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87-636: Step aerobics was studied by physiologists in the 1980s, and in 1990 it swiftly grew in popularity in the U.S. as a style of health club exercise, largely because of promotion by Reebok of the Step Reebok device and associated exercise routines, prominently advocated by Gin Miller. Step aerobics attracted more men to group exercise classes. At its peak in 1995, there were 11.4 million people doing step aerobics. Today, step aerobics classes are carried by many health clubs. Exercise routines include weights held in

174-421: A StairMaster , and needs no electricity to operate. Music for step aerobics should be medium tempo, typically 118 to 122 beats per minute (bpm). A rhythm of 126–128 bpm is sometimes used for advanced classes; Reebok defined 128 bpm as the "fastest permissible speed." The style of music should emphasize the beat, for instance a steady four on the floor rather than offbeat syncopation . Choreography requires that

261-480: A 34-acre (14 ha) river park on city property, will be rolled out in phases over 15 years. ... The idea that San Diego State College was a place of opportunity, a friendly place ... where the individual student was the important, chief concern of the College. –Walter R. Hepner, explaining his purpose as President SDSU has had ten presidents, two of whom served in an acting capacity. Several structures on

348-649: A bell and visual stimuli. In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard 's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as " homeostasis " by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon in 1929. By homeostasis, Cannon meant "the maintenance of steady states in

435-480: A choice of heights: 10, 11 and 12 inches. Small weights held in the hands could also be used. Fitness instructor Kathy Smith first experienced the Williams/Miller prototype step aerobics program during its early days, thinking "This is the most cutting-edge workout I’ve ever seen." Miller and Williams formed a company called Bench Blast in late 1988, making wooden steps from 6 to 12 inches high. They began to sell

522-575: A competing commercial proposal called SoccerCity. Negotiations began for SDSU to purchase the property from the city of San Diego. On May 29, 2020, the city council gave conceptual approval to sell 135 acres, including the stadium, to SDSU for $ 88 million. SDSU broke ground for a new 35,000-seat stadium in August 2020. The stadium, which opened in September 2022 as Snapdragon Stadium , hosts SDSU football games and various concerts and events. Snapdragon Stadium

609-497: A distinct subdiscipline. In 1920, August Krogh won the Nobel Prize for discovering how, in capillaries, blood flow is regulated. In 1954, Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley, alongside their research team, discovered the sliding filaments in skeletal muscle , known today as the sliding filament theory. Recently, there have been intense debates about the vitality of physiology as a discipline (Is it dead or alive?). If physiology

696-461: A financial crisis. Nonetheless, enrollment has fluctuated through the years and rose back to nearly 35,000 (exceeding the cap) in 2008. For the fall 2016 semester, the university had a total enrollment of 33,778 students – approximately 29,046 undergraduate and 4,732 postgraduate – making it one of the largest research universities in the state of California. In fall 2013, SDSU had the most doctoral students enrolled in its history at 534 students, also

783-423: A good workout method for others. Working with Connie Collins Williams, Miller used prototypes made of plywood, and tried them out in an Atlanta Gold's Gym franchise, the location later called Sportslife. Working together, they developed 250 separate step-based movements. The program was aimed at men, the usual gym-goers at Gold's. These wooden prototype benches were very long: 24 by 2 feet (7.32 by 0.61 m), with

870-455: A medical field originates in classical Greece , at the time of Hippocrates (late 5th century BC). Outside of Western tradition, early forms of physiology or anatomy can be reconstructed as having been present at around the same time in China , India and elsewhere. Hippocrates incorporated the theory of humorism , which consisted of four basic substances: earth, water, air and fire. Each substance

957-462: A new step with angular nesting legs. They featured this new step in a moody industrial video led by Gin Miller, driven by live percussionists in a band. The video starts with a 1991 TV commercial showing a fit young couple running up the steps of the Guatemalan pyramid Tikal , intercut with scenes of people using the previous rounded step design in teal and purple. Then the Miller workout is performed on

