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96-514: The complex contains a Dar al-Shifa (Turkish darüşşifa , "hospital, medical center"), and it remained in operation for four centuries from 1488 until the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) . The hospital was especially notable for its treatment methods for mental disorders , which included the use of music, water sound and scents. The historic darüşşifa was incorporated into the structure of Edirne-based Trakya University in 1993, and converted into

192-845: A lecture hall , kitchen, pharmacy, library, mosque and occasionally a chapel for Christian patients. Recreational materials and musicians were often employed to comfort and cheer patients up. The Qur'an provided the basis for the development of professional ethics where the rise of ritual washing also influenced the importance of hygiene in medical practice. The importance of hygiene promoted healthy lifestyles, and cut down on disease by enticing communities to create hygiene infrastructures. Bimaristans promoted hygiene through practices of regularly bathing patients and staff, providing clean bedding and medical materials, as well as through their architecture, which promoted air circulation and bright, open lighting. Pharmacies were periodically visited by government inspectors called muhtasib , who checked to see that

288-640: A classroom surrounding three sides of a courtyard with a shadirvan (fountain) in the middle. The first teacher of the school is said to have been Sheikh Lütfullahzade Bahaüddin. Famous Ottoman travel writer Evliya Çelebi (1611–after 1682) mentions in his book that the students of the medical school were mature physicians, who studied and discussed works of Ancient Greek philosophers, scientists and physicians such as Plato (428/427 or 424/423–348/347 BC), Socrates (470/469–399 BC), Philip of Opus , Aristotle (384–322 BC), Galen (AD 129– c. 200/c. 216) and Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BC). The physicians, each being

384-490: A form of therapy . The Al-Mansuri also obtained the personal library of Ibn al-Nafis upon his death in 1258. The Al-Mansuri Hospital remained operational through the 15th century CE and still stands in Cairo today, though it is now known as " Mustashfa Qalawun ." Damascus is credited with being the home of the first ever Islamic hospital, which was established between 706 and 707 CE. Founded by Walid ibn 'Abdulmalik, this hospital

480-556: A former lack of software supporting the Persian alphabet, and/or due to a lack of knowledge about the software that was available. Although Persian writing is supported in recent operating systems , there are still many cases where the Persian alphabet is unavailable and there is a need for an alternative way to write Persian with the basic Latin alphabet . This way of writing is sometimes called Fingilish or Pingilish (a portmanteau of Farsi or Persian and English ). In most cases this

576-701: A garden one day, don't be sad Baháʼís use a system standardized by Shoghi Effendi , which he initiated in a general letter on March 12, 1923. The Baháʼí transliteration scheme was based on a standard adopted by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists which took place in Geneva in September 1894. Shoghi Effendi changed some details of the Congress's system, most notably in the use of digraphs in certain cases (e.g. s͟h instead of š ), and in incorporating

672-447: A main source of medical education for students, and a form of practical training for all doctors and physicians that were working within the bimaristans. They documented how the centers ran: how medical records were kept safe, how doctors and physicians became properly licensed, and how upkeep was maintained so that the hospitals could continue to serve the patients that needed many different forms of help. Later hospitals were modelled from

768-623: A multitude of situations. During this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate. In 931 CE, Caliph Al-Muqtadir learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error. He immediately ordered his muhtasib Sinan ibn Thabit to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination. From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine. The early Islamicate empires, while on their quest for knowledge, translated

864-455: A music stage. The utilization of music and the sounds of water from the fountain were intended to serve as therapeutic aids for mentally ill patients. The health institution was a medical school ( Ottoman Turkish : Medrese-i Etibba ). It ranked among the best 60 schools ( madrasa ) in the Ottoman Empire due to its high-paid scholar. The medical school consisted of 18 student rooms and

960-414: A patient's medical symptoms, there was also focus on the patient's nutrition, emotional health, and environmental surroundings when coming up with a diagnosis. Ibn Sina also had the belief that anatomy served as the cornerstone of medicine. Ibn Sina was the first known physician to use a flexible catheter with the purpose of irrigating the bladder and combatting urinary retention in the human body. Ibn Sina

1056-404: A physician's error. Siban Ibn-Thabit was tasked with examining each of the 860 practicing physicians at the time, resulting in the failure of 160 and setting a new precedent within the medical world. From this point on, physicians were required to pass licensing examinations prior to being able to practice medicine. In an effort to properly enforce licensing examination, the position of 'Muhtasib'

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1152-470: A piece of meat in several places for a few days and deciding in favor of the place where meat was found to be least infected." At its inception, the Al-Adudi Hospital had twenty-five staff members, specializing in fields ranging from optics to surgery. In addition to these specialists, the Al-Adudi Hospital also served as a teaching hospital for new doctors. The Al-Adudi Hospital remained operational into

