105-768: The Bengal Provincial Muslim League ( BPML ) was the branch of the All India Muslim League in the British Indian province of Bengal . It was established in Dhaka on 2 March 1912. Its official language was Bengali . The party played an important role in the Bengal Legislative Council and in the Bengal Legislative Assembly , where two of the Prime Ministers of Bengal were from the party. It
210-407: A streptomycin injection and powders, however, Mukherjee informed him that his family physician had told him that streptomycin did not suit his system. The doctor, however, told him that new information about the drug had come to light and assured him that he would be fine. On 22 June, he felt pain in the heart region, started perspiring and started feeling like he was fainting. He was later shifted to
315-759: A Muslim state in 1947. After the Partition of India and the establishment of Pakistan, the All-India Muslim League was formally disbanded in India. The League was officially succeeded by the Pakistan Muslim League , which eventually split into several political parties . Other groups diminished to a minor party, that too only in Kerala state of India. In Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976, but it
420-708: A constant, if small presence, in the Indian Parliament. The party has had two members in every Lower House from the third to the 16th House, with the exception of the Second, in which it had no members, and the fourth, in which it had three members. The party had a single member in the 14th Lower House. The party currently has four members in Parliament. The party is currently a part of the United Progressive Alliance in national level. Indian Union Muslim League
525-421: A discussion of the mass movement organised by Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with
630-821: A flyover at Mathikere in Bangalore City Limits was inaugurated and named the Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee Flyover. The International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur is named after him. In 2014, a multipurpose indoor stadium built on the Goa University campus in Goa was named after Mukherjee. The government of India approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) with an outlay of ₹ 51.42 billion (US$ 620 million) on 16 September 2015. The Mission
735-453: A friend of all and enemy of none, loved and respected by millions, should fall at the hands of an assassin, one of his own community and countrymen, is a matter of the deepest shame and tragedy." He began to have differences with Hindu Mahasabha after Gandhi's killing, in which the Mahasabha was blamed by Vallabhbhai Patel for creating the atmosphere that led to the killing. Mukherjee suggested
840-737: A homeland aka West Bengal for themselves within the Indian Union, in the wake of Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the Muslims of British India. Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 's decision of non-participation in
945-418: A hospital and provisionally diagnosed with a heart attack . He died a day later. The state government declared that he had died on 23 June at 3:40 a.m. due to a heart attack. His death in custody raised wide suspicion across the country and demands for an independent inquiry were raised, including earnest requests from his mother, Jogamaya Devi, to Nehru. The prime minister declared that he had asked
1050-503: A major influence on its policies and agendas. In 1913, Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league. Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University . Historian Mushirul Hasan writes that in the early 20th century, this Muslim institution, designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj , exploded into political activity. Until 1939,
1155-459: A manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during the emergency. Indians have to trust
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#17328450882781260-426: A massive Satyagraha to get the provisions removed. In his letter to Nehru dated 3 February 1953, he wrote that the issue of accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India should not be delayed, to which Nehru responded by referring to international complications the issue could create. Mukherjee went to visit Kashmir in 1953 and observed a hunger strike to protest the law that prohibited Indian citizens from settling within
1365-607: A member of the Constituent Assembly of India in the same year. Mukherjee joined the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal in 1939 and became its acting president that same year. He was appointed as the working president of the organisation in 1940. In February 1941, Mukherjee told a Hindu rally that if Muslims wanted to live in Pakistan they should "pack their bag and baggage and leave India ... [to] wherever they like". Yet,
1470-499: A mystery". The BJP in 2011 called for an inquiry to probe Mukherjee's death. One of main thoroughfare in Calcutta was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Road on 3 July 1953 a few days after his death. Syamaprasad College founded by him in 1945 in Kolkata is named after him. Shyama Prasad Mukherji College of University of Delhi was established in 1969 in his memory. On 7 August 1998,
1575-480: A number of persons who were privy to the facts and, according to him, there was no mystery behind Mukherjee's death. Devi did not accept Nehru's reply and requested an impartial inquiry. Nehru, however, ignored the letter and no inquiry commission was set up. Atal Bihari Vajpayee claimed in 2004 that the arrest of Mukherjee in Jammu and Kashmir was a "Nehru conspiracy" and that the death of Mukherjee has remained "even now