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1044-597: A part of the California State Colleges system, now known as the California State University . In 1972, San Diego State College became California State University, San Diego , and finally, in 1974, San Diego State University (SDSU). John F. Kennedy , then the president of the United States , gave the graduation commencement address at the then-San Diego State College on June 6, 1963. Kennedy

1131-632: A research park and related facilities. The campus originally served only upper division, teacher certification, and graduate students but now serves a selective cohort of freshmen and sophomores pursuing degrees in criminal justice, liberal studies, or psychology. SDSU Georgia is a branch campus located in Tbilisi, Georgia , in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia. SDSU Georgia is run in conjunction with three Georgian universities: Georgian Technical University (GTU), Ilia State University (ISU), and Tbilisi State University (TSU). The SDSU-Georgia branch campus

1218-641: A time could perform her leg-strengthening and aerobics movements on one bench. In 1988 when she heard about the Bench Blast project, she put together a video production company with Chris Williams, the owner of Four Seasons Health Spa in Glassboro , forming Step N Motion Videos. They produced their first step aerobics video in mid-1989, using wooden benches. Problems with the Bench Blast wooden benches included difficulty of storage, sideways instability, slippery upper surface when wet with sweat, dangerous sharp corners, and

1305-430: A unified science of life based on the cell actions, later renamed in the 20th century as cell biology . In the 20th century, biologists became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology . Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew . Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become

1392-644: Is a public research university in San Diego, California , United States. Founded in 1897, it is the third-oldest university and southernmost in the 23-member California State University (CSU) system. SDSU is the oldest higher education institution in San Diego; its academic roots were established as a normal school in University Heights , then known as the San Diego Normal School. In the fall of 2024,

1479-480: Is a doctorate. The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked San Diego State University as one of the top 200 world universities for Economics/Business (between 151 and 200). In graduate school rankings, QS Global 200 Business Schools Report ranks SDSU's business college the 80th best in all of North America. Bloomberg Businessweek ranked SDSU as #84 among business colleges in the United States. As there are 1656 schools offering business degree programs in

1566-550: Is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology , plant ecology , phytochemistry , cell biology , genetics , biophysics , and molecular biology . Fundamental processes of plant physiology include photosynthesis , respiration , plant nutrition , tropisms , nastic movements , photoperiodism , photomorphogenesis , circadian rhythms , seed germination , dormancy , and stomata function and transpiration . Absorption of water by roots, production of food in

1653-427: Is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical. Changes in physiology can impact the mental functions of individuals. Examples of this would be the effects of certain medications or toxic levels of substances. Change in behavior as a result of these substances is often used to assess the health of individuals. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology

1740-517: Is also a top producer of U.S. Fulbright Scholars, the U.S. government's flagship international educational exchange program. SDSU has had more than 65 students receive Fulbright Scholarships since 2005. The university ranks No. 30 as the nation's best universities for veterans, according to Military Times Edge. SDSU ranks among the top universities for economic and campus ethnic diversity according to U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Colleges 2012". Nearly 45 percent of all SDSU graduates are

1827-535: Is also the home of San Diego Wave FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the San Diego Legion of Major League Rugby (MLR). A new Major League Soccer expansion team, San Diego FC , begins play at the stadium in 2025. The entire $ 3.5 billion project, now known as SDSU Mission Valley, includes housing, office and retail space, hotels, and 80 acres (32 ha) of parks and open space including

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1914-450: Is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI). For fall 2021, SDSU received 24,993 applications for transfer admission and accepted 7,312 (an admission rate of 29.3 percent). The average incoming GPA for transfer students was 3.43. Fall 2018 admitted freshmen had an average high school GPA of 3.93, average ACT score of 27.0, and average SAT score of 1,264 (out of 1,600;

2001-400: Is essential for diagnosing and treating health conditions and promoting overall wellbeing. It seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning, through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at