1248-519: A similar position in the Baghdad hospital. He developed two significant works regarding advancements in medicine and philosophy. The Kitāb al-Manṣūrī and the Kitāb al-ḥāwī , ("Comprehensive Book") which surveyed early Greek, Syrian, and Arabic medicine, and added his own judgement and commentary. He also wrote several minor treatises, perhaps the most famous being Treatise on Small Pox and Measles . This treatise

1344-471: A simplification of one of the strict transliteration schemes (typically omitting diacritical marks ) and/or unsystematic choices of spellings meant to guide English speakers using English spelling rules towards an approximation of the Persian sounds. Transcriptions of Persian attempt to straightforwardly represent Persian phonology in the Latin script , without requiring a close or reversible correspondence with

1440-460: A specialist in a different field, tried to find out the best treatment by studying valuable scientific literature on medicine. The books of the medical school are archived in the hand-written books library of Selimiye Mosque today. According to Evliya Çelebi, following daily wages were paid to the staff and students: Today, the structure has fallen into disrepair, with its original foundations obscured. Historical photographs indicate its proximity to

1536-492: A supervising specialist. The hospitals also had lecture theaters and libraries. Hospitals staff included sanitary inspectors, who regulated cleanliness, and accountants and other administrative staff. The hospitals were typically run by a three-person board comprising a non-medical administrator, the chief pharmacist, called the shaykh saydalani, who was equal in rank to the chief physician, who served as mutwalli ( dean ). Medical facilities traditionally closed each night, but by

1632-577: A waqf also set forth rules for how the hospital should be organized and operate in relation to the patient, stating that anyone could be admitted regardless of race, gender, or citizenship. Patients of all socioeconomic statuses would have had access to full treatment as all costs were borne by the hospital itself. An example was the Al-Mansuri Hospital in Cairo, built under the orders of the Mamluk ruler of Egypt , Al-Mansur Qalawun . Its maximum capacity

1728-417: A way to catalogue all of their findings which in the end lead to the first medical records. This made hospitals more efficient as they were able to check records of other patients for people that had similar symptoms and, hopefully, treat them the same way they were able to with the other patients. Not only did physicians keep medical records but they kept notes on patients and provided them for peer review as

1824-420: A way to not be held responsible for malpractice. This information also enabled physicians to start to notice patterns in patients more making the medicinal practices more accurate as everything is with more trials. The efficiency gained from keeping records allowed hospitals to run more smoothly and treat patients faster. This information also enabled physicians to start to notice patterns in patients more making

1920-549: Is an ad hoc simplification of the scientific systems listed above (such as ALA-LC or BGN/PCGN), but ignoring any special letters or diacritical signs. ع may be written using the numeral "3", as in the Arabic chat alphabet (though this is rarely done). The details of the spelling also depend on the contact language of the speaker; for example, the vowel [u] is often spelt "oo" after English, but Persian speakers from Germany and some other European countries are more likely to use "u". In

2016-459: Is often used to designate the historical or pre-modern institutions that existed in the Islamic world, but they are also still used sometimes in their native languages to refer to modern hospitals or to specific types of medical institutions. Many centers of health in antiquity helped shape the ways Muslim scholars would pursue the study and advancement of medical science . Mobile hospitals were

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2112-481: Is still being used in hospitals today. Not only did these discoveries lead to lasting improvements in medicine in the Muslim world, but through the influence of early Islamic and Arabian hospitals, medical institutions around the world were introduced to various new concepts and structures, increasing the efficiency and cleanliness which can still be found in modern-day institutions. Some of these influential concepts include

2208-703: Is the representation of the Persian language ( Iranian Persian , Dari and Tajik ) with the Latin script . Several different romanization schemes exist, each with its own set of rules driven by its own set of ideological goals. Also in Iran being named = " Finglish" Being a combination of Farsi and English . Romanization is familiar to many Persian speakers. Many use an ad hoc romanization for text messaging and email ; road signs in Iran commonly include both Persian and English (in order to make them accessible to foreigners); and websites use romanized domain names . Because

2304-590: The Complex of Sultan Bayezid II Health Museum in 1997, a museum dedicated to the history of medicine and health matters in general. The complex was inscribed in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey in 2016. Within the complex, the mosque holds a central position. The inner sanctum does not have arches nor columns and the ground is lined with a variety of Turkish rugs sometimes also called Anatolian rugs . It has

