38-514: Jungle Mahals ( lit. jungle estates) was a district formed by British possessions and some independent chiefdoms lying between Birbhum , Bankura , Midnapore and the hilly country of Chota Nagpur in what is now the Indian state of West Bengal . The district was located in the area known as the Jungle Terry . The vagueness of the jurisdiction caused inconvenience. In 1805, Regulation XVIII
76-654: A planet or moon that is covered in ice . Ice caps form because high- latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures . A desert is a landscape form or region that receives very little precipitation . Deserts usually have a large diurnal and seasonal temperature range, with high or low, depending on location daytime temperatures (in summer up to 45 °C or 113 °F), and low nighttime temperatures (in winter down to 0 °C or 32 °F) due to extremely low humidity . Many deserts are formed by rain shadows , as mountains block
114-429: A lawless chaos. The word "jungle" carries connotations of untamed and uncontrollable nature and isolation from civilisation, along with the emotions that evokes: threat, confusion, powerlessness, disorientation and immobilisation. The change from "jungle" to "rainforest" as the preferred term for describing tropical forests has been a response to an increasing perception of these forests as fragile and spiritual places,
152-513: A mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher; D temperate —4 to 7 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher; and E boreal climate —1 to 3 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher. Otherwise, the tropical climates and polar climates remained the same as the original Köppen climate classification. Devised by the American climatologist and geographer C. W. Thornthwaite , this climate classification method monitors
190-456: A more open canopy than rainforests, monsoon forests typically have dense understoreys with numerous lianas and shrubs making movement difficult, while the prop roots and low canopies of mangroves produce similar difficulties. Because European explorers initially travelled through tropical forests largely by river, the dense tangled vegetation lining the stream banks gave a misleading impression that such jungle conditions existed throughout
228-551: A region. One of the most used is the Köppen climate classification scheme first developed in 1884. There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally, climes were defined in Ancient Greece to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into genetic methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and empiric methods, which focus on
266-414: A resident of the jungle representing the savage, untamed and wild, yet still a white master of it; and in his essay " An Image of Africa " about Heart of Darkness Nigerian novelist and theorist Chinua Achebe notes how the jungle and Africa become the source of temptation for white European characters like Marlowe and Kurtz. Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak compared Israel to "a villa in
304-447: A viewpoint not in keeping with the darker connotations of "jungle". Cultural scholars , especially post-colonial critics, often analyse the jungle within the concept of hierarchical domination and the demand western cultures often places on other cultures to conform to their standards of civilisation. For example: Edward Said notes that the Tarzan depicted by Johnny Weissmuller was
342-573: A year. They are widespread on Africa , and are found in India , the northern parts of South America , Malaysia , and Australia . The humid subtropical climate zone where winter rainfall (and sometimes light snowfall ) is associated with storms that the westerlies steer from west to east at the time of low sun (winter). In summer, high pressure dominates as the westerlies move north. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones . Humid subtropical climates lie on
380-508: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jungle A jungle is land covered with dense forest and tangled vegetation, usually in tropical climates . Application of the term has varied greatly during the past century. The word jungle originates from the Sanskrit word jaṅgala ( जङ्गल ), meaning rough and arid. It came into the English language in the 18th century via
418-467: Is commonly used to refer to the plant growth replacing primeval forest or to the unkempt tropical vegetation that takes over abandoned areas. Because jungles occur on all inhabited landmasses and may incorporate numerous vegetation and land types in different climatic zones , the wildlife of jungles cannot be straightforwardly defined. One of the most common meanings of jungle is land overgrown with tangled vegetation at ground level, especially in
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#1732856165415456-564: Is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature. Climate classification systems include: The simplest classification is that involving air masses . The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classification involves three letters. The first letter describes its moisture properties, with c used for continental air masses (dry) and m for maritime air masses (moist). The second letter describes
494-515: The Hindustani word for forest ( Hindi/Urdu : जङ्गल / جنگل ) (Jangal). Jāṅgala has also been variously transcribed in English as jangal , jangla , jungal , and juṅgala . It has been suggested that an Anglo-Indian interpretation led to its connotation as a dense "tangled thicket". The term is prevalent in many languages of the Indian subcontinent , and the Iranian Plateau , where it
