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85-538: The council was established under the Indian Councils Act 1861 . It was dominated by Europeans and Anglo-Indians, with natives as a minority, until reforms in 1909. Under the Indian Councils Act 1892 and Indian Councils Act 1909 , representatives of municipalities, district boards, city corporations, universities, ports, plantations, zamindars, Muslim electorates and chambers of commerce were inducted. Native Bengali representation gradually increased. Its voting power

170-760: A scientific society for Muslims in 1864. In 1875, founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College , the first Muslim university in Southern Asia. During his career, Syed repeatedly called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj and promoted the adoption of Urdu as the lingua franca of all Indian Muslims . Syed criticized the Indian National Congress . Sir Syed maintains a strong legacy in Pakistan and among Indian Muslims . He became

255-496: A tafsir , or commentary on the Quran , in 1877. It was published as Tafsir ul-Quran in seven volumes; the first volume appeared in 1880 and the last volume was published six years after his death in 1904. In this work, he analysed and interpreted 16 paras and 13 surahs of the Quran. In the first volume, he also included a detailed article titled Tahrir fi Usool al-Tafsir ( The Notes on

340-458: A University similar to that of Oxford or Cambridge. Like the churches of Oxford and Cambridge, there will be mosques attached to each College... The College will have a dispensary with a Doctor and a compounder, besides a Unani Hakim . It will be mandatory on boys in residence to join the congregational prayers ( namaz ) at all the five times. Students of other religions will be exempted from this religious observance. Muslim students will have

425-549: A book in England by Hafiz Ahmad Hasan, the Vakil of Tonk. Sir Syed based his arguments upon Muhammad's own conduct during holy wars. Through the 1850s, Syed Ahmad Khan began developing a strong passion for education. While pursuing studies of different subjects including European jurisprudence, Sir Syed began to realise the advantages of Western-style education, which was being offered at newly established colleges across India. Despite being

510-797: A clear distinction between jihad and rebellion. In August 1871 William Wilson Hunter , a Scottish historian and member of the Indian Civil Service published Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? in which he discussed the Indian Wahabi movement , its role in the rebellion and argued that the Muslims were a threat to the Empire. Hunter links Wahhabism with rebellion and terms them as self-stylised jihadis. His accusations led to

595-451: A devout Muslim, Sir Syed criticised the influence of traditional dogma and religious orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Muslims suspicious of British influences. Sir Syed began feeling increasingly concerned for the future of Muslim communities. A scion of Mughal nobility, Sir Syed had been reared in the finest traditions of Muslim elite culture and was aware of the steady decline of Muslim political power across India. The animosity between

680-569: A first-hand impression of Western civilisation. He was also a reader of Darwin and, while not agreeing with all of his ideas, he could be described as a sort of theistic evolutionist like his contemporary Asa Gray . Syed Ahmad was one of the first in the Islamic world to adopt this view. His arguments in favour of the idea were based on both findings from his own scientific research and quotes from earlier Islamic scholars like Al-Jahiz , Ibn Khaldun and Shah Waliullah . Sir Syed started working on

765-572: A good Muslim. By 1873, the committee under Sir Syed issued proposals for the construction of a college in Aligarh. Maulvi Samiullah Khan was appointed as the secretary of the sub-committee of the proposed school. Members of the committee toured the country in order to raise funds for the school, which was finally established on 24 May 1875 in Aligarh as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School . Two years later, in 1877,

850-525: A journal on scientific subjects in English and Urdu. Sir Syed felt that the socio-economic future of Muslims was threatened by their orthodox aversions to modern science and technology. He published many writings promoting liberal, rational interpretations of Islamic scriptures , struggling to find rational interpretations for jinn , angels , and miracles of the prophets. One example was the reaction to his argument – which appeared in his tafsir (exegesis) of