2088-462: Is known for having a corresponding humor: black bile, phlegm, blood, and yellow bile, respectively. Hippocrates also noted some emotional connections to the four humors, on which Galen would later expand. The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece . Like Hippocrates , Aristotle took to

2175-906: Is offering courses leading to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) bachelor's degrees. SDSU formerly operated a campus in North County , which was later converted into California State University San Marcos . In the South Bay, SDSU operated a campus in National City, California . This campus shared facilities with Southwestern College . The South Bay Campus is now closed indefinitely. The university awards 190 bachelor's degrees , 91 master's degrees , and 30 doctoral degrees, including EdD , DPT , JD , AuD , DNP , and PhD programs in collaboration with other universities. SDSU also offers 26 different teaching credentials . The university offers more doctoral degrees than any other campus in

2262-555: Is one of nine sites selected by the U.S. Department of Education to serve as a National Language Resource Center. SDSU is home to the first-ever MBA program in Global Entrepreneurship. As part of the program, students study at four universities worldwide, including the United States, China, the Middle East, and India. Corporate partners include Qualcomm , Invitrogen , Intel , Microsoft , and KPMG . In 1970, SDSU founded

2349-580: Is perhaps less visible nowadays than during the golden age of the 19th century, it is in large part because the field has given birth to some of the most active domains of today's biological sciences, such as neuroscience , endocrinology , and immunology . Furthermore, physiology is still often seen as an integrative discipline, which can put together into a coherent framework data coming from various different domains. Initially, women were largely excluded from official involvement in any physiological society. The American Physiological Society , for example,

2436-522: Is shared by fewer than two dozen facilities around the world. SDSU comprises three liberal arts colleges: and five vocational colleges, It is also home to the Weber Honors College. SDSU has two named schools established in the university by permanent endowments: Additionally, SDSU has 11 focused schools: The financial endowment of SDSU is valued at $ 353.2 million as of 2021. The primary philanthropic arm of San Diego State University

2523-649: Is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system . As a subdiscipline of biology , physiology focuses on how organisms , organ systems , individual organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system. According to the classes of organisms , the field can be divided into medical physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , cell physiology , and comparative physiology . Central to physiological functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes, homeostatic control mechanisms, and communication between cells. Physiological state

2610-552: Is the Campanile Foundation, controlled by the University Advancement division of the university. The San Diego State University Research Foundation , an auxiliary corporation owned and controlled by the university, is the manager and administrator of all philanthropic funds and external funding for the university and its affiliated and auxiliary foundations and corporations. As of June 30, 2021, permanent assets of

2697-540: Is the condition of normal function. In contrast, pathological state refers to abnormal conditions , including human diseases . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine . Because physiology focuses on the functions and mechanisms of living organisms at all levels, from

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2784-655: The Aztecs . They compete in NCAA Division I ( FBS ) as a member of the Mountain West Conference . The university currently fields varsity teams across 17 NCAA-sanctioned sports. SDSU Mission Valley is a 166-acre (67 ha) noncontiguous expansion parcel west of the main campus; it contains Snapdragon Stadium , home of the Aztecs football team, with facilities for university research and housing planned. Established on March 13, 1897, San Diego State University first began as

2871-696: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , then being debated in the Senate . On August 15, 1996, there was a school shooting that occurred at the engineering building. Three professors were killed by master's degree student Frederick Martin Davidson. Three months later, a copycat threat flier was sent, with threats against professors and racial insults. In April 2012, the XIV Dalai Lama spoke at SDSU's Viejas Arena as part of his "Compassion Without Borders" tour. After

2958-642: The Coastal Waters Laboratory , is an academic laboratory operated by the SDSU College of Sciences. It is located on a coastal site on the grounds of the old San Diego Naval Training Center (now part of Liberty Station ). SDSU operates a branch campus, Imperial Valley Campus (SDSU Imperial Valley) located in Calexico, California , with an additional campus in Brawley, California . SDSU Imperial Valley includes

