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62-1016: Bauris numbered 1,091,022 in the 2001 census in the state of West Bengal. 37.5 per cent of the Bauris were literate - 51.8 per cent males and 22.7 per cent females were literate. Only 4.7 per cent of the Bauris were matriculates or completed schooling. They are primarily residing in Bengal found in large numbers in Bankura , Birbhum, Purulia and other districts in Indian state of West Bengal , Assam , Tripura and Orissa . The village of Purbo Tila in Chatlapur Tea Garden, Kulaura and Dakchara Tea Garden, Srimangal , Moulvibazar District are also home to Bauri communities in Bangladesh . They are also found in many villages like Chhatna and Beliatore . Bauris are divided into

124-800: A literacy rate of 70.95%. 8.33% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes collectively account for 42.9% (SC: 32.65% and ST: 10.25%) of the district's total population. The prominent communities in this group, in terms of the district's total population, are Bauri (9.74%), Santal (8.31%), Bagdi /Duley (8.02%), Lohar (3.18%), Sunri (excluding Saha) (2.48%), Khaira (2.2%), Mal (1.1%), Bhumij (1.09%), Chamar (1.05%), Dom (1.03%), Namasudra (0.76%), Jalia Kaibartta (0.57%), Hari (0.53%), Kora (0.37%), and Bhuiya (0.34%). Additionally, populations ranging between ten thousand to one hundred include Keot , Mallah, Savar, Bhogta , Mahar , Lodha / Kharia , Kaora, Mahali , Munda , Kotal, Rajwar , Karenga/Koranga, and Bedia . In

186-447: A chieftain named Banku Rai. Another legend has it the town was named after Bir Bankura, one of the twenty-two sons of Bir Hambir, the Raja of Bishnupur . He divided his kingdom into twenty-two tarafs or circles and gave one to each son. Taraf Jaybelia fell to the lot of Bir Bankura. He developed the town that now bears the name Bankura. It has also been suggested that the name is a corruption of

248-476: A committee consisting of intellectuals including Ram Dayal Munda and Bhagey Gobardhan deliberated on common script for Ho, and decided in favor of Warang Chiti, eliminating competition from scripts put forth by other inventors such as Sangram Sindhu's Owar Anka Gār Lipi, disseminated by an institution called Sindhu Jumur, Rohidas Singh Nag 's Mundari Bani Hisir Champa , Raghunath Purty's Ho Ol Lipi, Purushottam Godsora's Srishti Lipi among others. The lexicon of

310-1132: A key economic role in district. In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Bankura one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 ). It is one of the nineteen districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). The district comprises three subdivisions: Bankura Sadar , Khatra and Bishnupur . Bankura Sadar subdivision consists of Bankura municipality and eight community development blocks: Bankura I , Bankura II , Barjora , Chhatna , Gangajalghati , Mejia , Onda and Saltora . Khatra subdivision consists of eight community development blocs: Indpur , Khatra , Hirbandh , Raipur , Sarenga , Ranibandh , Simlapal and Taldangra . Bishnupur subdivision consists of Bishnupur and Sonamukhi municipalities and six community development blocks: Indas , Joypur , Patrasayer , Kotulpur , Sonamukhi and Bankura . Bankura

372-530: A language and literature. Now, UGC is conducting National Eligibility Test examination in Ho language under the "'subject code 70"' in Tribal and Regional Language/Literature group. In Odisha and Jharkhand, Education in Ho at the primary level was introduced in 20 and 449 schools respectively and about 44,502 tribal students are pursuing their studies in the language. Besides education, Ho has also got its due recognition in

434-677: A memorandum demanding that the Government of India include Ho in the Constitution to give it an official status .The same request has also been made by the Department of Personnel, Jharkhand. Former Home Minister Rajnath singh had assured that Ho would be included in Eighth Scheduled, and assured to take appropriates steps to fulfil the demand, said union minister Dharmendra Pradhan. Erstwhile Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren has written to

496-546: A week Friday and Sunday. The following universities offer courses on Ho: The following educational institutions offer courses on Ho: Governments of Odisha and Jharkhand have been making demands for Ho to be included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India . Ho peoples are also making continuous efforts to fulfill their demands as to be included in 8th scheduled. Rajya Sabha member and Union Petroleum and Steel Minister Dharmendra Pradhan had also submitted

558-569: Is derived from the native word " 𑣙𑣉𑣉 " meaning human being . Ho is closely related to Mundari and Santali . Ho and Mundari are often described as sister languages. Ho is closer to the Mayurbhanj dialect of Mundari than the Mundari variety spoken in Jharkhand. While being ethnically and linguistically close, Ho and Mundari speakers form distinct regional identities. Distribution of Ho language in