935-521: A scholar were the two editions of Asar-us-Sanadid and that of the Ain-e-Akbari . In 1847, he published the book Asar-us-Sanadid ( The Remnants of Ancient Heroes ) documenting antiquities of Delhi dating from the medieval era. The work is divided into four sections: the first describes the buildings outside the city of Delhi; the second describes the buildings around the Delhi Fort; the third describes

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1020-642: A second term that lasted until 1883. He served the Legislative Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the North- Western Provinces for two terms from 1887 until 1893. Sir Syed's early influences were his mother Aziz-un-Nisa and maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin both of whom took special interest in his education. Apart from serving as a Wazir in the Mughal court, Khwaja Fariduddin was also

1105-515: A separate department in Calcutta 's government: home, revenue, military, law, finance, and (after 1874) public works. The military Commander-in-Chief sat in with the council as an extraordinary member. The Executive Council was enlarged by addition of fifth member. The Viceroy was allowed, under the provisions of the Act, to overrule the council on affairs if he deemed it necessary, as was the case in 1879, during

1190-584: A sincere and friendly report. The foreign secretary Cecil Beadon , however, severely attacked it, calling it 'an extremely seditious pamphlet'. He wanted a proper inquiry into the matter and said that the author, unless he could give a satisfactory explanation, should be harshly dealt with. Since no other member of the Council agreed with his opinion, his attack did no harm. Later, Sir Syed was invited to attend Lord Canning's durbar in Farrukhabad and happened to meet

1275-626: A source of inspiration for the Pakistan Movement and its activists , including Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah . His advocacy of Islam's rationalist tradition, and a broader, radical reinterpretation of the Quran to make it compatible with science and modernity, continues to influence the global Islamic reformation . Many universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Sir Syed's name. Aligarh Muslim University celebrated Sir Syed's 200th birth centenary with much enthusiasm on 17 October 2017. Former President of India Pranab Mukherjee

1360-592: A teacher, mathematician and astronomer. He was also disposed towards Sufism, which left its impact on Sir Syed since his early childhood. His maternal uncle Khwaja Zainuddin Ahmad, who was an expert in music and mathematics, also influenced him in his early days. Sir Syed's early theological writings demonstrate the influence of three school of religious thought on his outlook - the Naqshbandi tradition of Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlavi , Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and his teachings, and

1445-446: A uniform consisting of a black alpaca, half-sleeved chugha and a red Fez cap... Bad and abusive words which boys generally pick up and get used to, will be strictly prohibited. Even such a word as a "liar" will be treated as an abuse to be prohibited. They will have food either on tables of European style or on chaukis in the manner of the Arabs ... Smoking of cigarette or huqqa and

1530-473: A wealthy area of the city. They were raised in strict accordance with Mughal noble traditions and they were exposed to politics. Their mother Aziz-un-Nisa played a formative role in Sir Syed's early life, raising him with rigid discipline and a strong emphasis on modern education . Sir Syed's education was initiated by Shah Ghulam Ali , his father's spiritual mentor in 1822. He was taught to read and understand

1615-566: A well known book on archaeology called Athar-ul-Sandeed. He also developed interest in literature as he met a few of India's well known writers. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's career as an author began when he published a series of treatises in Urdu on religious subjects in 1842. In his early religious writings his religious thoughts were more orthodox; over time, with his increasing contact with the West, his views gradually became more independent. His early works show

1700-487: Is indisputable." The 1861 Act restored the legislative powers of Bombay and Madras Presidencies taken away by the Charter Act of 1833 . The legislative council at Calcutta was given extensive authority to pass laws for British India as a whole, but the legislative councils at Bombay and Madras were given the power to make laws for the "Peace and good Government" for only their respective presidencies. The Governor General

1785-707: The Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council . During the period of dyarchy , the council was boycotted by the Congress Party and Swaraj Party ; but constitutionalists in the Bengal Provincial Muslim League continued to be active members. Under the Government of India Act 1935 , the council became the upper chamber of the legislature of Bengal. The council grew from 12 members in 1862, to 20 in 1892, 53 in 1909, 140 in 1919 and 63–65 in 1935. Under