1680-474: A state. In Lahore, the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state which would include Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province, and Bengal, and which would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The Lahore Resolution , moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq , was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed
1785-518: A whole and to Muslims especially. Until 1937, the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and it then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution. Under Jinnah's leadership, its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook. The Muslim League's earliest base
1890-593: Is necessary that one of them should conquer the other and thrust it down. To hope that both could remain equal is to desire the impossible and the inconceivable." In 1886, Sir Syed founded the Muhammadan Educational Conference , but a self-imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics. Its original goal was to advocate for British education, especially science and literature , among India's Muslims . The conference, in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed 's Aligarh Muslim University , motivated
1995-403: Is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such
2100-719: Is recognized by the Election Commission of India as a State Party in Kerala .The party is a major member of the opposition United Democratic Front , the Indian National Congress -lead pre-poll state-level alliance in Kerala. Whenever the United Democratic Front rules in Kerala, the party leaders are chosen as important Cabinet Ministers. The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after
2205-593: Is this — In whose hands shall the administration and the Empire of India rest? Now, suppose that all English, and the whole English army, were to leave India, taking with them all their cannon and their splendid weapons and everything, then who would be rulers of India? Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations — the Mahomedans and the Hindus — could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not. It
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#17328450882782310-654: The 1905 partition of Bengal . During the 1906 annual meeting of the All India Muslim Education Conference held in Israt Manzil Palace , Dhaka, the Nawab of Dhaka , Khwaja Salimullah , forwarded a proposal to create a political party which would protect the interests of Muslims in British India. He suggested the political party be named the 'All-India Muslim League'. The motion was unanimously passed by
2415-636: The 1937 election . It supported Krishak Sramik Party leader A. K. Fazlul Huq's government. In 1940, the All India Muslim League adopted the Lahore Resolution which included references to a sovereign state in eastern India. In 1941, the BPML withdrew support for Huq's government. Its chief leader between 1937 and 1946 was Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin , a trusted confidante of All India Muslim League president Muhammad Ali Jinnah . In 1943, Nazimuddin unseated
2520-957: The 1946 election , the BPML won a majority of 114/250 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, compared to 28/60 in Sind , 75/175 in Punjab , 17/150 in the North-West Frontier Province , 54/228 in the United Provinces , 34/152 in Bihar , 31/108 in Assam , 30/175 in Bombay Presidency , 29/215 in Madras Presidency , and 4/60 in Orissa . The result in Bengal, with 45% of seats won by the BPML,
2625-647: The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation named a bridge after Mukherjee. Delhi has a major road named after Mukherjee called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Marg. Kolkata, too, has a major road called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road. In 2001, the main research funding institute of the Government of India, CSIR , instituted a new fellowship named after him. On 22 April 2010, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi 's (MCD) newly constructed Rs. 650-crore building,
2730-553: The Bengal Legislative Council as an Indian National Congress (INC) candidate representing Calcutta University. However, he resigned the next year when the INC decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the election as an independent candidate and was elected in the same year. In 1937 , he was elected as an independent candidate in the elections which brought the Krishak Praja Party to power. He served as
2835-572: The British Museum , were brought back to India by HMIS Tir . A ceremony attended by politicians and leaders of many foreign countries was held on the next day at Calcutta Maidan . They were handed over by Nehru to Mukherjee, who later took these relics to Cambodia , Burma , Thailand and Vietnam . Upon his return to India, he placed the relics inside the Sanchi Stupa in November 1952. Mukherjee
2940-626: The Communist Party of Pakistan . In an interview given to print media , Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstrations, and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement. All over the country, the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of the Muslim League . In 1954, legislative elections were to be held for