3045-465: The San Diego Normal School , and was initially meant to educate local women as elementary school teachers. It was located on a 17-acre (6.9 ha) campus on Park Boulevard in University Heights (now the headquarters of San Diego Unified School District ). It opened with seven faculty members and 91 students; at first, the curriculum was limited to English, history and mathematics. In 1923,

3132-452: The University of Pittsburgh . Goss et al examined the popular HeavyHands hand weights fitness product combined with stepping exercises on the "Superstep" 12-inch (30.5 cm) fitness bench, comparing this combination to treadmill exercises and finding them equivalent. Goss followed this in 1988 with an evaluation of the energy expenditure of step aerobics combined with hand weights. At

3219-704: The 1990s because the style was simpler, not based on dance choreography with unfamiliar dance lingo. Mixed-gender step classes were common from the start. On the other hand, dance routines can be brought into step aerobics, for instance Phillip Weeden's "X-treme" hip-hop dance program with music by Beyoncé , Silentó and old school rappers. Elements of step aerobics can be blended into other exercise styles such as kickboxing or Zumba to create hybrid or combo styles. Physiology Physiology ( / ˌ f ɪ z i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i / ; from Ancient Greek φύσις ( phúsis )  'nature, origin' and -λογία ( -logía )  'study of')

3306-529: The CSU Board of Trustees appointed Adela de la Torre to serve as the permanent President. De la Torre is the first woman to serve in the role on a permanent basis. Several buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places : Other buildings on campus include: In 1937, Quetzal Hall, the first dormitory, opened for 40 women students and was located off campus. In 1968, the coed dorm Zura Hall

3393-778: The IDEA International Aerobics Convention in Nashville. Also in town for the convention, Gin Miller appeared on Nashville's TV show Talk of the Town on July 28 to promote Bench Blast. New Jersey fitness instructor Dawn Brown released Step It Out in 1990, one of the earliest adopters of Step Reebok. In 1991, more videos of step aerobics were released by Cher , Stacey Benson, Denise Austin , Victoria Johnson, Jenny Ford, Gilad Janklowicz , Debbie Tellshow, Cory Everson , Karen Flores, Carolyn Brown, and Esquire magazine featuring Marian Ramaikas. A smaller device called Super Step

3480-655: The MBA/Juris Doctor program by Eduniversal for each programs' international outreach and reputation in 2011. SDSU and Universidad Autónoma de Baja California in Mexico offered the first transnational dual degree between the United States and Mexico, in 1994, through the MEXUS/International Business program. SDSU's international business program also runs transnational dual degree programs with Brazil, Canada, Chile, and Mexico. SDSU's Language Acquisition Resource Center

3567-539: The San Diego Normal School became San Diego State Teachers College , "a four-year public institution controlled by the California State Board of Education ." By the 1930s the school had outgrown its original campus. In 1931 it moved to its current location on Montezuma Mesa at what was then the eastern edge of San Diego. In 1935, the school expanded its offerings beyond teacher education and became San Diego State College . In 1960, San Diego State College became

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3654-556: The U.S. (529 of which are accredited by AACSB, the bulk of the others by ACBSP), these rankings would put SDSU in the top 5% of American business schools (or the top 15% of American AACSB schools). Its MBA program is also ranked by QS as between the 151st and 200th best in the world. The Center For World University Rankings ranks San Diego State University as #376 globally and #126 nationally as of 2017. The CWUR rankings place emphasis on alumni employment and quality of teaching, rather than being purely research-based like ARWU's. SDSU

3741-403: The benches and teach their style of step aerobics. The two split in 1989, with Miller leaving for Reebok. Miller's friend and Reebok shoe representative Kelly Watson saw the Bench Blast program, and recommended Miller visit Angel Martinez, Reebok's Director of Business Development. Martinez thought the step aerobics idea was good, and introduced Miller to Reebok CEO Paul Fireman who quickly gave