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1870-727: The Khwastgaran-i-Taraqqi-i-Talim-i-Musalman (Committee for the Better Diffusion and Advancement of Learning among Muhammadans ) on 26 December 1870. By 1872, it was converted into a Fund Committee for the establishment of a school. Sir Syed described his vision of the institution he proposed to establish in an article written sometime in 1872 and re-printed in the Aligarh Institute Gazette of 5 April 1911: I may appear to be dreaming and talking like Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to turn this MAO College into

1955-533: The Qur'an by a female tutor Areeba Sehar. He received an education traditional to Muslim nobility in Delhi . He attended a maktab run by a learned scholar, Moulvi Hamiduddin, in a house adjacent to his ancestral home and started learning Persian and Arabic. He read the works of Muslim scholars and writers such as Sahbai, Zauq and Ghalib . Other tutors instructed him in mathematics , astronomy and algebra . He also pursued

2040-523: The Quran within the court. He was awarded an honorary LLD from the University of Edinburgh in 1889. In 1838, Syed Ahmad entered the service of East India Company and went on to become a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867, retiring from this position in 1876. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857 , he remained loyal to the British Raj and was noted for his actions in saving European lives. After

2125-476: The Quran – that riba referred to interest charges when lending money to the poor, but not to the rich, nor to borrowers "in trade or in industry", since this finance supported "trade, national welfare and prosperity". While many jurists declared all interest to be riba, (according to Sir Syed) this was based "on their own authority and deduction" rather than the Quran. On 1 April 1869 he went, along with his sons Syed Mahmood and Syed Hamed, to England, where he

2210-543: The Utilitarians such as John Stuart Mill , whose works he often quoted in his own writings. He was also influenced by the essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele and modelled his own journals after their Tatler and Spectator . While continuing to work as a junior clerk, Sir Syed began focusing on writing, from the age of 23 (in 1840), on various subjects (from mechanics to educational issues), mainly in Urdu, where he wrote, at least, 6000 pages. He also wrote

2295-467: The Act of 1861, the council included 12 members nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. The members included four government officials, four non-government Anglo-Indians and four Bengali gentlemen. From 1862 to 1893, 123 persons were nominated to the council, of whom only 49 were native Indian members, 35 were members of the British Indian Association and 26 were aristocrats. Under

2380-719: The Act of 1892, the Lieutenant Governor could nominate 7 members on the recommendation of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce , municipalities , district councils , the University of Calcutta and the Corporation of Calcutta. Total members 20 [40% elected members] and [60% official] Under the Act of 1909, the council had the following composition. Under the Act of 1919, the council had 140 members. There were 92 seats assigned to general constituencies, divided into Muslim, non-Muslim, European, and Anglo-Indian sections. Another 22 seats were assigned to special electorates, namely landholders,

2465-616: The British and Muslims before and after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 threatened to marginalise Muslim communities across India for many generations. Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the Empire amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir Syed founded a modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859; this

2550-693: The Government and refused theory which the British had invented to explain the causes of the Mutiny." When the work was finished, without waiting for an English translation, Sir Syed sent the Urdu version to be printed at the Mufassilat Gazette Press in Agra. Within a few weeks, he received 500 copies back from the printers. One of his friends warned him not to send the pamphlet to the British Parliament or to

2635-516: The Government of India. Rae Shankar Das, a great friend of Sir Syed, begged him to burn the books rather than put his life in danger. Sir Syed replied that he was bringing these matters to the attention of the British for the good of his own people, of his country, and of the government itself. He said that if he came to any harm while doing something that would greatly benefit the rulers and the subjects of India alike, he would gladly suffer whatever befell him. When Rae Shankar Das saw that Sir Syed's mind

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2720-459: The Legislative Council, prevented them from having any say in government policies that touched them directly and was the major cause behind the revolt. The Secretary of State for India , Sir Charles Wood , believed that the Act was of immense importance: "the act is a great experiment. That everything is changing in India is obvious enough, and that the old autocratic government cannot stand unmodified