2400-561: The Czech one). Besides being one of the simplest variations proposed for the Latinization of the Persian alphabet, this variation is based on the Alphabetic principle . Based on this principle, each individual speech sound is represented by a single letter and there is a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and the letters that represent them. This principle, besides increasing the clarity of

2496-447: The Muslim conquest of Persia . The word "bimaristan" is still used in the dialect of Persian spoken in Iran for hospitals. Bimaristan is a Persian word ( بیمارستان bīmārestān ) meaning "hospital", with bimar- from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) of vīmār or vemār , meaning "sick" or "ill person" plus the suffix -stan "place, location." In English literature , the term

2592-594: The Persian alphabet that are pronounced identically in Persian. Therefore, transliterations of Persian are often based on transliterations of Arabic . The representation of the vowels of the Perso-Arabic alphabet is also complex, and transliterations are based on the written form. Transliterations commonly used in the English-speaking world include BGN/PCGN romanization and ALA-LC Romanization . Non-academic English-language quotation of Persian words usually uses

2688-505: The Perso-Arabic script is an abjad writing system (with a consonant -heavy inventory of letters), many distinct words in standard Persian can have identical spellings, with widely varying pronunciations that differ in their (unwritten) vowel sounds. Thus a romanization paradigm can follow either transliteration (which mirrors spelling and orthography ) or transcription (which mirrors pronunciation and phonology ). Transliteration (in

2784-492: The Seljuq Sultanate reign of Muhammad Saljuqi, a single mobile care center required 40 camels for transportation. The idea was to be able to better extend medical care to rural communities that lived on the outskirts of major cities. The services provided from the mobile hospitals transitioned into the other Islamic hospitals as time went on. Though the Islamic realm was very large, Baghdad , Damascus , and Cairo housed

2880-555: The solar letters when writing the definite article al- (Arabic: ال) according to pronunciation (e.g. ar-Rahim , as-Saddiq , instead of al-Rahim , al-Saddiq ). A detailed introduction to the Baháʼí Persian romanization can usually be found at the back of a Baháʼí scripture. It is common to write Persian language with only the Latin alphabet (as opposed to the Persian alphabet ) especially in online chat , social networks , emails and SMS . It has developed and spread due to

2976-550: The " Canon of Medicine ." This separation of diseases not only helped the timely treatment of patients but also helped the patients and physicians from getting sick with other diseases that surrounded them because they only had to worry about the prevention of one disease. By separating patients, the specialization of certain wings and treatments really advanced the medicine and improved the efficiency of hospitals ultimately leading to how modern day hospitals are designed. With Islamic hospitals advancing medicine so quickly, they needed

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3072-520: The 10th century laws had been passed to keep hospitals open 24 hours a day. Both men and women worked in these hospitals, including as physicians, but hospital staff had a worked in a range of professions. Much like today's hospitals, they also relied on pharmacists, nurses, sanitary inspectors, supervising specialists, secretaries, and superintendents. The superintendents, or in Arabic, sa'ur, ensured that hospitals met certain standards in addition to managing

3168-673: The 12th century CE when, in 1184, it was described as "...being like an enormous palace in size." Ultimately, the Al-Adudi Hospital was destroyed in 1258 by Mongols led by Hulagu Khan in the siege of Baghdad. One of the first Egyptian hospitals was the Al-Fustat Hospital, which was founded in 872 CE. It was founded by Ahmed ibn Tulun and was located in Fustat , located in what is now modern Cairo. The Al-Fustat Hospital shared many common features with modern hospitals. Among these were bath houses separated by gender, separate wards and

3264-470: The 18th century. This combination and rationalization of practical science, religion, and thought highlighted the pinnacle of Muslim medical scholarship, and the nature of the true developments which were made in the medical world. In addition to his work with Canon of Medicine, Ibn Sina served as a trailblazer for 'holistic medicine,' making an emphasis on the patient as a whole, not just focusing on one certain aspect when diagnosing. While Ibn Sina looked at

3360-461: The 7th-century Byzantine physician Paul of Aegina . It was largely composed of medical observations, including what is considered the earliest known description of hemophilia . The 30-volume encyclopedia also documented Zahrawi and his colleagues' experiences with treatment of the ill or afflicted. Aside from the documentation of surgical instruments, the work included operating techniques, pharmacological methods to prepare tablets and drugs to protect

3456-503: The 9th century CE, with the first having most likely been established in 805 by the caliph Harun al-Rashid and his vizier , Yahya ibn Khalid . By the end of the 10th century CE, five more hospitals had been built in Baghdad. Founded in 981 by the then ruler of Baghdad, Adud al-Dawlah , this hospital was administered by al-Razi , who also chose its location along the Tigris River . He determined where it should be located by "hanging

