu-Buddhist tradition also influenced Bali . In Balinese dance, the theme of celestial maidens often occurs. Dances such as Sanghyang Dedari and Legong depicted divine maidens in their own way. In the court of Mataram Sultanate

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2940-525: The gods. This theme occurs frequently in Javanese traditions, including the Kakawin Arjunawiwaha , written by mpu Kanwa in 1030 during the reign of king Airlangga . The story tells that Arjuna , in order to defeat the giant Niwatakawaca, engaged in meditation and asceticism, whereupon Indra sent apsaras to seduce him. Arjuna, however, managed to conquer his lust and then to win the ultimate weapons from

3010-525: The greatest archer on earth. Ekalavya , the son of a Nishadha chief, approached Drona seeking his instruction. But since Ekalavya belonged to the Nishada tribe, Drona refused to train him alongside the Kauravas and Pandavas. Undeterred, Ekalavya began study and practice by himself, having fashioned a clay idol of Drona's to watch over his training. Solely by his determination, Ekalavya became an archer of exceptional skill. One day, Ekalavya's focus in training

3080-444: The hearts of individuals practicing rigid austerities, and they danced there. And possessing slim waists and fair large hips, they began to perform various evolutions, shaking their deep bosoms, and casting their glances around, and exhibiting other attractive attitudes capable of stealing the hearts and resolutions and minds of the spectators. The Mahabharata documents the exploits of individual apsaras, such as Tilottama , who rescued

3150-531: The king of Hastinapura in recognition of his teachings of martial arts to the princes, and the 'Dronacharya Tank', still exists within the Gurgaon city, along with a village called Gurgaon. Indian Government ( Haryana ), on 12 April 2016 decided to reinstate and change the name of Gurgaon to Gurugram. Apsara Apsaras ( Sanskrit : अप्सरा , IAST : Apsarā , Pali : अच्छरा , romanized:  Accharā Khmer : អប្សរា Thai :นางอัปสรา) are

3220-456: The largest Angkor temple (built in 1113–1150 AD), features both Apsaras and Devata , however, the devata type are the most numerous with more than 1,796 in the present research inventory. Angkor Wat architects employed small apsara images (30–40 cm as seen below) as decorative motifs on pillars and walls. They incorporated larger devata images (all full-body portraits measuring approximately 95–110  cm) more prominently at every level of

3290-814: The modern Indonesian , the females of the vidyādharas , another class of celestial beings in Indian mythology. 'Vidyādhara' literally means 'possessed of science or spells', and refers to 'a kind of supernatural being ... possessed of magical power' or 'fairy' according to Monier-Williams' dictionary. The bidadaris are heavenly maidens, living in the svargaloka or in celestial palace of Indra , described in Balinese dedari (bidadari or apsara) dance. Traditionally apsaras are described as celestial maidens living in Indra 's heaven (Kaéndran). They are well known for their special task: being sent to earth by Indra to seduce ascetics who by their severe practices may become more powerful than

3360-509: The most famous among the apsaras. In Japan, Apsara are known as " Tennin " (天人); "Tennyo" (天女) for "female Tennin" and "Tennan" (天男) for "male Tennin". The origin of 'apsara' is the Sanskrit अप्सरस्, apsaras (in the stem form, which is the dictionary form). Note that the stem-form ends in 's' as distinct from, e.g. the nominative singular Rāmas / Rāmaḥ (the deity Ram in Hindi), whose stem form

3430-522: The night, warriors no longer engaged each other one-on-one, etc. Specifically, he was willing to try to end the war by capturing Yudhishthira , while Karna was not, as he considered it lacking honor. In other versions, Drona's differences in strategy are shown as a difference in philosophy - Drona believed, that as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army, his goal was to ensure the protection of his soldiers through any means necessary. The acharya remains

3500-408: The poet Dr. Purushottama Lal published by Writers Workshop . Dronābhisheka Parva , Chapter 4: May you be the refuge of your friends, as the ocean is the refuge of the rivers, the sun of the planets, the pious of the truth, fertile soil of the seeds, and Parjannya of the created beings. Dronābhisheka Parva , Chapter 4: In this world, the relationship between the virtuous is more important than