2805-484: The Life of Prophet Muhammad and Subjects Subsidiary Therein ) as a rejoinder to William Muir 's widely known four-part book, The Life of Mahomet published in 1864. He was deeply distressed by Muir's portrayal of Islam and the character of Muhammad. He was concerned that the book might create doubts among the younger generation of Muslims. In order to prepare for the book, he accompanied his son to England, as he wanted to get

2890-476: The Loyal Mohammedans of India) from Meerut containing episodes in the life of those Muslims who stood by the British during the 1857 uprising. It was published in three issues, the first and second issues appeared in 1860, while the third was published in 1861. The first issue highlighted the bravery of those Muslims who stood by the British while the second issue carried an article on jihad in which he makes

2975-556: The Mughal administration. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin served as Wazir in the court of Emperor Akbar Shah II . His paternal grandfather Syed Hadi Jawwad bin Imaduddin held a mansab (lit. General ) – a high-ranking administrative position - and the honorary name of "Mir Jawwad Ali Khan" in the court of Emperor Alamgir II . Sir Syed's father, Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, was personally close to Emperor Akbar Shah II and served as his personal adviser. However, Syed Ahmad

3060-743: The Mujahidin movement of Syed Ahmad Barelvi and his earliest disciple Shah Ismail Dehlvi . While Sir Syed shared the desire for religious forms in India with the Mujahidin movement, he was opposed to the Indian Wahhabi movement. During his formative years in Delhi he came in contact with Ghalib and Zauq whose exquisite style of prose and poetry influenced Sir Syed's style of writing. He would often visit Imam Baksh Sahbai and Sadruddin Khan Azurda Dehlawi in his learning years. Another influence on him

3145-672: The Muslim community. Sir Syed supported the East India Company during the 1857 uprising , a role which has been criticised by some nationalists such as Jamaluddin Afghani . In 1859 Sir Syed published the booklet Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind ( The Causes of the Indian Revolt ) in Urdu in which he studied the causes of the Indian revolt. In this, his most famous work, he rejected the common notion that

3230-459: The Muslim gentry and middle classes. However, MAO College was open to all communities, and had a sizeable number of Hindu students. The first graduate of the college was a Hindu. The curriculum at the college involved scientific and Western subjects, as well as Oriental subjects and religious education. The first chancellor was Sultan Shah Jahan Begum , a prominent Muslim noblewoman, and Sir Syed invited an Englishman, Theodore Beck , to serve as

3315-542: The Principles of Commentary ), in which he laid down 15 principles on which he based his commentary. History was Sir Syed's preferred area of study and in 1840, Sir Syed compiled a book of chronological tables about the Timurid rulers of Delhi from Timur to Bahadur Shah Zafar at the behest of Robert N. C. Hamilton, his patron. It was later published under the title Jam-i-Jum ( Jamshed's Cup ). In Silsilat-ul-Mulk he compiled

3400-532: The Rejection of Innovations ), his fourth treatise, was published in 1850. In this work, he expressed his opposition to certain religious practices and beliefs of his fellow Muslims, which he felt were mixed with innovation and deviated from the true Sunnah . In 1852 he published Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh ( A Letter Explaining the Teaching of tasawwur i shaikh ), in which he defended tasawwur-i-Shaikh ,

3485-516: The Sufi practice of visualizing within, the image of one's spiritual guide. In 1853 he translated some passages of al-Ghazali 's Kimiya al Sa'ada ( The Alchemy of Happiness ). In 1862 while stationed at Ghazipur, Sir Syed started working on a commentary on the Bible and its teaching, with the aim to explain them in terms of Islam. It was published in Urdu and English in three parts from 1862 to 1865 under

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3570-591: The aggressive view of British historians towards Islam. His first treatise published in 1842 was a biographical sketch of Muhammad , called Jila al-Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub ( Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved ), in line with the reformist ideas of Shah Waliullah . It was prose for recitation on Mawlid written in idiomatic Urdu. He published his second treatise Tuhfa-i Hasan ( The Gift to Hasan ) in 1844 on