3552-644: The Byzantine nosocomia , which was a charitable institution tasked with treating "...the sick, the lepers, the invalid, and the poor." The Bimaristan of Nur al-Din or Al-Nuri Hospital was founded in Damascus nearly four and a half centuries after the Al-Walid Hospital, in 1156 CE. It was named after Nur al-Din Zanji. The Al-Nuri Hospital, which operated for some 700 years, was the same hospital where Al-Mansur Qalawun

3648-710: The Perso-Arabic script, and also without requiring a close correspondence to English phonetic values of Roman letters. or G as in genre Notes : In the pre-Islamic period Old and Middle Persian employed various scripts including Old Persian cuneiform , Pahlavi and Avestan scripts. For each period there are established transcriptions and transliterations by prominent linguists. Notes : A sample romanization (a poem by Hafez): gomgaşte báz áyad be Kanân qam maħor kolbeye ahzán şavad ruzi golestán qam maħor یوسف گم گشته باز آید به کنعان غم مخور کلبه‌ی احزان شود روزی گلستان غم مخور The lost Joseph will get back to Canaan, don't be sad The hut of madness will become

3744-611: The USSR from 1931 to 1938, the Persian alphabet based on Latin was used . It was used for teaching in schools, the Bejraqe Sorx (Red Banner) newspaper was published in Ashgabat , as well as textbooks and other literature. The Tajik language or Tajik Persian is a variety of the Persian language. It was written in the Tajik SSR in a standardized Latin script from 1926 until the late 1930s, when

3840-440: The advancement of medicine. Education in hospitals during the Islamic period modernized hospitals today in that now before people can become doctors they must complete a period of residency in which students study at a hospital and job shadow licensed physicians for a number of years before they are fully able to become licensed physicians. This came at a time when much of Europe's medical practices were much less advanced, and with

3936-483: The bridge base within the complex. Architecturally, it exhibits characteristics of a double bath design where revenue generated from the hamam contributed to the complex's overall maintenance. Part of the complex was utilized as a soup kitchen or imaret where meals were offered twice a day This one in particular is also called “New Imaret (Turkish: Yeni İmaret)” because of being the last of 8 imarets in Edirne. All staff of

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4032-404: The caliph Harun al-Rashid and his vizier , Yahya ibn Khalid . Although not much is known about this hospital due to poor documentation, the system of the general hospital itself set forth an example for the many other hospitals to come. By the year 1000, Baghdad had five more hospitals. As new hospitals were built throughout the Islamic world, they followed similar organizational structures to

4128-512: The centuries, the basic treatment remains the same even today. Diseases of the eye were further explored during this era by ʻAli ibn ʻIsa al-Kahhal or Ibn Isa (died c. 1038), who practiced and taught in the Al-Adudi Hospital in Baghdad. He wrote and developed the Tadhkirat al-kaḥḥālīn ("The Notebook of the Oculist"), which detailed more than 130 eye diseases based on anatomical location. The work

4224-429: The church. This introduction of government operated hospitals lead to not having any discrimination against people for any reason allowing the hospital to solely focus on their main goal of serving all people and working together to help everyone out. Bimaristans were some of the first known hospitals to have been built and truly served a purpose to the people around them. They became established centers for patient care,

4320-509: The compilation and creation of Avicenna 's (Ibn Sina) medical textbook, The Canon of Medicine , these groundbreaking Islamic discoveries were able to influence Europe and the rest of the world for centuries to come. During the Islamic Golden Age , there was a translation movement to convert Greek medical texts into Arabic. Some of the books that impacted the field were Tarkib-Al-Advieh about mixtures of drugs, Al-Advieh Al-Mofradeh which

4416-502: The complex and the poor ate here free of charge. Dar al-Shifa A bimaristan ( Persian : بيمارستان , romanized :  bīmārestān ; Arabic : بِيْمَارِسْتَان , romanized :  bīmāristān ), or simply maristan , known in Arabic also as dar al-shifa ("house of healing"; darüşşifa in Turkish ), is a hospital in the historic Islamic world . Its origins can be traced back to Sassanian Empire prior to

4512-469: The dimensions 20.58x20.60 meters making it square in shape. The mosques' dome has a height of 19.34 meters. The pulpit or minbar was created with stonemasonry craftsmanship. Its has two minarets each having a single-balcony and 149 stairs leading up. Both sit at a height of 38.50 meters. Within the mosque, the array of arched windows that surround the mihrab would have let light fall on the faces of worshippers. The darussifa stands on just right side of