3045-689: The Hindu Mahasabha . After falling out with Nehru, protesting against the Liaquat–Nehru Pact , Mukherjee resigned from Nehru's cabinet. With the help of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , he founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , the predecessor to the Bharatiya Janata Party , in 1951. He was also the president of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha from 1943 to 1946. He was arrested by the Jammu and Kashmir Police in 1953 when he tried to cross
3150-577: The Minister of State for External affairs in the I. K. Gujral ministry . Syama Prasad was also affiliated with the Buddhist Mahabodhi Society . In 1942, he succeeded M.N. Mukherjee to become the president of the organisation. The relics of Gautam Buddha 's two disciples Sariputra and Maudgalyayana , discovered in the Great Stupa at Sanchi by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1851 and kept at
3255-512: The Muslim League , was a political party established in Dhaka in 1906 when some well-known Muslim politicians met the Viceroy of India , Lord Minto , with the goal of securing Muslim interests in British India . The party arose out of the need for the political representation of Muslims in British India , especially during the Indian National Congress -sponsored massive Hindu opposition to
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3360-848: The West Bengal state of India. His grandfather Ganga Prasad Mukherjee was born in Jirat and was the first in the family who migrated to and settled in Calcutta. Syama Prasad's father was Ashutosh Mukherjee , a judge of the High Court of Calcutta , Bengal Presidency , and was also the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta . His mother was Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee. was a very meritorious student and he came to Calcutta to study in Medical College with
3465-418: The military intervention in 1958. One of its factions remained supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962, when all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin , and to support Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965. Furthermore, it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970. During
3570-674: The partition of Bengal , with Khawaja Nazimuddin becoming the first Chief Minister . Problems in East Pakistan for the Muslim League began to rise following the issue of the Constitution of Pakistan . Furthermore, the Bengali Language Movement proved to be the last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in East Bengal. The Muslim League's national conservatism program also faced several setbacks and resistance from
3675-683: The tallest building in Delhi , was named the Doctor Syama Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre. It was inaugurated by Home Minister P. Chidambaram . The building, which is estimated to cater to 20,000 visitors per day, will also house different wings and offices of the MCD. The MCD also built the Syama Prasad Swimming Pool Complex which hosted aquatic events during the 2010 Commonwealth Games held at New Delhi. In 2012,
3780-407: The 'Pakistan' demand was articulated, the dispute over the Sukkur Manzilgah had been fabricated by provincial Leaguers to unsettle Allah Bakhsh Soomro's ministry which was dependent on support from the Congress and Independent Party. Intended as a way station for Mughal troops on the move, the Manzilgah included a small mosque which had been subsequently abandoned. On a small island in the near distance
3885-499: The 1940s, the Muslim League had a United Kingdom chapter active in the British politics . After the establishment of Pakistan, the Pakistani community 's leaders took over the UK branch, choosing Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of the party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom. At present, the Muslim League's UK branch is led by the PML-N , with Zubair Gull as its president. Syama Prasad Mukherjee Syama Prasad Mookerjee (6 July 1901 – 23 June 1953)
3990-488: The 1952 elections, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) won three seats in the Parliament of India , including Mukherjee's. He had formed the National Democratic Party within the Parliament. It consisted of 32 members of the Lok Sabha and 10 members of the Rajya Sabha ; however, it was not recognised by the speaker as an opposition party. The BJS was created with the objective of nation-building and nationalising all non-Hindus by "inculcating Indian Culture" in them. The party
4095-405: The All India Azad Muslim Conference leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro in 1943 further solidified the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan. From the late 1930s and onwards in the British Indian province of Sind , communal tensions between Muslims and Hindus rose to enormous degree. These communal feelings were instrumental in the popularity of the All India Muslim League throughout
4200-404: The British Prime Minister, Ramsay McDonalds for the round table conference, Muhammad Iqbal was invited to give the presidential address of APML in Allahabad in which nothing new was proposed. Some scholars argued that "Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India..., and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within
4305-401: The British government of trying to hold on to India under any cost and criticised its repressive policies against the Quit India Movement . After resigning, he mobilised support and organised relief with the help of Mahabodhi Society , Ramakrishna Mission and Marwari Relief Society. In 1946 , he was again elected as an independent candidate from the Calcutta University. He was elected as