620-412: Is different form inalienable possessions, En Eraaḱ Kolom "That woman's thresing floor", and En Era Gauńte "That woman's aunt". Suffixes for inalienable possessions only occur in the singular. Ho personal pronoun distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person. Ho has been written in various scripts, starting from the first written record of 1824 to

682-907: Is divided into the following administrative subdivisions: As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 12 assembly constituencies: Raipur and Ranibandh constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Saltora, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi constituencies will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Saltora, Chhatna, Ranibandh, Raipur, Taldangra, and Bankura constituencies will be part of Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency) , which will also contain one assembly segment from Purulia district . Barjora, Onda, Bishnupur, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi will be assembly segments of Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency) , which also contains one assembly segments from Bardhaman district . According to

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744-540: Is mostly dependent on agriculture. Almost 70% of the district's income is generated through agriculture where 80% of the farmers are small & marginal in nature. Bankura is one of the most draught prone district of West Bengal. However due to protective irrigation system, land reforms and use of high fertile & hybrid crops the economic condition of the district has improved. Also, cottage and small-scale industries, such as Stone-crushing, Weaving, Oilseed-crushing, handicraft units like Dokra, Terra-cotta, Baluchari Sari play

806-460: Is other than Hindi should be given the option of maintaining their records in their mother tongue. In every junior Training School besides Hindi, a second mother-tongue as accepted in Government resolution no.645ER of 10 August 1953 should be invariably taught.' The plan has been to provide education in their mother tongue at the primary level. Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate courses in different colleges under

868-586: Is some debate on whether Munda languages have word classes, an item from any word class can function as a verb in Ho. Ho does not have relative pronouns natively and relies on the participle forms of verbs, the forms that includes aspect, object and transitivity, but no mood markers, to form relative clauses. Number, possession and case suffixes are added to nouns. Alienable and inalienable possesions are distinguished. Ho distinguishes singular, dual and plural numbers. Number suffixes are generally written separate from base nouns. Construction for alienable possessions

930-678: Is supposed to be from Dhalbhum, which is the area in Khatra subdivision . Panchakoti refers to the central area of Panchet estate now in Purulia district . Traces of totemism still survive in their reverence for the red-backed heron. The heron is looked upon as the emblem of the community. The Bauri caste is categorized as a Scheduled Caste in West Bengal , Odisha , Jharkhand , and Bihar , while in Assam , they are recognized as an Ex Tea garden community and

992-401: Is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 22 development blocks, 3 municipalities, 190 gram panchayats and 5187 villages in this district. Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 5 urban units: 3 municipalities and 2 census towns . Bankura district

1054-639: Is the only thermal power plant of this district. Darakeshwar, Gandheswari and Kangsabati are the major rivers flow through the district. Jaipur forest is the only forest in the plains of Southern Bengal. Bankura Sammilani Medical College is the oldest medical college in this area. The eastern portion of the district is a part of the rice plains of West Bengal. The land under rice cultivation contains marsh weeds of Gangetic plain. Around human habitations there are shrub species such as: The larger trees are: Other plants found include: Forests or scrub jungles contain: * Wendlandia exserta , The western portion of

1116-512: Is the predominant religion, and makes up nearly the entire population in urban areas. Islam is almost entirely to be found in rural areas, as are tribal religions. Muslims are most concentrated in the east of the district bordering Bardhaman and Hooghly districts, while tribal religions are largely in the south west, and form significant minorities in Ranibundh (39.44%) and Raipur (27.66%) CD blocks. Languages of Bankura district (2011) According to

1178-547: The 2011 census Bankura district has a population of 3,596,674, roughly equal to the nation of Lithuania or the US state of Connecticut . This gives it a ranking of 80th in India (out of a total of 739 ). The district has a population density of 523 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,350/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.64%. Bankura has a sex ratio of 954 females for every 1000 males, and

1240-611: The Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 2.2 million people (0.202% of India's population) per the 2001 census. It is spoken by the Ho , Munda, Kolha and Kol tribal communities of Jharkhand , Odisha , West Bengal and Assam and is written using Warang Citi script. Devanagari , Latin and Odia script are also used, although native speakers are said to prefer Warang Chiti, invented by Lako Bodra . The name Ho

1302-591: The Chuar Rebellion . At the time Bankura appears to have been part of Jungle Mahals . The disturbances of the Chuars in 1832 in the western part of the district lead to the disbandment of the Jungle Mahals in 1833. Bishnupur was transferred to Burdwan. In 1872, the parganas of Sonamukhi, Indas, Kotulpur, Shergarh and Senpahari were transferred from Manbhum to Burdwan. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with