4608-789: The drug's sensation as the dosage was increased. Some of the main areas of study when it came to pharmacology involved Toxicology and the science behind sedative and analgesic drugs. Many physicians, Arabic and not alike, were fascinated with poisons. They sought out knowledge on how to make them and remediate them. Similarly, the science of sedative and analgesic drugs also fascinated Arabic physicians. Substances such as Cannabis sativa ( Hashish ), Hyoscyamus Niger (narcotic), and Papaver somniferum ( opium ) were well studied and used in their medicine. Romanization of Persian Romanization or Latinization of Persian (Persian: لاتین‌نِویسی فارسی , romanized:  Lâtin-Nēvisiyē Fârsi , pronounced [lɒːtiːn.neviːˌsije fɒːɾˈsiː] )

4704-408: The entire hospital institution. Pharmacists produced drugs as means for treatment of the hospitals' patients; they relied on a knowledge of chemistry , or Alchemia . Before the 10th century, hospitals operated throughout the day and closed at night. Later hospitals operated on a 24-hour basis. Nonetheless, the practicing physicians worked a set number of hours with their salaries prescribed by law;

4800-660: The first documented general hospital. More were soon built by Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid . As hospitals developed during the Islamic civilization, specific characteristics were maintained. For instance, Bimaristans served all people regardless of their race, religion, citizenship, or gender. The Waqf documents stated nobody was ever to be turned away. This included those with mental illnesses or disorders—in Aleppo 's Arghun Hospital, for example, care for mental illness included abundant light, fresh air, running water and music. The ultimate goal of all physicians and hospital staff

4896-499: The first independent work on surgery. Such instruments included tools like forceps , pincers , scalpels , catheters , cauteries , lancets, and specula , which were accompanied by detailed drawings of each tool. Al-Zahrawi also wrote the At-Taṣrīf limanʿajazʿan at-Taʾālīf , or At-Taṣrīf ("The Method"), which was a 30-part text based on earlier authorities, such as the Epitomae from

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4992-501: The first round, students were expected to answer medical questions having to do with the current cases. The second round was designated for students with more experience to answer the remaining, more complex questions. Finally, if questions still remained after round two, al-Razi would provide answers and often document his findings. Abu-Bakr al-Razi has been credited with writing more than 200 books and treatises throughout his life. Although surgical developments and advancements made in

5088-544: The first version of the bimaristans. These mobile hospitals carried medications , food, and water, and traveled with physicians and pharmacists to aid those in need. According to tradition, the first bimaristan was located in a tent set up by Rufaidah al-Asalmia in 627 CE during the Battle of Khandaq . Later on, these mobile care centers would evolve from one or two tents to enormous units of medical care equipped with medicinal herbs, food, physicians, and pharmacists. Under

5184-418: The forms such as tablets, powders, and syrups. After learning from the different books and coming to their own conclusions, Arabic physicians made numerous contributions when it came to determining dosage for patients depending on their condition. Multiple scholars, including the Arabic scholar and physician al-Kindi, determined the geometric progression of dosage. They found there was an arithmetic increase in

5280-513: The heart, surgical procedures used in midwifery, cauterizing and healing wounds, and the treatment of headaches. Although Zahrawi was somewhat disregarded by hospitals and physicians in the eastern Caliphate (no doubt due to his Spanish roots, being near Córdoba, Spain ), his advancement and documentation of medical tools and observations contained in his work had a vast influence on the eventual medical development in Christian Europe, when it

5376-414: The hospital in Baghdad. The typical hospital was divided into departments such as systemic diseases, surgery, and orthopedics, with larger hospitals having more diverse specialties. "Systemic diseases" was the rough equivalent of today's internal medicine and was further divided into sections such as fever, infections and digestive issues. Every department had an officer-in-charge, a presiding officer and

5472-411: The implementation of separate wards based on disease and gender, pharmacies, housing of medical records, and the education associated with practicing medicine. Prior to the Islamic era, most European medical care was offered by priests in sanatoriums and annexes to temples. Islamic hospitals revolutionized this by being operated secularly and through a government entity, rather than being solely operated by

5568-547: The importance of acquiring knowledge, played a vital role in influencing the Muslims of this age in their search for knowledge and the development of the body of science. Bimaristans were not only used to provide care for individuals. They were also educational institutions meant to advance medical students' knowledge in the medical field , especially in cities like Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo. Some madrasas were also closely linked with bimaristans so that students could learn in

5664-473: The institutions and put their theoretical knowledge directly into practice. Basic science preparation was learned through private tutors, self-study and lectures. Many of these hospitals also contained a conjoined library typically filled with any possible writings that may be relevant to the medicine practiced in the hospitals. Physicians in these proto-medical schools were not exclusively Muslim; Jewish and Christian physicians also practiced and taught. In

