Misplaced Pages

#949050

35-446: Since it was founded in 1887, the APS has had 93 presidents lead the organization, beginning with founder Henry Bowditch and continuing through its current president, Linda C. Samuelson . The APS is governed by an elected Council consisting of the president, the president-elect, the immediate past president, and nine councillors. Management of the affairs of the society is the responsibility of

70-580: A college or university . The most common type of these undergraduate degrees are associate degree and bachelor's degree . Bachelor's degree typically takes at least three or four years to complete. In some other educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a master's degree; this is the case for some science courses in Britain and some long-cycle medicine courses in other European countries. These degrees can be categorised as basic or first professional degrees. In

105-485: A laurea , the student must complete a thesis, but a less demanding one than required for the old laurea (typically, a non-research thesis). There is not necessarily a laurea course for every discipline. For instance, for disciplines as Medicine or Jurisprudence only laurea magistrale courses are provided. First professional degrees sometimes contain the word Doctor , but are still considered undergraduate degrees in most countries, including Canada . For example,

140-664: A Postgraduate degree course. In the Postgrad, only students graduating from Stricto Sensu courses, that is, academic or professional master's and doctoral degrees and are given the titles of Master or Doctor, respectively. For students of the Lato Sensu – specializations, MBA programs and Post-MBA programs – is given certificates of completion and the title Specialist. Graduate degrees in Brazil are called "postgraduate" degrees. Education in Uruguay

175-804: A doctoral degree. Undergraduate Student membership is for individuals working toward an undergraduate degree that will eventually lead to work in physiology or a related field. The American Physiological Society provides its membership with opportunities to be involved with the society through service on its various committees . The committees are: Animal Care and Experimentation, Awards, Career Opportunities in Physiology, Chapter Advisory Committee, Committee on Committees, Communications, Conferences, Daggs Award, Education, Finance, International Physiology, Joint Program, Physiologists in Industry, Membership, Perkins Memorial Fellowship, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (formerly

210-543: A full-time executive director, appointed by and responsible to the Council. The society maintains a staff and offices in Rockville, Maryland. It conducts its operations based on a constitution and bylaws, as given in the society's Operational Guide. As a nonprofit scientific organization, the society holds tax-exempt status. The organization is managed by Executive Director Scott Steen, CAE, FASAE. The American Physiological Society

245-496: A link between the milieu interieur of Claude Bernard, his teacher, and homeostasis as developed by his student Walter Cannon. Undergraduate degree An undergraduate degree (also called first degree or simply degree ) is a colloquial term for an academic degree earned by a person who has completed undergraduate courses. In the United States, it is usually offered at an institution of higher education , such as

280-799: A nonprofit publisher . There are 16 scholarly, peer-reviewed journals covering specialized aspects of physiology. Ten of the journals are published twice monthly. All told, APS publishes some 3,100 original peer-reviewed articles annually, totaling approximately 32,000 pages per year. Members can affiliate with one of twelve disciplinary sections composed of members that share a common interest. The sections are Cardiovascular , Cell and Molecular Physiology, Central Nervous System , Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, Neural Control and Autonomic Regulation, Renal Physiology, Respiration , Teaching of Physiology and Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis. Each member

315-440: A personal description of his father. Bowditch did much experimentation in a cottage at an Adirondack camp at the head of Keene Valley which bore his name. There, with a well-equipped workshop the son witnessed considerable "inventiveness and manual skill" that Henry also applied in the physiology lab. Bowditch was granted honorary degrees from five universities: Cambridge, Edinburgh, Toronto, Pennsylvania, and Harvard. Since 1956

350-460: Is asked to designate one primary, and two secondary section affiliations. Sections have their own internal governance. The APS has a variety of membership categories. Regular membership is for individuals conducting original research in physiology. Affiliate membership is for individuals interested in physiology but without the evidence of scholarly work. Graduate Student membership is for any student engaged in physiological work that will culminate in

385-541: The laurea (formerly laurea triennale , meaning "three-year laurea ") is the most common type of "undergraduate degree". It is equivalent to a bachelor's degree and its normative time to completion is three years (note that in Italy scuola secondaria superiore or Lyceum [secondary or grammar school], takes five years, so it ends at 19 years of age). Not to be confused with the old laurea —now called laurea magistrale —which typically used to last five or six years. To earn

SECTION 10

#1732837084950

420-486: The American Physiological Society has selected a distinguished physiologist to deliver the "Henry Pickering Bowditch Award Lecture". Henry Pickering Bowditch was known for his physiological work on cardiac contraction and knee jerk . He also developed an interest in anthropometry , and showed that nutrition and environmental factors contribute to physiological development. Bowditch can be seen as