3828-418: The blood . Santorio Santorio in 1610s was the first to use a device to measure the pulse rate (the pulsilogium ), and a thermoscope to measure temperature. In 1791 Luigi Galvani described the role of electricity in the nerves of dissected frogs. In 1811, César Julien Jean Legallois studied respiration in animal dissection and lesions and found the center of respiration in the medulla oblongata . In

3915-421: The body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated." In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment. William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology. Nineteenth-century physiologists such as Michael Foster , Max Verworn , and Alfred Binet , based on Haeckel 's ideas, elaborated what came to be called "general physiology",

4002-451: The campus are named in past presidents' honor, such as Hardy Memorial Tower , Hepner Hall (integrated in the university's logo), and Malcolm A. Love Library . In March 2017 President Hirshman announced his resignation for June 30, 2017; he will assume the position of president at Stevenson University in Maryland. Sally Roush was the interim president until January 31, 2018. On that date,

4089-527: The country out of 739 schools evaluated for its 2020 "Best Colleges for Your Money" edition. U.S. News & World Report 2021 rankings: SDSU is tied for 143rd overall among 389 national universities, tied for 65th among 209 "Top Public Schools", tied for 100th out of 142 "Best Colleges for Veterans", and 153rd out of 180 "Best Value Schools" among national universities in the U.S. The College of Engineering 's undergraduate program ranks tied for 102nd out of 206 schools whose highest engineering degree offered

4176-538: The death rate from surgery by a substantial amount. The Physiological Society was founded in London in 1876 as a dining club. The American Physiological Society (APS) is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1887. The Society is, "devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences." In 1891, Ivan Pavlov performed research on "conditional responses" that involved dogs' saliva production in response to

4263-642: The departure of the San Diego Chargers for Los Angeles in 2017, SDSU endeavored to gain control of San Diego Stadium (then called Qualcomm Stadium) and surrounding city property. The stadium hosted the San Diego State Aztecs football team, connected to the SDSU main campus by SDSU Transit Center . The proposal, called SDSU West, was put to city voters in November 2017 where it won approval by 54%, beating out

4350-474: The election of women was celebrated in 2015 with the publication of the book "Women Physiologists: Centenary Celebrations And Beyond For The Physiological Society." ( ISBN   978-0-9933410-0-7 ) Prominent women physiologists include: Human physiology Animal physiology Plant physiology Fungal physiology Protistan physiology Algal physiology Bacterial physiology San Diego State University San Diego State University ( SDSU )

4437-403: The entire California State University , while also enrolling the largest student body of doctoral students in the system. In 2015, SDSU enrolled the most doctoral students in its entire history. San Diego State University is consistently one of the most applied-to universities in the United States, receiving over 60,500 undergraduate applications (including transfer and first time freshman) for

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4524-400: The fall 2018 semester and accepting nearly 21,300 for an admission rate of 35.1 percent across the university, the third-lowest admission rate in the 23-campus California State University system. In Fall 2022, SDSU hit an all time high enrollment record student body of nearly 37,000 and an alumni base of more than 400,000. San Diego State University is a Hispanic-serving institution and

4611-593: The first women's studies program in the country. Modern Healthcare ranked SDSU second for graduate schools for physician executives in relation to their Master in Public Health program. SDSU is ranked No. 9 in Fortune Small Business's "America's Best Colleges For Entrepreneurs". In 2016, San Diego State University's Conrad Prebys Aztec Student Union achieved LEED Double Platinum status, joining an elite group of energy-efficient buildings. The recognition

4698-516: The first in their family to receive a college degree. Internationally, SDSU offers 335 international education programs in 52 countries. Thirty-four SDSU programs now require international experience for graduation. SDSU ranks first in California among universities of its type in California and third among all universities in California for students studying abroad as part of their college experience. SDSU also ranks 22nd among universities nationwide for