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4410-407: The British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister. The Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states: Shyam Prasad ended the letter with
4515-474: The Finance Minister of Bengal Province in 1941–42 under A.K. Fazlul Haq 's Progressive Coalition government which was formed on 12 December 1941 after the resignations of the Congress government. During his tenure, his statements against the government were censored and his movements were restricted. He was also prevented from visiting the Midnapore district in 1942 when severe floods caused a heavy loss of life and property. He resigned on 20 November 1942 accusing
4620-432: The Hindu Mahasabha also formed provincial coalition governments with the All-India Muslim League in Sindh and the North-West Frontier Province while Mukherjee was its leader. He was elected as the President of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha in 1943. He remained in this position till 1946, with Laxman Bhopatkar becoming the new president in the same year. Mukherjee demanded the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent
4725-431: The House of Lords that Muslims demanded separate representation and accepted them. This was the League's first victory. But the Indian Councils Bill did not fully satisfy the demands of the Muslim League. It was based on the October 1908 communique in which Muslims were only given a few reserved seats. The Muslim League's London branch opposed the bill and in a debate obtained the support of several parliamentarians. In 1909
4830-477: The Huq- Syama coalition, formed government and became the Prime Minister of Bengal . The conservative Nazimuddin ministry grappled with the effects of World War II , including the Bengal famine of 1943 . Factional infighting increased within the BPML. The Nazimuddin ministry collapsed in 1945 and Governor 's rule was imposed. The party's control passed on to a more liberal and centrist faction, which included leaders H. S. Suhrawardy and Mohammad Ali of Bogra . In
4935-423: The Imperial Council. The Muslim League hesitantly accepted the compromise. Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first honorary president of the Muslim League, though he did not attend the Dhaka inaugural session. There were also six vice-presidents, a secretary, and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three-year term, proportionately from different provinces. The League's constitution
5040-476: The Indian Federation". Another Indian historian, Tara Chand , also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India, but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India. Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address, Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation. On 28 January 1933, Choudhary Rahmat Ali , founder of
5145-547: The Indian press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created confusion about the authorship of the word "Pakistan" to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write: Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of a conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as
5250-438: The Lahore Resolution, the All India Azad Muslim Conference gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India. Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates; the "attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting." The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against
5355-410: The League held protests in India and lobbied London. The draft proposals for the reforms communicated on 1 October 1908 provided Muslims with reserved seats in all councils, with nominations only being maintained in Punjab. The communication displayed how much the Government had accommodated Muslim demands and showed an increase in Muslim representation in the Imperial and provincial legislatures. But
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#17328450882785460-430: The Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the Communist Party got 4 seats of the ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26. The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections. In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief Minister of the State and he ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958, when martial law
5565-419: The Muslim League's demands were only fully met in UP and Madras. However, the Government did accept the idea of separate electorates. The idea had not been accepted by the Secretary of State, who proposed mixed electoral colleges, causing the Muslim League to agitate and the Muslim press to protest what they perceived to be a betrayal of the Viceroy's assurance to the Simla deputation. On 23 February Morley told
5670-519: The Muslim League, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, issued no condemnation of the violence against Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab. After the partition of the British Indian Empire , the Muslim League played a major role in giving birth to modern conservatism in Pakistan and the introduction of the democratic process in the country. The Pakistani incarnation was originally led by the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and later by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , but suffered from ill-fate following