3655-499: The biographical data of all the rulers of Delhi in history. During his stay in Bijnor, he wrote a history on the city of Bijnor, but it was destroyed during the 1857 rebellion. He also wrote critical editions of books like Ziauddin Barani 's Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi published in 1862, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri published in 1864. However, his most important historical works that brought him fame as

3740-403: The biography of Sir Syed that: "As soon as Sir Syed reached Muradabad, he began to write the pamphlet entitled The Causes of the Indian Revolt ( Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind ), in which he did his best to clear the people of India, and especially the Muslims, of the charge of Mutiny. In spite of the obvious danger, he made a courageous and thorough report of the accusations people were making against

3825-470: The chewing of betels shall be strictly prohibited. No corporal punishment or any such punishment as is likely to injure a student's self-respect will be permissible... It will be strictly enforced that Shia and Sunni boys shall not discuss their religious differences in the College or in the boarding house. At present it is like a day dream. I pray to God that this dream may come true." He began publishing

3910-413: The consequences of the mutiny for his fellow Muslims in particular. He wrote a number of articles and pamphlets such as Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind ( The Causes of the Indian Revolt ), Loyal Muhammadans of India , and Review on Dr Hunter's Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? to defend Muslims and Islam and create a cordial relations between the British authorities and

3995-541: The conspiracy was planned by Muslim elites, who resented the diminishing influence of Muslim monarchs. He blamed the East India Company for its aggressive expansion as well as the ignorance of British politicians regarding Indian culture. Sir Syed advised the British to appoint Muslims to assist in administration, to prevent what he called ‘haramzadgi’ (a vulgar deed) such as the mutiny. Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali wrote in

4080-532: The courts. At the outbreak of the Indian rebellion , on 10 May 1857, Sir Syed was serving as the chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor. He stood by the British officers of Bijnor and saved the lives of many officers and their family members from the revolting soldiers. The conflict had left large numbers of civilians dead. Erstwhile centres of Muslim power such as Delhi, Agra, Lucknow and Kanpur were severely affected. He lost several close relatives who died in

4165-430: The death of his father in 1838, Sir Syed had lived a life customary for an affluent young Muslim noble. Upon his father's death, he inherited the titles of his grandfather and father and was awarded the title of Arif Jung by the emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar . Financial difficulties put an end to Sir Syed's formal education, although he continued to study in private, using books on a variety of subjects. Having recognized

4250-577: The encouragement of his friend Nur al Hasan. It is an Urdu translation of the tenth and twelfth chapter of Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi 's Tuhfah-i Ithna Ashariyya ( A treatise on the 12 Imams ), which was a critique of Shia beliefs. The tenth chapter deals and answers the Shia accusations against the Sahabi and Hazrat Aisha and the twelfth deals with the Shia doctrines of tawalli and tabarri . His third treatise, entitled Kalimat al-Haqq ( The True Discourse ),

4335-473: The first lithographically produced book illustrations in India. Syed Ahmad released the second edition of Ansar-as-Sanadid in 1854. However, the second edition was radically different from the first – the second was abbreviated and more factual. This work brought Sir Syed a wider fame and earned him the reputation of a cultured scholar. In 1861, it was translated into French by Gracin de Tassy in Paris. The book

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4420-420: The foreign secretary there. He told Sir Syed that he was displeased with the pamphlet and added that if he had really had the government's interests at heart, he would not have made his opinion known in this way throughout the country; he would have communicated it directly to the government. Sir Syed replied that he had only had 500 copies printed, the majority of which he had sent to England, one had been given to

4505-535: The government of India, and the remaining copies were still in his possession. Furthermore, he had the receipt to prove it. He was aware, he added, that the view of the rulers had been distorted by the stress and anxieties of the times, which made it difficult to put even the most straightforward problem in its right perspective. It was for this reason that he had not communicated his thoughts publicly. He promised that for every copy that could be found circulating in India he would personally pay 1,000 rupees. At first, Beadon