455-855: The Fifth Massachusetts Colored Cavalry Regiment . After graduation from Harvard Medical School in 1868, he went to Paris to study with Claude Bernard . In Bernard’s lab he worked alongside Louis-Antoine Ranvier , later known for neuroanatomy, and Étienne-Jules Marey who promoted the use of photography to capture physiological dynamics. According to Walter Bradford Cannon , when in Paris, Bowditch joined with fellow Bostonians John Collins Warren Jr. , William James , and Charles Emerson for frog-hunting parties. Bowditch continued his European studies in Bonn with Wilhelm Kuhne and Max Schultze . Ultimately he proceeded to Leipzig where Carl Ludwig

490-734: The United Kingdom , a bachelor's degree is the most common type of undergraduate degree. Some master's degrees , known as integrated master's degrees, can be undertaken immediately after finishing secondary education ; these courses are usually extended versions of bachelor's degree programs, taking an additional year to complete. Most bachelor's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland take three years to complete, with some notable exceptions, such as Medicine taking five years (these, like integrated master's degrees, are master's-level qualifications that include study at bachelor's level). In Italy ,

525-579: The University Reform of 1918 , a series of reforms that took place in the Universidad de Córdoba that further changed the Argentine educational system. Currently there are three levels: For a better understanding of education levels in Brazil, it is necessary to understand the structure of the higher education in the country. The present Brazilian system is organized according to the law that establishes

560-569: The 23 community colleges with a transfer associate degree and a minimum grade point average to obtain guaranteed admission to more than 20 of the Commonwealth's four-year colleges and universities. Argentine higher education system is based on the Spanish higher education system , which is basically a Continental education system (in contrast to the model in the English-speaking world). During

595-562: The APS followed in September 1888 in Washington, DC , featuring paper presentations and demonstrations. In its early days the APS served a young field with relatively few dedicated researchers, so its efforts were oriented toward advancing teaching and research. APS members collaborated to author a textbook of physiology and launched a journal, the American Journal of Physiology , in 1898. As

630-670: The Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) program in Canada is considered an "undergraduate degree". However, in the United States, most first professional degrees are considered graduate programs by the U.S. Department of Education and require students to already possess an "undergraduate degree" before admission. These degrees are not research doctorates and are therefore not equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Many countries offer bachelor's degrees that are equivalent to American graduate degrees. For example,

665-621: The Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degrees offered in the U.S. are equivalent to the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS or MBChB) degree. In the United States and sometimes in Canada, an associate degree is a two-year degree. It is occasionally undertaken as the beginning of a four-year degree. Some two-year college systems have articulation agreements with four-year institutions in their state, which specify which courses transfer without problems. The Arizona General Education Curriculum certification (AGEC), awarded for

700-538: The Porter Physiology Development and Minority Access to Research Committee), Public Affairs, Publications, Section Advisory, Senior Physiologists, Trainee Advisory, and Women in Physiology. The American Physiological Society sponsors a number of scientific meetings each year. Experimental Biology, the APS annual meeting, is conducted jointly with other FASEB member societies. In addition to its annual meeting, specialized APS Conferences are held throughout

735-568: The archaeologist Charles Pickering Bowditch , his brother. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Jonathan Ingersoll Bowditch and Lucy Orne Nichols Bowditch. In 1861, he graduated from Harvard College , and then entered Harvard’s Lawrence Scientific School . His studies there were interrupted by his service in the Union Army during the American Civil War , where he rose to the rank of major in

SECTION 20

#1732837084950

770-402: The completion of an Associate of Arts , Associate of Science , or Associate of Business degree, indicates the completion of all bachelor's degree lower-level course work and permits the student to transfer to any of the three state universities and several private universities as a third-year student or "junior". To obtain an AGEC certification, one must: Although an AGEC certification meets

805-575: The field of physiology matured, the society expanded in membership. The modern APS sponsors many awards, including the Horace W. Davenport Distinguished Lecturer, the Walter B. Cannon Award, and Arthur C. Guyton Award, and the Henry Pickering Bowditch Award. The first Hispanic woman to be president was Patricia E. Molina . The American Physiological Society publishes both journals and books as