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1364-493: The Indo-Aryan group, who prevailed in northern India, substantially later than rest of Bengal. These developments took place over many centuries through both conflict and cordiality. The district was part of Rarh in ancient times. In the old Jain book Acaranga Sutra (around 4th century) there is mention of Sumha and Ladha (Rarh?) and there too the reference is to an area inhabited by uncivilised and barbaric people. In

1426-433: The plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west." The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying alluvial plains while to the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks. Centre of the historic Mallabhum (Malla kingdom) of western Bengal, Bankura and its surrounding regions are identified with its historical and cultural significance for

1488-454: The 'Temple City' of Bengal. In addition to Bishnupur, many towns and villages in Bankura such as Kotulpur, Joypur, Sonamukhi, Hadal Narayanpur, and Akui have brick terracotta temples built between the 17th and 19th centuries. Susunia hills and Beharinath hills are located in the district. Mukutmanipur , the second largest earthen dam in India and Sutan are tourist spots. Mejia power plant

1550-437: The 2001 census, Bankura district had a total population of 3,191,822 of which 1,634,561 were males and 1,557,261 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 13.79% in Bankura district against 17.84% in West Bengal. The urban population was 235,264 against a rural population of 2,956,558. The district had a density of population of 464 persons per km . Bankura had a literacy rate of 63.84 per cent. The first census

1612-531: The 2011 census, 90.68% of the population spoke Bengali and 7.96% Santali as their first language. Bankura is the headquarters of the district. Bishnupur (or Vishnupur) is a subdivisional town of Bankura district. It was the capital of the Mallabhum kingdom, once the most important Hindu dynasty in Bengal. This town famous for the Terracotta Temples made by the local red soils. This city often called as

1674-569: The Bauri of Assam and Tripura placed within the Other Backward Classes . Bankura district Bankura district (Pron: bãkuɽa) is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is part of Medinipur division —one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. Bankura district is surrounded by Purba Bardhaman district and Paschim Bardhaman district in

1736-569: The Ho language under the leadership of late Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti Evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 titled Ho Hayam Paham Puti in Warang Chiti and introduced the letters of Warang Chiti, Kakahara. A. Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the Warang Citi with Indus script in Echoes of Indus Valley . Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his 'Indus Script' described that

1798-528: The Kangsabati in the Raipur area. Kangsabati Project was started during the second five-year plan period (1956–1961). The dam across the Kangsabati has a length of 10,098 metres (33,130 ft) and a height of 38 metres (125 ft). The climate, especially in the upland tracts to the west, is much drier than in eastern or southern Bengal. From the beginning of March to early June, hot westerly winds prevail,

1860-624: The Ranchi University. The university opened a separate department named Tribal and Regional Languages in 1981. In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in Devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik. There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop

1922-559: The Raniganj system. The hills of the district consist of outliers of the Chota Nagpur plateau and only two are of any great height – Biharinath and Susunia . While the former rises to a height of 448 metres (1,470 ft), the latter attains a height of 440 metres (1,440 ft). The rivers of the area flow from the north-east to the south-west in courses roughly parallel to one another. They are mostly hill streams, originating in

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1984-409: The blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc. The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Bankura district. Ho language Ho ( IPA: [hoː d͡ʑagar] , Warang Citi : 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜 ) is a Munda language of

2046-474: The broad course of the spread of Buddhism and Jainism in Bengal. There is ample evidence of pre-eminence of Indo-Aryan religion and culture in West Bengal from around the sixth century. From around the seventh century until around the advent of British rule , for around a millennium, the history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of Bishnupur . The area around Bishnupur

2108-586: The city. It is believed that Madan Mohan responded and the cannons were fired without human assistance. The truth probably is that the Maratha cavalry were unable to pierce the strong fortifications and retired. While they failed to take the fort and pillage the treasury, the Marathas harried the less protected parts of the kingdom. Intrigue and litigation that followed ruined the Bishnupur Raj family and eventually in 1806,

2170-409: The district is higher. The uplands are either bare or are covered with scrub jungle of Ziziphus and other thorny shrubs. This thorny forest gradually merges into sal ( Shorea robusta ) forest. Low hills are covered with Miliusa , Schleichera , Diospyros and other trees. Some of the common trees of economic interest found in the district are: Bankura district had a literacy rate of 70.26% as per

2232-578: The end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the Maharaja of Burdwan seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the Maratha invasions laid waste their country. In 1742, when the Marathas, under Bhaskar Rao, attacked Bishnupur, the troops put up a spirited defence but then Gopal Singh retreated within the fort and ordered the troops and citizens to pray to Madan Mohan to save