5775-461: The Muslim population. The founders of the BPML were Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah , Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury , Sir Abdul Halim Ghaznavi , Justice Sir Zahid Suhrawardy , Abul Kashem, Wahid Hossain and Abdur Rasul. Many members were concurrently members of the Indian National Congress . A. K. Fazlul Huq was elected as its president in 1915. The BPML adopted Bengali as its official language. All its resolutions were published in Bengali. In contrast,
5880-402: The Muslim upper class to propose an expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Movement . In turn, this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites, For a few of them, many years after the death of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan the All-India Muslim League was formed in Dhaka , Bangladesh. The formation of a Muslim political party on
5985-453: The North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League's political platform. The League rejected the Committee report (the Nehru Report ), arguing that it gave too little representation (only one quarter) to Muslims, established Devanagari as the official writing system of the colony, and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state, with residuary powers resting at
6090-458: The Pakistan National Movement, voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never". In a subsequent book, he discussed the etymology in further detail: "'Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands ... That is, Panjab, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir , Iran, Sindh (including Kachch and Kathiawar), Tukharistan, Afghanistan, and Balochistan." The British and
6195-400: The Parliament. Unlike in West Punjab, not all of the Hindu population migrated to India, instead a large number stayed in the state. The influence of the Communist Party deepened, and its goal of attaining power was finally realised during the elections. The United Front , the Communist Party, and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting a severe defeat to the Muslim League. Out of 309,
6300-438: The Senate of Calcutta university resolved to confer honorary D.Litt. on the Ex-Vice Chancellor in its opinion "by reason of eminent position and attainments, a fit and proper person to receive such a degree." Mukherjee received the D.Litt from Calcutta University on 26 November 1938. He was also the 15th President of the Association of Indian Universities during 1941-42. He started his political career in 1929, when he entered
6405-407: The annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held in Dhaka from 27 December until 30 December 1906. Three thousand delegates attended, headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference), in which they explained its objectives and stressed the unity of Muslims under the banner of an association. It
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#17328450882786510-431: The border of the state. He was provisionally diagnosed of a heart attack and shifted to a hospital but died a day later. Since the Bharatiya Janata Party is the successor to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Mookerjee is also regarded as the founder of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) by its members. Syama Mukherjee was born during the British Raj on 6 July 1901 in Calcutta to a Bengali Brahmin family, now located in
6615-411: The brother of Subhas Chandra Bose , and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy , a Bengali Muslim politician. His views were strongly affected by the Noakhali genocide in East Bengal , where mobs belonging to the Muslim League massacred Hindus. It was Mukherjee who launched the Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement . It refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create
6720-432: The central leadership of the Muslim League were mostly Urdu -speaking. In the period of dyarchy (1919-1935), the BPML had many factions. One of the notable factions led by A. K. Fazlul Huq favored cooperation with the British government to achieve self-rule. Another faction led by Maniruzzaman Islamabadi supported non-cooperation and the Khilafat movement . The BPML won 40 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly during
6825-429: The centre – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces. Jinnah reported a "parting of the ways" after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour. In November 1930, when all the prominent leaders of APML including Muhammad Ali Jinnah were invited by
6930-419: The conference, leading to the official formation of the All-India Muslim League in Dhaka . It remained an elitist organization until 1937, when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses, which turned the league into a popular organization. The Muslim League played a decisive role in the 1940s, becoming a driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as
7035-406: The event as realisation of Syama Prasad Mukherjee's dream. Syama Prasad had three brothers who were: Rama Prasad who was born in 1896, Uma Prasad who was born in 1902 and Bama Prasad Mukherjee who was born in 1906. Rama Prasad became a judge in High Court of Calcutta while Uma became famed as a trekker and a travel writer. He also had three sisters who were: Kamala who was born in 1895, Amala who