840-812: The guidelines and bases for national education – Law n. 9.394 of 20 December 1996. The classification of institutions of higher education happens according to their academic organization, and the following names are possible: Universities, University Centers, Colleges and Integrated Schools, Colleges and Institutes and Centers of Technological Education. The higher education courses have two different academic levels, known as Undergraduate or Post Graduation. These degrees, have subdivisions in which are distributed programs of higher education in Brazil, and they may be bachelors, licentiates, and associates, for Undergraduate levels. As for specializations, there are MBAs, Post-MBAs programs and for Post-graduation there are academic master's, professional master's degrees and doctorates. At

875-533: The investigative training program he planned. And dramatically, on 9 September 1871, just days before sailing for Boston, he married Selma Knuth of Leipzig. The Bowditch laboratory at Harvard, the first physiological laboratory in the United States, began modestly in attic rooms. In 1875–1876, Bowditch, William James , Charles Pickering Putnam, and James Jackson Putnam founded the Putnam Camp at St. Huberts , Essex County, New York . Bowditch's career at Harvard

910-619: The medical school, serving from 1883 to 1893. In 1903 he was honoured with the George Higginson chair. In 1904, Bowditch was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society . After 35 years teaching for Harvard, he retired in 1906, and died in Jamaica Plains, Massachusetts in 1913. His students included Walter Bradford Cannon , Charles Sedgwick Minot and G. Stanley Hall . Manfred Bowditch, Henry's son, gave

945-465: The original letter to active physiology researchers inviting them to the new society, and John Green Curtis and Russell Henry Chittenden provided early organizational support. The organizational meeting founding the society was held on December 30, 1887, in Curtis' laboratory space at Columbia University and was attended by seventeen people. The society had 28 founding members. The first regular meeting of

980-436: The requirements for the bachelor's degree Lower Level it may or may not meet any prerequisite requirements for any given degree program. Associate degrees with an AGEC certification are often custom tailored with electives to meet the prerequisite requirements for the program and university the student wishes to transfer to. Virginia's community college has signed system-wide agreements, allowing students who graduate from one of

1015-667: The sciences, the first society in the biomedical sciences, and likely the first to require its members to publish original research. The stated object of the society was to promote the advancement of physiology and to facilitate discourse among American physiologists . There was a conscious effort to ensure the representation of all areas within physiology, encompassing topics as diverse as neurology , psychology , ophthalmology , pathology and therapeutics , as well as plant physiology and animal biology . The APS recognizes five physiologists as its founders: Henry Pickering Bowditch, Silas Weir Mitchell , and Henry Newell Martin co-signed

1050-417: The undergraduate level, there are still community colleges and further education courses. At the undergraduate level, the bachelor's degrees, licentiates and technologist, provide undergraduation diplomas, while colleges and Extension courses provide certificates of completion. The law formalizes a B.A., B.S., Licentiate or Technologist degrees, according to the student's education, and is prerequisite to begin

1085-503: The year and focus on designated areas of physiological research. The spring annual meeting, Experimental Biology, is convened jointly with other biomedical societies. This multi-society interdisciplinary, biomedical, and scientific meeting features plenary and award lectures , symposia, oral and poster sessions, a placement center, and an exhibit of scientific equipment, supplies, and publications. Henry Pickering Bowditch Henry Pickering Bowditch (April 4, 1840 – March 13, 1911)

American Physiological Society - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-577: Was an American soldier, physician, physiologist, and dean of the Harvard Medical School . Following his teacher Carl Ludwig , he promoted the training of medical practitioners in a context of physiological research. His teaching career at Harvard spanned 35 years. He is known for Bowditch effect . Henry P. Bowditch was born to the Massachusetts Bowditch family, noted for the mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch , his grandfather, and

1155-541: Was conducting the program that Bowditch would emulate at Harvard. Bowditch impressed Ludwig by constructing an improvement on the kymograph then in use. His studies in Leipzig brought him into contact with, among others, Ray Lankester , Angelo Mosso , Hugo Kronecker and Carl von Voit . Bowditch was appointed assistant professor of physiology at Harvard in 1871. While still in Germany, he purchased European materials to support

1190-463: Was founded in 1887 with 28 members. Of them, 21 were graduates of medical schools , but only 12 had studied in institutions with a physiology professor. The American Physiological Society was founded at a time when very few physiological laboratories existed in the United States and there were few investigators. The newly established society was one of the earliest national disciplinary societies in

1225-458: Was parallel to that of William James who instituted his program of experimental psychology in 1875. Bowditch and James represented the New Education espoused by Charles William Eliot , Harvard's President. In 1876 Bowditch was promoted to full professor. In 1887 he co-founded and was the first president of the American Physiological Society . At Harvard he rose to the position of dean of

#949050