4785-1076: The form of an adjustable-height step. William J. Saunders and Samuel Crosby of IDA worked with QPI, a plastics molding company in Atlanta, to prepare a prototype step, which was first displayed in October 1989 in Chicago at a trade show. Reebok licensed "The Step" through Boggs and Irwin's new company, Sports Step. The step base unit was teal with a black non-skid upper surface. It came with two sets of risers in contrasting colors: purple and gray for health clubs, purple and pink for home users. The first official deliveries were in January 1990, carrying Reebok's name as well as The Step trademark. Early demonstration units were trialed by Step Reebok in select health clubs, including Mezzeplex in West Los Angeles in December 1989. Gin Miller taught

4872-480: The general public, step aerobics classes were attracting major media attention, starting with a March 1990 article published by The New York Times . Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at hundreds of exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of step devices, and millions of lightweight, flexible high-top shoes with ankle support. For promoting aerobics through Step Reebok, Miller

4959-500: The go-ahead to hire Miller and start a major product campaign. Reebok already had connections with many health clubs through their shoe promotions, and they were very interested in any new aerobics program which would attract male customers, since existing classes were about 90% women. Reebok commissioned physiology trials of the step exercise program, undertaken in 1989 by Doctors Lorna and Peter Francis at San Diego State University . The Francis study showed that 40 minutes of step aerobics

5046-510: The hands for upper body development. Music with a medium (not fast) tempo often accompanies the routine, and learning a choreography sequence can hold the participants' interest. Aerobics traces its origin to the 1968 book Aerobics by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper , which inspired Jacki Sorensen to start her Aerobic Dancing program, combining music and dance routines to create an aerobic exercise pattern. Also in 1969, Judi Missett developed Jazzercise , combining jazz dance with fun exercise in much

5133-401: The heights were too challenging. Lyle Irwin, a shareholder of Sportslife gym, saw Williams and Miller struggling with these problems; he suggested the first adjustable-height step bench on June 19, 1989, with nesting stacked layers, and later patented the idea. Sportslife CEO Rich Boggs joined with Irwin to hire Industrial Design Associates (IDA) to fabricate an attractive plastic exercise aide in

5220-485: The highest amount of doctorate-seeking students enrolled across the 23-campus CSU system. San Diego State University ranked 227th in the U.S. for in-state students in PayScale 's 2019 "Best Value Colleges", which ranked 2,006 colleges and universities for return on investment (ROI). According to PayScale' s projections, SDSU has a 20-year net return on investment of $ 435,000. Money magazine ranked SDSU 79th in

5307-502: The humoral theory of disease, which also consisted of four primary qualities in life: hot, cold, wet and dry. Galen ( c.  130 –200 AD) was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body. Unlike Hippocrates, Galen argued that humoral imbalances can be located in specific organs, including the entire body. His modification of this theory better equipped doctors to make more precise diagnoses. Galen also played off of Hippocrates' idea that emotions were also tied to

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5394-458: The humors, and added the notion of temperaments: sanguine corresponds with blood; phlegmatic is tied to phlegm; yellow bile is connected to choleric; and black bile corresponds with melancholy. Galen also saw the human body consisting of three connected systems: the brain and nerves, which are responsible for thoughts and sensations; the heart and arteries, which give life; and the liver and veins, which can be attributed to nutrition and growth. Galen

5481-410: The individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as appareils ). In 1858, Joseph Lister studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds. He later discovered and implemented antiseptics in the operating room, and as a result, decreased

5568-402: The leaves, and growth of shoots towards light are examples of plant physiology. Human physiology is the study of how the human body's systems and functions work together to maintain a stable internal environment. It includes the study of the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, as well as cellular and exercise physiology. Understanding human physiology

5655-449: The level of organs and systems within systems. The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals. The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It

5742-455: The molecular and cellular level to the level of whole organisms and populations, its foundations span a range of key disciplines: There are many ways to categorize the subdisciplines of physiology: Although there are differences between animal , plant , and microbial cells, the basic physiological functions of cells can be divided into the processes of cell division , cell signaling , cell growth , and cell metabolism . Plant physiology