3570-443: The preceptor of the Kuru princes. But out of all of them, Arjuna stood was the most prominent. Once, Arjuna had saved Drona from a crocodile while the latter was bathing in a stream. As a reward, Drona gave Arjuna mantras to invoke the super-powerful divine weapon of Brahma known as Brahmashirshastra , but told Arjuna not to use this invincible weapon against any mortal. Under Drona's tutelage, Duryodhana and Bhima excelled in

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3640-401: The principal work of dramatic theory for Sanskrit drama, lists the following apsaras: Manjukesi, Sukesi, Misrakesi, Sulochana, Saudamini, Devadatta, Devasena, Manorama, Sudati, Sundari, Vigagdha, Vividha, Budha, Sumala, Santati, Sunanda, Sumukhi, Magadhi, Arjuni, Sarala, Kerala, Dhrti , Nanda, Supuskala, Supuspamala and Kalabha. Apsaras represent an important motif in the stone bas-reliefs of

3710-524: The request of Yudhishthira, Abhimanyu agreed to lead the way for the Pandava army and was able to penetrate the formation. However, he was trapped when Jayadratha , the King of Sindhu , held the Pandava warriors who were following him, at bay. Abhimanyu did not know how to get out of the Chakravyuha , but embarked upon an all-out attack on the Kaurava army, killing tens of thousands of warriors single-handedly. Drona

3780-419: The sage would have to be distracted from his penances, he sent the apsara Menaka to work her charms. Menaka trembled at the thought of angering such a powerful ascetic, but she obeyed the god's order. As she approached Vishvamitra, the wind god Vayu tore away her garments. Seeing her thus disrobed, the sage abandoned himself to lust and they made love, during which Vishvamitra's asceticism was put on hold. As

3850-641: The same guru Drona that Arjuna was learning. Drona was in a tangle: on the one hand, he promised Arjuna that he would make him the greatest archer on earth; on the other hand, Ekalavya had indeed been training as his pupil without his consent, albeit being guided only by his idol. To resolve the matter, Drona accepted Ekalavya as his student, but demanded the thumb on his dominant hand as gurudakshina , or teacher's payment, in order to limit his abilities and further growth in archery, thus pacifying Arjuna. Ekalavya, being an exemplary disciple, immediately cut off his thumb and presented it to Drona. Dhritarashtra approved

3920-680: The stories related in the Mahabharata , apsaras appear in important supporting roles. The epic contains several lists of the principal Apsaras, which lists are not always identical. Here is one such list, together with a description of how the celestial dancers appeared to the residents and guests at the court of the gods: Ghritachi, Menaka , Rambha , Tilottama , Purvachitti, Swayamprabha, Urvashi , Misrakeshi, Dandagauri, Varuthini, Gopali, Sahajanya, Kumbhayoni, Prajagara, Chitrasena, Chitralekha, Saha, and Madhuraswana—these and thousands more, possessed of eyes like lotus leaves, were employed in enticing

3990-467: The temple from the entry pavilion to the tops of the high towers. In 1927, Sappho Marchal published a study cataloging the remarkable diversity of their hair, headdresses, garments, stance, jewelry and decorative flowers, which Marchal concluded were based on actual practices of the Angkor period. Some devatas appear with arms around each other and seem to be greeting the viewer. "The devatas seem to epitomize all

4060-481: The time Drona reached Parashurama's hermitage in the Mahendra Mountain, the latter had already given away all his wealth. He had only his body and his weapons to give away. Drona chose to have Parashurama's weapons and acquired the knowledge of weapons from the sage. Thus, Drona was able to become a renowned warrior and an instructor of archery and other weapons. Drona along with Kripa was brought by Bhishma for

4130-449: The tradition of depicting heavenly maidens in dances is still alive and well. The Javanese court dances of Bedhaya portray apsaras. However, after the adoption of Islam , bidadari is equated with houri , the heavenly maiden mentioned in the Quran , in which God stated that the 'forbidden pearls' of heaven are for those men who have resisted temptation and borne life's trials. Islam spread in