5760-465: The invention of countless medical instruments. Among the many developments stemming from Islamic hospitals were those designed to treat specific ailments, diseases, and anatomy. Ammar al-Mawsili , a 10th-century physician and ophthalmologist , developed a revolutionary treatment for cataracts . The practice included a hollow syringe (which he developed) and removing the cataract through suction. Although this procedure has further developed throughout

5856-417: The major hospitals at Cairo, Baghdad, and Damascus, students often visited patients while under the supervision of a practicing physician—a system comparable to a medical residency today. Like in today's medical training programs, working and learning in the bimaristans under the supervision of practicing physicians allowed medical students to gain hands-on experience treating various ailments and responding to

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5952-467: The medicinal practices more accurate as everything is with more trials. This keeping of records ultimately lead to the accumulation of the " Canon of Medicine ", which is a book of medicine compiled by the Persian philosopher Avicenna (Ibn Sina) that was completed in 1025. Another legacy that vastly changed the way through which medical practices were developed, was the method of education and perpetuation of medical knowledge. Islamic hospitals modernized

6048-439: The medicines were mixed properly, not diluted and kept in clean jars. Additionally, al-Razi , who was once asked to choose the site for a new hospital in Baghdad, suspended pieces of meat at various points around the city and recommended building the hospital at the location where the meat putrefied the slowest. The various Quranic injunctions and Hadith (or actions of Muhammad ), which place values on education and emphasize

6144-496: The medieval Islamic period are of extreme importance, the largest and most wholesome contribution to the medical world stemming from Islamic medicine and hospitals came from the Baghdad firmament from Ibn Sina , or "Avicenna" in the West. Ibn Sina, who had already become a doctor by the age of 18, developed the Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb ( Canon of Medicine ). This work is largely known as one of

6240-411: The mosque consisting of three different sections. The first courtyard holds six outpatient rooms, service rooms such as a kitchen, a laundry, and pharmacy. In the second courtyard, senior staff carried out their duties in four rooms. The şifa-hane (cure-house) is an inpatient section that holds 10 rooms in total, six of which are for the winter season and the remaining four for summer- this section also had

6336-400: The most famous medical works of all time. The ways in which Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine worked to bring together various disciplines and cultures, essentially revived Greek authors and philosophers and fostered new thought patterns to develop much of the future medical practices we see today. Ibn Sina did this by combining the medical developments of Greek physician and philosopher Galen , with

6432-758: The most notable translated pieces is a human anatomy book translated from Greek to Arabic by Muslim physician, Avicenna, the book was used in schools in the West until the mid-17th century. One of the most remarkable contributions of the Islamic hospitals was the organizational structure itself and how it functioned in Islamic culture. These contributions still influence contemporary medical practice. For example, bimaristans kept written records of patients and their medical treatment—the first written medical histories for patients. Students were responsible in keeping these patient records, which were later edited by doctors and referenced in future treatments. The first documented general hospital arose in Baghdad in 805, built by

6528-496: The most well-known bimaristans. The first six bimaristans show major changes within Islamic hospitals in a short period of time. The first bimaristan, built in 706 in Damascus by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid , focused on treating individuals with leprosy , but served patients with other concerns as well. Around the same period, the second bimaristan was built in Cairo, quickly followed by two more in Baghdad, including

6624-525: The need for the works to be translated from Greek to Arabic, there is a lot of documentation available regarding the naming of drugs. Authors such as Abulcasis and Maimonides, went into detail on this aspect and discussed the naming of drugs including the linguistics, as well as the synonyms and explanations behind the name given to the drug. Avicenna also contributed to the naming and categorization of drugs. In his Cannon of Medicine, he explained medicine types such as antiseptics and narcotics as well as explained

6720-447: The original bimaristans, which shows that they were well-run centers that served a great purpose to the people in surrounding areas. Western hospitals may not be what they are today without the history of early medical practices in bimaristans Islamic hospitals also brought about the idea of separate wards or segments of the hospital that were separated by patient diagnostic. When Islamic hospitals first brought this about, not only were

6816-405: The philosophy of Aristotle . Furthermore, as Islamic medicine recognized that many diseases are contagious, such as leprosy, smallpox , and sexually transmitted diseases , Ibn Sina recognized tuberculosis as a contagious disease, among others which can be spread through soil and water. The Canon of Medicine continued to be studied by European medical professionals and institutions even into

6912-402: The physicians were paid generously enough so as to retain their talent. Chief of staff physician, Jabril ibn Bukhtishu , was salaried 4.9 million Dirham ; for comparison, a medical resident worked significantly longer hours salaried at 300 Dirham per month. Islamic hospitals attained their endowment through charitable donations or bequests, called waqfs. The legal documents establishing