4590-554: The influence of Sufism and his upbringing in Delhi. The main themes of these works are popularization of the practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as the one true path and the desire to reform the lives of Indian Muslims from religious innovations, thus endeavoring for the purity of Islamic belief in India. His later religious writings, such as his commentary on the Torah and Gospel and his essays on Muhammad, were stimulated in response to Christian missionary activities in India and

4675-481: The journal Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq ( Social Reformer ) on 24 December 1870 to spread awareness and knowledge on modern subjects and promote reforms in Muslim society. Sir Syed worked to promote reinterpretation of Muslim ideology in order to reconcile tradition with Western education. He argued in several books on Islam that the Qur'an rested on an appreciation of reason and natural law, making scientific inquiry important to being

4760-456: The monuments in Shahjahanabad; and the last section presents a brief historical account of the various settlements of Delhi as well as the prominent inhabitants of Delhi, including Sufis (such as Shah Ghulam Ali and Saiyid Ahmad Shahid), physicians, scholars, poets, calligraphers, and musicians. It also contained around 130 illustrations drawn by Faiz Ali Khan and Mirza Shahrukh Beg, which were

4845-683: The natives of Hindoostan on education ). Upon his transfer to Aligarh in 1864, Sir Syed began working wholeheartedly as an educator. The Scientific Society was transferred from Ghazipur to Aligarh and rechristened as the Scientific Society of Aligarh . Modelling it after the Royal Society and the Royal Asiatic Society , Sir Syed assembled Muslim scholars from different parts of the country. The Society held annual conferences, disbursed funds for educational causes and regularly published

4930-560: The next few years, but neither of them was anything like the A'in : a vast and triumphalist document on the governance of Akbar. During the uprising of 1857, Sir Syed was posted as a chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor . He recorded the history of the mutiny in Tarikh i Sarkashi-ye Bijnor ( History of the Bijnor Rebellion ), which was published in 1858. He was deeply worried about

5015-448: The prosecution of Muslims in India especially in the North Western Provinces and those associated with Wahhabism were severely punished. Many Muslims found his arguments one-sided and this prompted Sir Syed to write a rejoinder of the book. He reviewed the book in The Pioneer in a series of articles which were reprinted in Aligarh Institute Gazette from 24 November 1871, to 23 February 1872. They were later collected and published in

5100-455: The rebellion, he penned the booklet The Causes of the Indian Mutiny – a daring critique, at the time, of various British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt. Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir Ahmad began promoting Western–style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organizing Islamic entrepreneurs. Victoria School at Ghazipur in 1863, and

5185-435: The school was converted into the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College . He retired from his career as a jurist the following year, concentrating entirely on developing the college and on religious reform. Sir Syed's pioneering work received support from the British. Although intensely criticised by orthodox religious leaders hostile to modern influences, Sir Syed's new institution attracted a large student body, mainly drawn from

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5270-424: The steady decline in Mughal political power, Sir Syed decided to enter the service of the East India Company . He could not enter the colonial civil service because it was only in the 1860s that Indians were admitted. His first appointment was as a Serestadar (lit. Clerk) of the Criminal Department in the Sadr Amin's office in Delhi, responsible for record-keeping and managing court affairs. In February 1839, he

5355-407: The study of medicine for several years under Hakim Ghulam Haider Khan. Sir Syed was also adept at swimming , shooting and other sports. He took an active part in the Mughal court's cultural activities and attended parties, festivals and recitations. Syed Ahmad's elder brother launched a weekly, “Syedul Akhbar”, from Delhi, which was one of the earliest Urdu newspapers in northern India. Until

5440-421: The tenure of Lord Lytton . The Viceroy was allowed to issue ordinances lasting six months if the Legislative Council is not in session in an emergency. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the British Government to take Indian nationals into the administration of India. He argued in his pamphlet The Causes of the Indian Revolt that the failure of the British to admit Indians into