5829-764: The music present a predictable 32-beat, eight-measure sequence. Playlists for aerobic dance may include such songs as " Strut " by the Cheetah Girls , " Carry Out " by Timbaland featuring Justin Timberlake , and " Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall " by Coldplay . Step and bench devices are usually molded polyethylene plastic, covered in rubber or other non-slip surface, with the lowest height starting at 4 inches (10 cm). This height can be increased in 2-inch (5 cm) increments to 8 inches (20 cm). Studies have been made of 10- and 12-inch benches, but these are not recommended for popular step aerobics classes. The height of

5916-475: The new angular step design in dark and light gray. A new Step Reebok logo was issued, with three horizontal lines representing the 'E' in Step. Step aerobics is one of several low-impact aerobic exercises, along with water aerobics, dance aerobics and fast walking. Step aerobics is similar to climbing stairs , but performed while staying in one place. The step platform itself is much less expensive and more portable than

6003-409: The notion of physiological division of labor, which allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of Adam Smith , Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of

6090-490: The number of people who were involved in fitness. Stair climbing exercise was already thousands of years old when physiologists started studying its medical characteristics in the 20th century. Climbing stairs was long known to be healthy exercise for the heart. The act of stepping up and down on one bench was studied in 1986 by a team led by Doctor Fredric L. Goss of the Human Energy Research Laboratory at

6177-612: The number of students studying abroad (Institute of International Education). Since 2000, nearly 12,000 students have studied abroad: a 900 percent increase in that time. SDSU's undergraduate international business program ranks eleventh in the nation, according to U.S. News & World Report ' s "America's Best Colleges 2012". SDSU is ranked fifth in Sports Management; 23rd in the MBA/MA in Latin American Studies; and 46th in

6264-486: The overall student body resides in on-campus housing. SDSU offers themed living communities in the freshman and upperclassman housing, such as "pathways for transfers", " gender-neutral housing ", and "explore San Diego". Since 1968, SDSU's Astronomy Department has owned Mount Laguna Observatory located in the Cleveland National Forest . The Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory (CMIL), formerly known as

6351-548: The routines to local instructors. Mezzeplex began offering two to three step aerobics classes every day. Demand for the Step Reebok device quickly rose, requiring Boggs to add two more manufacturing plants in other cities, including one in Ontario, California . Combined, the three plants were making 50,000 steps every month. Sports Step extended their reach with manufacturing licenses in Japan and Europe. Two months after its introduction to

6438-464: The same time, Atlanta -based aerobics competitor Gin Miller was sidelined from high-impact activities in 1986 when she injured her knee. She was advised by her physical therapist to build her strength back up by stepping on and off an upside-down plastic milk crate (11 inches (28 cm) tall). The crate was too high, so she used her 8-inch front porch step instead. After a few weeks of therapy, she noticed her increased fitness and realized this would be

6525-442: The same way. Building through the 1970s, Missett's Jazzercise and Sorensen's Aerobic Dancing became very popular in the U.S., such that by 1981–82 they counted 4,000 instructors each, and more than 300,000 students combined. In 1982, Jane Fonda's Workout video changed the fitness world dramatically, starting a boom in home video exercise instruction through the 1980s and beyond. This same boom benefited health clubs by increasing

6612-598: The same year, Charles Bell finished work on what would later become known as the Bell–Magendie law , which compared functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord . In 1824, François Magendie described the sensory roots and produced the first evidence of the cerebellum's role in equilibration to complete the Bell–Magendie law. In the 1820s, the French physiologist Henri Milne-Edwards introduced

6699-431: The step should be tailored to the individual; lower levels for beginners. Typical steps have a length and width of 43 by 16 inches (109 by 41 cm). A smaller product called Super Step was 28 by 14 inches (71 by 36 cm). The step is never approached with the participant's back toward it. While women were already doing aerobic dance in the 1970s and 1980s, outnumbering men 9 to 1, men were attracted to step aerobics in