7140-463: The faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. After 1939, however, sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement, as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League. Politically, there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I, as typified by the Khilafat Movement . Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922. Communalism grew rapidly, forcing
7245-475: The first position in first class in 1921 . He was married to Sudha Devi on 16 April 1922. Mukherjee also completed an MA in Bengali, being graded as first class in 1923 and also became a fellow of the Senate of the University of Calcutta in 1923. He completed his LLB in 1924. He enrolled as an advocate in Calcutta High Court in 1924, the same year in which his father had died. Subsequently, he left for England in 1926 to study at Lincoln's Inn and
7350-419: The foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. In the Indian provincial elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating the independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru, remained adamantly opposed to dividing India . In opposition to
7455-440: The help of the wealthy people of Jirat. Later he settled down in the Bhawanipore area of Calcutta. Syama Prasad enrolled in Bhawanipur 's Mitra Institution in 1906 and his behaviour in school was later described favourably by his teachers. In 1914, he passed his matriculation examination and was admitted into Presidency College . He stood seventeenth in the Inter Arts Examination in 1916 and graduated in English, securing
7560-479: The inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated East Pakistan . A meeting held by the Mahasabha on 15 April 1947 in Tarakeswar authorised him to take steps for ensuring partition of Bengal. In May 1947, he wrote a letter to Lord Mountbatten telling him that Bengal must be partitioned even if India was not. He also opposed a failed bid for a united but independent Bengal made in 1947 by Sarat Bose ,
7665-671: The issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of the Educational Conference, which was scheduled to be held in Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant to the decisions taken earlier at the Lucknow meeting and later in Simla,
7770-466: The members of the Muslim League organised a Muslim protest. The Reforms Committee of Minto's council believed that Muslims had a point and advised Minto to discuss with some Muslim leaders. The Government offered a few more seats to Muslims in compromise but would not agree to fully satisfy the League's demand. Minto believed that the Muslims had been given enough while Morley was still not certain because of
7875-470: The mercy of Pakistan. While addressing a rally in Calcutta on 21 May, he stated that an exchange of population and property at governmental level on regional basis between East Bengal and the states of Tripura , Assam , West Bengal and Bihar was the only option in the current situation. Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 in Delhi, becoming its first president. In
7980-490: The movement. Mukherjee wrote a letter to Sir John Herbert , Governor of Bengal as to how they should respond to "Quit India" movement. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote: Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for
8085-580: The national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with the participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for the re-consideration to form the all-Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered
8190-466: The notion that India has two distinct communities to be represented separately in Congress sessions. Syed Ahmad Khan , in 1888, at Meerut, said, "After this long preface I wish to explain what method my nation — nay, rather the whole people of this country — ought to pursue in political matters. I will treat in regular sequence of the political questions of India, in order that you may have full opportunity of giving your attention to them. The first of all
8295-646: The organisation suspend its political activities. Shortly after it did, in December 1948, he left. One of his reasons was the rejection of his proposal to allow non-Hindus to become members. Mukherjee resigned along with K.C. Neogy from the Cabinet on 8 April 1950 over a disagreement about the 1950 Delhi Pact with Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan . Mukherjee was firmly against their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries as he thought it left Hindus in East Bengal to
8400-516: The partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion". For example, Deobandi scholar Maulana Syed Husain Ahmad Madani traveled across British India, spreading the idea he wrote about in his book, Composite Nationalism and Islam , which stood for Hindu-Muslim unity and opposed the concept of a partition of India; while he was doing this, members of the pro-separatist Muslim League attacked Madani and disturbed his rallies. The murder of
8505-447: The peculiar socio economic order in which the Hindus in Sind dominated with their high socioeconomic status, while the Muslims remained marginalized. The historian Ayesha Jalal describes the actions that the pro-separatist Muslim League used in order to further spread communal division and undermine the elected government of Allah Bakhsh Soomro, which stood for a united India: Even before