5525-483: The title Tabin al-al-kalam Fi tafsir altawrat Wa ‘I-injil’ala millat al Islam ( Elucidation of the World in Commentary of the Torah and Gospel According to the Religion of Islam ). While the first part deals with the Islamic approach towards biblical writings, the second and third part contains commentary on the Book of Genesis and the Gospel of Matthew respectively. In 1869 he wrote Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya ( A Series of Essays on

5610-425: The two universities, and commercial interests. The remaining 26 seats were filled by government nomination. As the upper chamber under the Government of India Act 1935, the council had the following composition. The legislative council was initially given a three-year tenure. It became a permanent body under the Government of India Act 1935, which required one third of its members to retire. The Lieutenant Governor

5695-420: The violence. Although he succeeded in rescuing his mother from the turmoil, she died in Meerut , owing to the privations she had experienced. In 1858, he was appointed as Sadarus Sudoor , a high-ranking post at the court in Muradabad , where he began working on his most famous literary work, The Cause of the Indian Revolt . In 1862, he was transferred to Ghazipur , and later to Aligarh in 1864. In 1864 he

5780-436: The work to his satisfaction, and believing that Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib was a person who would appreciate his labours, Syed Ahmad approached the great Ghalib to write a taqriz (in the convention of the times, a laudatory foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged, but what he did produce was a short Persian poem castigating the A'in-e Akbari, and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, literate and learned Mughal culture of which it

5865-533: Was a product. The least that could be said against it was that the book had little value even as an antique document. Ghalib practically reprimanded Syed Ahmad Khan for wasting his talents and time on dead things. Worse, he praised sky-high the "sahibs of England" who at that time held all the keys to all the a’ins in this world. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan never again wrote a word in praise of the A'in-e Akbari and in fact gave up taking an active interest in history and archaeology. He did edit another two historical texts over

5950-420: Was also presented to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland in London, which made him an honorary fellow. In 1855, he finished his scholarly, and illustrated edition of Abul Fazl 's A'in-e Akbari . The first and the third volume of the work were both published in 1855. The second volume, sent to the publisher in 1857, was destroyed in the rebellion that took place that year. Having finished

6035-420: Was also translated by the government of India and several members of parliament, but no version was offered to the public. A translation which had been started by Auckland Colvin , a government official was finished by Sir Syed's friend, Colonel G.F.I. Graham, and finally published in 1873. In 1860, Sir Syed wrote a series of bilingual pamphlets called the Risala Khair Khwahan-e Musalmanan-e-Hind (An Account of

6120-531: Was an Indian Muslim reformer , philosopher , and educationist in nineteenth-century British India . Though initially espousing Hindu–Muslim unity , he later became the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India and is widely credited as the father of the two-nation theory , which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement . Born into a family with strong ties to the Mughal court , Ahmad studied science and

6205-550: Was awarded the Order of the Star of India from the British government on 6 August. Travelling across England, he visited its colleges and was inspired by the culture of learning established after the Renaissance . Sir Syed returned to India in the following year determined to build a school modelled on Cambridge and Oxford imparting modern education to Indians. Upon his return, he established

6290-481: Was born at a time when his father was involved in regional insurrections aided and led by the East India Company , which had replaced the power traditionally held by the Mughal state, reducing its monarch to a figurehead . Syed Ahmad was the youngest of three siblings. With his elder brother Syed Muhammad bin Muttaqi Khan and elder sister Safiyatun Nisa, Sir Syed was raised in the house of his maternal grandfather in

6375-581: Was given the power to create new provinces for legislative purposes and could appoint Lieutenant Governors for the provinces. However, from India's point of view, the act did little to improve the influence of Indians in the legislative council. The role of council was limited to advice, and no financial discussion could take place. This article about the law of India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Sir Syed Ahmad Khan KCSI , FRAS (17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898), also spelled Sayyid Ahmad Khan ,