6786-616: The university enrolled over 38,000 students. The university comprises eight colleges and offers over 200 degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission . SDSU is a federally-designated Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) as well as an Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-serving institution (AANAPISI). SDSU's athletic teams are collectively known as

6873-606: The writing section is not considered). 34.36 percent of the 68,897 freshman applicants were admitted for fall 2018. The university reached its peak enrollment in 1987 with a student body of 35,945 FTES (Full-Time Equivalent Students), which made it at the time the largest university in California and the tenth largest university in the United States. Due to the overwhelming number of students and lack of facilities and majors, The California State University Board of Trustees voted to cap enrollment for SDSU at 33,000. However, in 1993 enrollment dropped to 26,800 (the lowest since 1973) due to

6960-402: Was also the founder of experimental physiology. And for the next 1,400 years, Galenic physiology was a powerful and influential tool in medicine . Jean Fernel (1497–1558), a French physician, introduced the term "physiology". Galen, Ibn al-Nafis , Michael Servetus , Realdo Colombo , Amato Lusitano and William Harvey , are credited as making important discoveries in the circulation of

7047-410: Was built, and more rooms were added later. Chapultepec Hall held 580 students when first built. Today, the university owns and operates housing for over 4,100 students in residence halls and student apartments, fraternity row, and language and honors housing. There are over 15 dorms located on campus. Approximately 63 percent of first-time freshmen live in on-campus housing, while about 14 percent of

7134-640: Was equivalent to running 7 miles (11 km) in terms of oxygen breathed and calories burnt, but the body stress was much lower, the same as normal walking. Lorna Francis also observed a Bench Blast training session in May 1989, remarking that it was an excellent overall exercise regimen for people without joint problems. Meanwhile, in New Jersey, fitness trainer Cathe Friedrich had been working with long wooden benches which were 14 inches (36 cm) high. Up to six people at

7221-923: Was founded in 1887 and included only men in its ranks. In 1902, the American Physiological Society elected Ida Hyde as the first female member of the society. Hyde, a representative of the American Association of University Women and a global advocate for gender equality in education, attempted to promote gender equality in every aspect of science and medicine. Soon thereafter, in 1913, J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society , which had been founded in 1876. On 3 July 1915, six women were officially admitted: Florence Buchanan , Winifred Cullis , Ruth Skelton , Sarah C. M. Sowton , Constance Leetham Terry , and Enid M. Tribe . The centenary of

7308-529: Was given an honorary doctorate degree in law at the ceremony, making SDSC the first California State College to award an honorary doctorate. In 1964, the event was registered as California Historical Landmark #798. On May 29, 1964, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a near-capacity audience in the Open Air Theater. King discussed his vision for the future and called for the passage of

7395-479: Was named IDEA Fitness Instructor of the Year in 1991. Step aerobics programs were soon developed by Jazzercise, Kathy Smith, Jane Fonda , Molly Fox, and New Zealand health club founder Les Mills . The year 1995 was the peak of step aerobics, with 11.4 million practitioners. The first home video of step aerobics was released during the weekend of July 28–30, 1989, by Cathe Friedrich who sold out her supply of tapes at

7482-647: Was promoted with a video by Brenda Dykgraaf (later Dygraf) and Kathy Smith . Miller's Bench Blast colleague and co-developer Connie Collins Williams trademarked "BenchAerobix" in 1990, and at the same time put out a step aerobics video called BenchAerobix . Williams trained instructors in her method, and promoted a smaller molded plastic bench, 36 by 14 inches (91 by 36 cm), with a fixed height of 8 inches for most students, and 10 inches for advanced levels. She sold Bench Blast to Reebok in 1991, to focus on BenchAerobix. Bench Blast trainer Sindy Benson joined Reebok's 14-person training team. In March 1992, Reebok designed

7569-410: Was provided by animal experimentation . Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum. Involving evolutionary physiology and environmental physiology , comparative physiology considers the diversity of functional characteristics across organisms. The study of human physiology as

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