8610-511: The pressure Muslims could apply on the government. The Muslim League's central committee once again demanded separate electorates and more representation on 12 September 1909. While Minto was opposed, Morley feared that the Bill would not pass parliament without the League's support and he once again discussed Muslim representation with the League leadership. This was successful. The Aga Khan compromised so that Muslims would have two more reserved seats in
8715-567: The province. Even though the Muslims made up about 70% of the population of Sindh, they had a bare majority (34 of 60 seats) in the Assembly. Furthermore, before the British took over, the Sindhi Hindus didn't own any land but within a century of British rule, their landownership grew by 40% while a further 20% was believed to have been mortgaged to them. The inter-faith conflict was at large connected to
8820-601: The provision in his Lok Sabha speech on 26 June 1952. He termed the arrangements under the article as Balkanization of India and the three-nation theory of Sheikh Abdullah . The state was granted its own flag along with a prime minister whose permission was required for anyone to enter the state. In opposition to this, Mukherjee once said "Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge" (A single country can't have two constitutions , two prime ministers , and two national emblems ). Bharatiya Jana Sangh along with Hindu Mahasabha and Jammu Praja Parishad launched
8925-530: The restoration of the mosque to Muslims had passed, the League started an agitation. In the few years before the partition, the Muslim League was accused of "monetarily subsidizing" mobs that engaged in communal violence against Hindus and Sikhs in the areas of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha, as well as in the Hazara District . The Muslim League led mobs reportedly paid assassins money for every Hindu and Sikh killed. As such, leaders of
9030-545: The situation... During Mukherjee's resignation speech, however, he characterised the policies of the British government towards the movement as "repressive". Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru inducted Mukherjee into the Interim Central Government as a Minister for Industry and Supply on 15 August 1947. Mukherjee condemned the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi as the "most stunning blow that could fall on India. That he who had made India free and self-reliant,
9135-537: The state and mandating that they carry ID cards. Mukherjee wanted to go to Jammu and Kashmir but, because of the prevailing permit system, he was not given permission. He was arrested on 11 May at Lakhanpur while crossing the border into Kashmir illegally. Although the ID card rule was revoked owing to his efforts, he died as a detainee on 23 June 1953. On 5 August 2019, when Government of India proposed constitutional Amendment to repeal Article 370, many BJP members described
9240-548: The successive periods of Pakistan, the Pakistan Muslim League went on to be one of the ruling parties holding alternating power within the nation. After the partition of India in 1947, the All-India Muslim League was disbanded. It was succeeded by Indian Union Muslim League in the new India. Indian Union Muslim League contests Indian General Elections under the Indian Constitution. The party has always had
9345-556: The time being Mukherjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq-led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal in regard to this: The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such
9450-573: The two groups apart. Major riots broke out in numerous cities, including 91 between 1923 and 1927 in Uttar Pradesh alone. At the leadership level, the proportion of Muslims among delegates to the Congress party fell sharply, from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1923. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united India based on composite national identity. Congress at all times rejected "communalism" — that is, basing politics on religious identity. Iqbal's policy of uniting
9555-700: Was called to the English Bar in the same year. In 1934, at the age of 33, he became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta; he held the office until 1938. During his term as Vice-Chancellor, Rabindranath Tagore delivered the University Convocation Address in Bengali for the first time, and the Indian vernacular was introduced as a subject for the highest examination. On 10 September 1938,
9660-505: Was among the largest mandates for the League. The Suhrawardy ministry lasted until the partition of India in 1947. Suhrawardy mooted the proposal for a United Bengal , but the Mountbatten Plan failed to take it into account. Suhrawardy also faced bitterness to his plans from Nazimuddin and could not count on the cooperation of Nazimuddin's ally Jinnah. All India Muslim League The All-India Muslim League ( AIML ), simply called
9765-495: Was an Indian barrister, educationist, politician, activist, social worker, and a minister in the state and national governments. Noted for his opposition to Quit India movement within the independence movement in India , he later served as India's first Minister for Industry and Supply (currently known as Minister of Commerce and Industries ) in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru 's cabinet after breaking up with
9870-454: Was arrested upon entering Kashmir on 11 May 1953. He and two of his arrested companions were first taken to Central Jail of Srinagar . Later they were transferred to a cottage outside the city. Mukherjee's condition started deteriorating and he started feeling pain in the back and high temperature on the night between 19 and 20 June. He was diagnosed with dry pleurisy from which he had also suffered in 1937 and 1944. The doctor prescribed him