7008-413: The qualification of physicians and education leading to a license to practice medicine in hospitals. In 931 CE, Caliph Al-Muqtadir started the movement of licensing physicians by telling Siban Ibn Thabit to only give physician licenses to qualified people. The origin of Caliph Al-Muqtadir's order to Siban Ibn-Thabit was due to the fact that a patient had previously died in Baghdad as a consequence of

7104-440: The resources and teachers available at all times, which made it a very convenient place to learn and teach in. Bimaristans paved the way for many medical institutions. Much of the legacy surrounding the Islamic influence on modern hospitals and science can be found in the discoveries, techniques, and practices introduced by scholars and physicians working in these hospitals between the tenth and nineteenth century. This time period

7200-408: The safekeeping of personal items during a patient's convalescence . In addition to these practices, the Al-Fustat Hospital is the first to have offered treatment for mental disorders. Beyond the practice of medicine, the Al-Fustat Hospital was also a teaching hospital and housed approximately 100,000 books. Another key feature of the Al-Fustat Hospital was that it offered all treatment for free. This

7296-703: The script was officially changed to Cyrillic . However, Tajik phonology differs slightly from that of Persian in Iran. As a result of these two factors romanization schemes of the Tajik Cyrillic script follow rather different principles. Even though it is largely unused, Google Translate implements the alphabet as the Latin transliteration for Tajik. A variation (that is sometimes called "Pârstin") proposed by linguist Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani in 1976 has seen some use by other linguists, such as David Neil MacKenzie for

7392-516: The strict sense) attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. Transliterations of Persian are used to represent individual Persian words or short quotations, in scholarly texts in English or other languages that do not use the Arabic alphabet. A transliteration will still have separate representations for different consonants of

7488-488: The theory of pulmonary circulation. With the development and existence of early Islamic hospitals came the need for new ways to treat patients. Bamiristans brought forth many groundbreaking medical advancements in Islamic culture during this time, which eventually spread to the entire world through trade and intellectual exchange. Distinguished physicians of this era pioneered revolutionary procedures and practices in surgeries, techniques, discoveries, and cures for ailments and

7584-468: The transliteration of the Perso-Arabic scripture. The letters of this variation of the Latin alphabet are the basic Latin letters: Aa , Bb , Cc , Dd , Ee , Ff , Gg , Hh , Ii , Jj , Kk , Ll , Mm , Nn , Oo , Pp , Qq , Rr , Ss , Tt , Uu , Vv , Xx , Yy , Zz , plus the additional letters to support the native sounds: Ââ , Čč , Šš , Žž (the latter three from Slavic alphabets, like

7680-415: The wards separated by diagnostic but by sex as well. While hospitals today are not as strict and do not separate by sex anymore, they still separate people by disease or problem. By doing so, different wings could specialize in certain treatments specific to their patient. This practice not only still exists today in modern hospitals but also lead to the advancement of treatments back then that now comprise

7776-669: The work of early pre-Islamic times from empires such as Rome, Greece, Pahlavi, and Sanskrit into Arabic, before this translation the work had been lost and perhaps it may have been lost forever.  The discovery of this new information exposed the Islamicate empires to large amounts of scientific research and discoveries. Arabs translated a variety of different topics throughout science including Greek and Roman research in medicine and pharmacology. Translated artifacts such as medical dictionaries and books containing information on hygiene and sexual intercourse are still preserved. Perhaps one of

7872-463: Was a groundbreaking institution and acted as a model for future bimaristans to come. The Al-Mansuri Hospital was substantial, both in size and endowments. This hospital had the capability of holding 8000 beds and was funded off of annual endowments totaling one million dirhams . Like the Al-Fustat Hospital before it, the Al-Mansuri Hospital also treated mental patients and introduced music as

7968-412: Was around 8000 people and the annual endowment alone was said to be one-million Dirhams . The design was intended to accommodate various pathologies for both men and women as well as a pharmacy, a library, and lecture halls. The lecture halls were used for regular meetings on the status of the hospital, lecturing residents, and staff as well. The existence of hospitals in Baghdad has been documented since

8064-532: Was established. The Muhtasib was a government official who administered oral and practical licensing examinations to young physicians. If the young physician was successful in proving his professional competence through the examinations, the Muhtasib would administer the Hippocratic Oath and a license allowing the physician to legally practice medicine. Seeing as how one of the chief objectives of Islamic hospitals

8160-489: Was extremely important to the advancement of modern medicinal practices, and is known as one of the greatest periods of development. Many of these discoveries laid the foundation for medical development in Europe, and are still common practice in modern medicine. Among these discoveries in astronomy, chemistry, and metallurgy, scholars developed techniques for medicine such as the distillation and use of alcohol as an antiseptic, which