4200-451: The truth, Yudhishthira responded with "Ashwatthama is dead, the elephant." Adding the word elephant indistinctly so that Drona could not hear it. Then Drona descended from his chariot, laid down his arms and sat on the ground in meditation to find his son's soul. Pandavas wanted to use this opportunity to arrest him, but enraged by the death of his father and several Panchala warriors, Dhrishtadyumna took this opportunity and beheads him, in

4270-493: The war extended into the night, and how millions of more soldiers and major characters of the story— Abhimanyu , Jayadratha , Drona, Ghatotkacha —died during the war. This Parva (book) traditionally has 8 sub-parvas (parts or little books) and 204 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The following are the sub-parvas: Drona Parva was composed in Sanskrit. Several translations of the book in English are available. Two translations from

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4340-408: The weapon. The rishis continue and berate Drona for violating the rules of war, criticizing him for using divine weapons so indiscriminately. On the 15th day, Drona kills many Pandava soldiers, including Virata in arrow-play and Drupada in a sword fight. Lamenting the deterioration of their friendship, Drona pays his respect to Drupada's corpse. Drona and his son Ashwatthama unleashed havoc upon

4410-448: The woods. They were known for their beauty, glamour, magical powers and enchanting supernatural Androphilic Magnetism. They are believed to be seven in number and are the daughters of the sky god or the Soraren deity. Apsaras were also an important motif in the art of Champa , medieval Angkor 's neighbour to the east along the coast of what is now central Vietnam. Especially noteworthy are

4480-501: The world from the rampaging asura brothers Sunda and Upasunda ; and Urvashi , who attempted to seduce the hero Arjuna . A recurring theme in the Mahabharata is that of an apsara sent to distract a sage from his ascetic practices. One story embodying this theme is that recounted by the epic heroine Shakuntala to explain her own parentage. Once upon a time, the sage Vishvamitra generated such intense energy by means of his asceticism that Indra himself became fearful. Deciding that

4550-440: Was Jayadratha and stood at the head of the box formation or Shakata vyuha In the early part of the day, Arjuna and he duel, and Arjuna is unable to bypass his preceptor. With Krishna's prodding, Arjuna circumvents Drona. When Duryodhana rages at Drona, Drona replies and that he intends to capture Yudhishthira while Arjuna is away and would only hasten their victory. In a notable battle, Drona attempts to capture Yudhishthira but

4620-415: Was also the student of Sage Bharadwaja. Drona had been the preceptor of most kings involved in the Kurukshetra War on both sides. Drona strongly condemned Duryodhana exiling the Pandavas, as well as the Kauravas' general abuse towards the Pandavas. But being a servant of Hastinapura , Drona was duty-bound to fight for the Kauravas, and thus against his favorite Pandavas. After the fall of Bhishma on

4690-479: Was born in a pot and was brought to the ashram. In Sage Bharadwaja's ashram, his son Drona and Prince Drupada were educated. Drona and Drupada became best friends, and Drupada promises to share his wealth and kingdom with Drona when he becomes king. Time passed, and Drupada became the king of Panchala, and Drona became a sage and teacher. Drona had a son named Ashwatthama . Drona was not interested in material wealth and became poor. Once, Drona's son Ashwatthama

4760-419: Was disturbed by the barking of a dog belonging to the Kuru princes. Ekalavya fired arrows that filled up the dog's mouth without spilling blood or causing injury to the dog. The Kuru princes were amazed by the trick and looked for the archer when they saw Ekalavya, who introduced himself as a pupil of Drona's. This made Arjuna jealous and sad about Ekalavya's archery skills as he said that he learnt indirectly from

4830-523: Was eventually killed. After that, several who fought against Abhimanyu were criticized for their murder, such as Bhurishrava , Drona and Karna . The devious murder of his son enraged Arjuna, who swore to kill Jayadratha the next day or immolate himself. Drona constructed 3 combined vyuhas to protect Jayadratha, first was the Shakata vyuha then was Padma Vyuha and last was the Srigantaka vyuha and at its rear

4900-440: Was playing with his friends. His friends were drinking milk and he wanted to drink it too. But his friends mixed flour with water and gave it to him. Ashamed of being unable to provide for his son due to his poverty, Drona remembers Drupada 's promise. He went to Drupada's palace in hopes that Drupada would remember his promise and share his wealth with him. But Drupada, having grown vain, refused. He also insulted Drona by asking how

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