9975-413: Was born in 1905 and Ramala in 1908. He was married in 1922 to Sudha Devi for 11 years and had five children – the last one, a four-month-old son, died from diphtheria . His wife died of double pneumonia shortly afterwards in 1933 or 1934. Syama Prasad refused to remarry after her death. He had two sons, Anutosh and Debatosh, and two daughters, Sabita and Arati. His grandniece Kamala Sinha served as
10080-529: Was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan , Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar , Zafar Ali Khan , Syed Nabiullah , a barrister from Lucknow, Ibraheem Fazili and Syed Zahur Ahmad, an eminent lawyer, as well as several others. The Muslim League's insistence on separate electorates and reserved seats in the Imperial Council were granted in the Indian Councils Act after
10185-521: Was framed in 1907, espoused in the "Green Book," written by Mohammad Ali Jauhar . Aga Khan III shared Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics, but would later boldly tell the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted
10290-518: Was ideologically close to the RSS and widely considered the proponent of Hindu nationalism . After having supported the Article 370 during the parliamentary discussions over the legislation, Mukherjee became opposed to the legislation after falling out with Nehru. He fought against it inside and outside the parliament with one of the goals of Bharatiya Jana Sangh being its abrogation. He raised his voice against
10395-451: Was imposed. The Muslim League remained as a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the Pakistan general elections in 1970. It won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan. After the independence of Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but its size was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena. During
10500-510: Was launched by the Prime Minister on 21 February 2016 at Kurubhata , Murmunda Rurban Cluster, Rajnandgaon , Chhattisgarh . In April 2017, Ranchi College was upgraded to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University. In September 2017, Kolar, a town in Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , was renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar by the state's Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan . Gajendra Chauhan played
10605-702: Was reduced in size, rendering it insignificant in the political arena. In India, a separate independent entity called the Indian Union Muslim League was formed, which continues to have a presence in the Indian parliament to this day. With the sincere efforts by the pioneers of the Congress to attract Muslims to their sessions, the majority of the Islamic leadership, with the exception of few scholars (like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Syed Ameer Ali who focused more on Islamic education and scientific developments), rejected
10710-601: Was the United Provinces , where they successfully mobilised the religious community in the late 1930s. Jinnah worked closely with local politicians, however, there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938–1939 Madhe Sahaba riots in Lucknow. From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes. At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literature... It
10815-519: Was the birthplace of the Muslim League in 1906. The League was created as a response to the growth of Hindu nationalist movements in India, particularly in Bengal after the 1905 partition . It was formed at the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference , which was aimed at promoting liberal education among Indian Muslims. In 1912, the British government annulled the partition. The annulment was not well-received among many in
10920-526: Was the temple of Saad Bela, sacred space for the large number of Hindus settled on the banks of the Indus at Sukkur. The symbolic convergence of the identity and sovereignty over a forgotten mosque provided ammunition for those seeking office at the provincial level. Making an issue out of a non-issue, the Sind Muslim League in early June 1939 formally reclaimed the mosque. Once its deadline of 1 October 1939 for
11025-1111: Was vital to the creation of the Dominion of Pakistan , particularly after its election victory in 1946. In 1929, a faction of the party broke away as the Praja Party . Members of the BPML later became prominent statesmen of Pakistan and Bangladesh , including holding offices such as the Prime Minister of Pakistan (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin , Mohammad Ali of Bogra , Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Nurul Amin ), Governor General of Pakistan (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin), Chief Minister of East Bengal (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Nurul Amin, A. K. Fazlul Huq and Ataur Rahman Khan ), President of Bangladesh ( Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Mohammad Mohammadullah and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad ), Vice President of Bangladesh ( Syed Nazrul Islam ) and Prime Minister of Bangladesh (Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Tajuddin Ahmad , Muhammad Mansur Ali and Ataur Rahman Khan). Eastern Bengal and Assam
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