6460-570: Was his teacher and friend in Agra, Nur al Hasan of Kandhala, a teacher in Arabic at Agra College in the early 1840s who encouraged and corrected his early works. He was also influenced by the works of the Tunisian reformer Hayreddin Pasha and adopted his approach of utilising freedom of expression for bringing reforms in the Muslim community. The western writers who most influenced his political thoughts were

6545-519: Was limited, particularly on budgets. It was delegated "transferred subjects" of education, public health, local government, agriculture and public works; while the "reserved subjects" of finance, police, land revenue, law, justice and labour remained with the Executive Council headed by the Governor of Bengal . Between 1905 and 1912, the council's geographical coverage was divided and partly delegated to

6630-428: Was made up and nothing could be done to change it, he wept and remained silent. After performing a supplementary prayer and asking God's blessing, Sir Syed sent almost all the 500 copies of his pamphlet to England, one to the government, and kept the rest himself. When the government of India had the book translated and presented before the council, Lord Canning, the governor-general, and Sir Bartle Frere accepted it as

6715-507: Was not convinced and asked Sir Syed over and over again if he was sure that no other copy had been distributed in India. Sir Syed reassured him on this matter, and Beadon never mentioned it again. Later he became one of Sir Syed's strongest supporters. Many official translations were made of the Urdu text of The Causes of the Indian Revolt . The one undertaken by the India Office formed the subject of many discussions and debates. The pamphlet

6800-820: Was one of the first religious schools to impart scientific education. Sir Syed also worked on social causes, helping to organise relief for the famine-struck people of North-West Province in 1860. While posted in Ghazipur in 1863, he established a madrasa which later became the Victoria High school. He also formed the Scientific Society in Ghazipur to promote educational reforms across the country. He wrote an insightful tract on education titled Iltimas Ba Khidmat-e-Sakinan-e-Hind Dar Bab-e- Taraqqi Taleem in Ahl-e-Hind ( Address to

6885-444: Was published in 1849. It is a critique of the prevalent Sufi practices around pir – murid relationships. The first part of the work is devoted to the concept of piri . In this part, he argues that Muhammad is the only valid pir. The work's second part is focused on muridi and the notion of bay'ah . He calls for reforms in the pir-murid relationship and the associated practises. Rah i Sunna dar radd i Bid'a ( The Sunna and

6970-526: Was sent to Banaras and elevated to the position of a Sub-Judge of Small Causes. In April 1869, he accompanied his two sons Syed Hamid and Syed Mahmood to England, the latter had obtained a scholarship to study in England. Sir Syed retired from government service in 1876 and settled in Aligarh. In 1878, he was nominated as an additional member of the Imperial Legislative Council, which he served from July 1878 to July 1880. He also served

7055-506: Was the chief guest. Do not show the face of Islam to others; instead show your face as the follower of true Islam representing character, knowledge, tolerance and piety. Syed Ahmad Taqvi 'Khan Bahadur' was born on 17 October 1817 to Syed Muhammad Muttaqi and Aziz-un-Nisa in Delhi , which was the capital of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar II . Many generations of his family had been highly connected with

7140-565: Was the ex-officio president of the council until 1909, when the council was given the right to elect its president and deputy president. Indian Councils Act 1861 The Indian Councils Act 1861 ( 24 & 25 Vict. c. 67) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that transformed India 's executive council to function as a cabinet run on the portfolio system. This cabinet had six "ordinary members", who each took charge of

7225-667: Was transferred to Agra and promoted to the title of Naib Munshi or deputy reader in the office of the Commissioner. In 1841 he was appointed as the Munsif or Sub-Judge of Fatehpur Sikri and later transferred to Delhi in 1846. He remained in Delhi until 1854 except for two short-term postings to Rohtak as officiating Sadr Amin in 1850 and 1853. In 1855 he was promoted to the post of Sadr Amin in Bijnor . Acquainted with high-ranking British officials, Sir Syed obtained close knowledge about British colonial politics during his service at

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