2294-502: The estate was sold for arrears of land revenue and bought up by the Maharaja of Burdwan. Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. The Marathas had laid the country waste and famine of 1770 completed the misery of the kingdom. A large section of the population was swept away, cultivation fell, and lawlessness spread. The once powerful king had been reduced to

2356-496: The following subcastes: Mallabhumia, Sikharia or Gobaria, Panchakoti, Mola or Mulo, Dhalia or Dhulo, Malua, Jhatia or Jhetia, and Pathuria. Some of these subcastes appear to be territorial subdivisions. Mallabhumia, Malua and perhaps also Mola, were residents of Mallabhum , the central and eastern parts of Bankura district. Sikharia were Bauris who hailed from Shikharbhum, the tract between the Kasai and Barakar rivers. The Dhulia subcaste

2418-583: The founder of the Malla dynasty , ruled in Laugram, 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi) from Kotulpur , for 33 years. When he was 15 years old he had no equal as a wrestler in the territory all around. It was this that earned him the sobriquet of Adi Malla, the original or unique wrestler. He was also known as Bagdi Raja and was succeeded by his son, Jay Malla , who extended his domains and shifted his capital to Bishnupur. The subsequent kings steadily extended their kingdom. Among

2480-715: The fourth century, Susunia edicts record in Prakrit and Sanskrit that Chandravarman, son of Simhavarman, was the ruler of Pushkarana (modern Pakhanna in Bankura district). According to the inscription on the Allahabad pillar , Chandravarman was defeated by Samudragupta and the area became a part of the Gupta Empire . The area was for many years part of Dandabhukti and Bardhamanbhukti . Many historians opine that assimilation with Indo-Aryans took place first in northern and eastern Bengal and then in western Bengal. This has also been

2542-455: The hills in the west. The rivers come down in floods after heavy rains and subside as rapidly as they rise. In summer, their sand beds are almost always dry. The principal rivers are: Damodar, Dwarakeswar , Shilabati , Kangsabati , Sali , Gandheswari, Kukhra, Birai, Jaypanda and Bhairabbanki. There are some small waterfalls along the course of the Shilabati near Harmasra, and along the course of

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2604-445: The language of the Kol - Mundas , orah or rah means habitation. Banku means extremely beautiful. It may also have come from the word banka which means zig-zag. One of the most influential deities in the district is Dharmathakur and he is locally called Bankura Roy. According to local tradition, the town, which is presently the headquarters of the district, was named after its founder,

2666-497: The language reflects close association with nature and living proximity with birds and beasts which is typical for tribal languages. The Latin, Devanagari and Warang Citi scripts have been used in the field of teaching and learning. In 1953, the department of Education, Government of Bihar set out instructions to all the Divisional Inspectors of schools. The government maintained that 'the pupil-teachers whose mother tongue

2728-524: The later Middle Ages. Vaishnavism , which gained the status of state religion in the Malla kingdom in the seventeenth century, shaped the culture of the region. The Malla kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company in 1765 and the modern Bankura district took its form in 1881 and was named after its headquarters. There are few accepted opinions about the etymology of the word Bankura . In

2790-503: The long dry season large extents of red soil with hardly any trees lend the country a scorched and dreary appearance. In the eastern part the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer. The Gondwana system is represented in the northern portion of the district, south of the Damodar, between Mejia and Biharinath Hill. The beds covered with alluvium contains seams of coal belonging to

2852-603: The more renowned are: Kalu Malla, Kau Malla, Jhau Malla, and Sur Malla. Bir Hambir , the 49th ruler of the Malla dynasty who flourished around 1586 and ruled in the 16th-17th century, was a contemporary of the Mughal emperor Akbar . He was involved on the side of Mughals in their struggle against the Afghans and is mentioned by Muslim historians. He paid an annual tribute to the Muslim viceroys of Bengal and thus acknowledged their suzerainty. He

2914-461: The north and north-east the district is bounded by Bardhaman district , from which it is separated mostly by the Damodar River . On the south-east it is bounded by Hooghly district , on the south by Paschim Medinipur district and on the west by Purulia district . Bankura district has been described as the "connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on

2976-402: The north, Purulia district in the west, Jhargram district and Paschim Medinipur district in the south, and some part of Hooghly district in the east. Damodar River flows in the northern part of Bankura district and separates it with the major part of Burdwan district. The district head quarter is located in Bankura town. The district has been described as the "connecting link between

3038-417: The position of tributary princes. Bir Singh walled up alive all his sons, eighteen in number. The youngest, Durjan, alone escaped, having been kept in hiding by the servants. The status of the Raja of Bishnupur was that of a tributary prince, exempted from personal attendance at the court at Murshidabad , and represented there by a resident. The Bishnupur Rajas who were at the summit of their fortunes towards