8256-463: Was groundbreaking in his recognition of esophageal cancer, ligation of bleeding arteries, the anatomy of nerves and tendons, compartment syndrome following injury to human appendages, and the idea that arterial repair would one day be possible. While people used to learn medicine by traveling, working in their homes, in madrasas, or in hospitals, people learned that bimaristans were one of the most helpful institutions for people to learn in. They had all

8352-494: Was inspired to establish a hospital after his own experience being hospitalized in Damascus. Because of Al-Mansur's vision for the hospital, treatment was free to make the hospital accessible to both the rich and the poor. Furthermore, "...upon discharge the patient was given food and money as a compensation for the wages he lost during his stay in the hospital." The Al-Mansuri Hospital was so accessible, in fact, that it treated roughly 4,000 patients every day. The Al-Mansuri Hospital

8448-430: Was made possible by waqf revenue, and the Al-Fustat Hospital was likely the first hospital endowed in this way. Near the Al-Fustat Hospital, Ibn-Tulum also established a pharmacy to provide medical care in emergencies. The Al-Fustat Hospital remained in operation for approximately 600 years. The Al-Mansuri Hospital was another hospital located in Cairo, and was completed in 1284 CE. Its founder, Al-Mansur Qalawun,

8544-563: Was meant to serve as a treatment center for both those with chronic illnesses, like leprosy and blindness, as well as the poor or impoverished. This began with ibn 'Abdulmalik gathering lepers and preventing them from spreading the illness by providing them money. This was done to prevent them from begging strangers for money, thereby curtailing the spread of leprosy. To accomplish these objectives, separate wards existed for infectious diseases such as leprosy, and patients faced no cost to receive treatment. The Al-Walid Hospital has been compared to

8640-502: Was separated into three portions consisting of: This work was translated into Latin in 1497, and then into several other languages which allowed it to benefit the medical community for centuries to come. Perhaps the largest contribution to Islamic surgical development came from Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-‘Abbās al-Zahrāwī , also known as Abū al-Qāsim or Al-Zahrawi (936–1013). He contributed to advancements in surgery by inventing and developing over 200 medical instruments which constituted

8736-524: Was the training of new physicians or students, senior physicians, and other medical officers would often hold instructive seminars in large lecture halls detailing diseases, cures, treatments, and techniques from class manuscripts. Islamic hospitals were also the first to adopt practices involving medical students, accompanied by experienced physicians, into the wards for rounds to participate in patient care. Hospitals doubling as schools not only provided hospitals with more fresh working hands but also helped in

8832-572: Was to work together to help the well-being of their patients. There was no time limit a patient could spend as an inpatient. Instead, waqf documents stated the hospital was required to keep all patients until they were fully recovered. Men and women were admitted to separate but equally equipped wards. The separate wards were further divided to address mental illnesses , contagious diseases , non-contagious diseases, surgery , medicine , and eye diseases . Patients were attended to by nurses and staff of their same gender. Each hospital contained

8928-451: Was translated into Latin during the 12th century. The Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad underwent extreme intellectual and medical experimentation during the 10th and 11th centuries. Among the many skilled physicians and intellectuals there was Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī , or in Latin, Rhazes ( c. 865–925). Rhazes served as chief physician in a hospital in Rayy , Iran, before holding

9024-516: Was translated into several modern languages as well as Latin and Byzantine Greek for teaching purposes and medical treatment of such infectious diseases. Abu-Bakr al-Razi was instrumental in improving the medical education within hospitals and was credited with the creation of 'ward rounds,' which served as a teaching method for the medical students within the hospital. The ward rounds consisted of several rounds of questions designated for students with different levels of medical expertise to answer. In

9120-458: Was treated and inspired to establish his own hospital in Cairo. The Al-Nuri Hospital, in addition to bringing about the Al-Mansuri hospital, was innovative in its practices as it became the first hospital to begin maintaining medical records of its patients. The Al-Nuri Hospital was also a prestigious medical school, with one of its most noteworthy students being Ibn al-Nafis, who would later pioneer

9216-620: Was written about single drugs, Ghova-Al-Aghzieh which concerned the potency of food for medicine, Al-Advieh Ao Al-dava, Al-Oram which concerned swellings of the body, and Al-Teriagh or The Book of Theriac. Through readings, Islamic doctors were able to find drugs that they could use to help treat patients. One of the most notable contributors to pharmacology was Galen, a physician in the Roman Empire, wrote on theories of drug action. Galen's theories were later recorded, simplified, and translated by Arabic scholars, notably Hunayn ibn Ishak. Because of

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