3100-604: The present day, mostly using the Latin alphabet , Devanagari , Odia and more recently using the Warang Chiti script. Most writing done in Jharkhand tends to use the Devanagari script, while in Odisha it is the Odia script. While community intellectuals have been promoting the usage of Warang Chiti, it is yet to be widely used among Ho people due to it not being a part of school education. In 1985,

3162-1023: The provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Bankura Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 69.56%, Khatra subdivision 69.79% and Bishnupur subdivision 71.60%. Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Bankura district for the year 2013-14. The primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for

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3224-681: The script Warang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village. Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing Ho books in Devanagri. John Deeney published Ho Grammar and Vocabulary in 1975, written in the Latin . Under the Multilingual Education (MLE) programme, Odisha government has been providing primary education in Ho speaking areas. The University Grants Commission of India has already recognized Ho as

3286-543: The state of India (2011 census) Around half of all Ho speakers reside in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, where they form a majority. Ho speakers are also found in districts of East Singhbhum in southern Jharkhand, Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar in northern Odisha. Like other languages of the Munda family, Ho has a mostly suffixing agglutinative inflictional morphology and follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment. There

3348-462: The status of a mere zamindar . In 1787, Bishnupur was united with Birbhum to form a separate administrative unit, the headquarters was shifted to Suri , and a rebellious situation prevailed. Bankura continued to be one district with Birbhum till 1793, when it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. Towards the end of the 18th century, certain portions of the district around Raipur was affected by

3410-619: The thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district. The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor . Bankura district is a part of Medinipur division . It is situated between 22° 38’ and 23° 38’ north latitude and between 86° 36’ and 87° 46’ east longitude. It has an area of 6,882 square kilometres (2,657 sq mi). On

3472-460: The thermometer in the shade rising to around 45 °C (113 °F). The monsoon months, June to September, are comparatively pleasant. The total average rainfall is 1,400 millimetres (55 in), the bulk of the rain coming in the months of June to September. Winters are pleasant with temperatures dropping down to below 27 °C (81 °F) in December. Bankura is economically underdeveloped and

3534-521: The west." The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying alluvial plains, similar to predominating rice lands of Bengal. To the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks. Much of the country is covered with jungles. The western part of the district has poor, ferruginous soil and hard beds of laterite with scrub jungles and sal woods. Long broken ridges with irregular patches of more recent alluvium have marks of seasonal cultivation. During

3596-463: The word Bankunda, meaning five tanks. The name Bacoonda is found in old official records. The earliest signs of human habitation in the area are at Dihar —by about 1000 BC chalcolithic people had settled on the north bank of the Dwarakeswar . Bankura district was inhabited by various indigenous tribes in later pre-historic times as well as Aryanised or assimilated with the people and culture of

3658-565: The world of mass media. For the last few years, All India Radio (AIR) has been airing songs in Ho from the AIR centres in Keonjhar , Rourkela and Cuttack besides Baripada in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha state. Regular programs in Ho are broadcast from Chaibasa and Jamshedpur AIR centres in Jharkhand. Similarly, from Ranchi AIR centre in Jharkhand, regional news bulletins are broadcast two days

3720-459: Was called Mallabhum . At its farthest extent Bishnupur kingdom stretched from Damin-i-koh in Santhal Parganas to Midnapore and included parts of Bardhaman and Chota Nagpur . Smaller kingdoms of aboriginal tribes, such as Dhalbhum , Tungbhum , Samantabhum and Varahabhumi or Varabhumi were gradually subdued and overshadowed by the Malla kings of Bishnupur. Adi Malla (born 695 AD),

3782-680: Was converted to Vaishnavism by Srinivasa and introduced the worship of Madan Mohan in Bishnupur. Raghunath Singha Dev , who followed Bir Hambir, was the first Bishnupur Raja to use the Kshatriya title Singh. With exquisite palaces and temples built during the period that followed Bishnupur was reputed to be the most renowned city in the world, more beautiful than the house of Indra in heaven. However, it has also been recorded that while these royal patrons of Hindu art and religion were busy building temples they had lost much of their independence and sunk to

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3844-414: Was taken in 1872. The district as now constituted had a population of 968,597. In the 1901 census, 90.7 per cent of the population spoke a dialect of Bengali known as Rarhi Boli , which was also spoken in the adjoining districts. Santali was spoken by about 9 per cent of the population. 87.4 per cent of the population were Hindus , 8 per cent were Animists and 5.6 per cent were Muslims . Hinduism

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