532-430: The tropics . Typically such vegetation is sufficiently dense to hinder movement by humans, requiring that travellers cut their way through. This definition draws a distinction between rainforest and jungle, since the understorey of rainforests is typically open of vegetation due to a lack of sunlight, and hence relatively easy to traverse. Jungles may exist within, or at the borders of, tropical forests in areas where
570-454: The 1970s; since then it has been steadily replaced by "rainforest", although "jungle" still remains in common use when referring to tropical rainforests. As a metaphor, jungle often refers to situations that are unruly or lawless, or where the only law is perceived to be "survival of the fittest". This reflects the view of "city people" that forests are such places. Upton Sinclair gave the title The Jungle (1906) to his famous book about
608-555: The Earth's landmass is considered either arid or semi-arid, including southwest North America, southwest South America, most of northern and a small part of southern Africa, southwest and portions of eastern Asia, as well as much of Australia. Studies suggest that precipitation effectiveness (PE) within the Thornthwaite moisture index is overestimated in the summer and underestimated in the winter. This index can be effectively used to determine
646-705: The Equator and 25 north and south latitude. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months, ushering in a region's rainy season. Regions within North America , South America , Sub-Saharan Africa , Australia and East Asia are monsoon regimes. A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi- humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes , with average temperatures remaining at or above 18 °C (64 °F) all year round, and rainfall between 750 millimetres (30 in) and 1,270 millimetres (50 in)
684-540: The Junglemahal area is least developed and the demands of employment and development for locals could be met only if it gets statehood. The West Bengal state BJP unit, however, distanced itself from the Junglemahal statehood demand. A Trinamool Congress leader filed a complaint against Saumitra Khan for demanding statehood for Junglemahal. 23°20′N 86°22′E / 23.333°N 86.367°E / 23.333; 86.367 This Indian history-related article
722-487: The Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. These primary types are A) tropical, B) dry, C) mild mid-latitude, D) cold mid-latitude, and E) polar. Tropical climates are defined as locations where the coolest monthly mean temperature is above 18 C (64.4 F). This tropical zone is further broken down into rainforest, monsoon, and savanna based on seasonal rainfall. These climates are most often located between
760-644: The climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin , parts of western North America , parts of Western and South Australia , in southwestern South Africa and in parts of central Chile . The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. A steppe is a dry grassland with an annual temperature range in the summer of up to 40 °C (104 °F) and during the winter down to −40 °C (−40 °F). A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of
798-569: The criteria for an arid or semi-arid climate , are classified as continental. Most climates in this zone are found from 35 latitude to 55 latitude, mostly in the northern hemisphere. An oceanic climate is typically found along west coasts in higher middle latitudes of all the world's continents, and in southeastern Australia , and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year-round, cool summers, and small annual ranges of temperatures. Most climates of this type are found from 45 latitude to 55 latitude. The Mediterranean climate regime resembles
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#1732856165415836-448: The east side of continents, roughly between latitudes 20° and 40° degrees away from the equator . A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance, cold and often very snowy winters, and warm summers. Places with more than three months of average daily temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) and a coldest month temperature below −3 °C (27 °F) and which do not meet
874-451: The effects of climate. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the relative frequency of different air mass types or locations within synoptic weather disturbances. Examples of empiric classifications include climate zones defined by plant hardiness , evapotranspiration, or associations with certain biomes , as in the case of the Köppen climate classification. A common shortcoming of these classification schemes
912-399: The entire forest. As a result, it was wrongly assumed that the entire forest was impenetrable jungle. This in turn appears to have given rise to the second popular usage of jungle as virtually any humid tropical forest . Jungle in this context is particularly associated with tropical rain forest , but may extend to cloud forest , temperate rainforest, and mangroves with no reference to
950-1007: The ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973. Based upon the Bergeron classification scheme is the Spatial Synoptic Classification system (SSC). There are six categories within the SSC scheme: Dry Polar (similar to continental polar), Dry Moderate (similar to maritime superior), Dry Tropical (similar to continental tropical), Moist Polar (similar to maritime polar), Moist Moderate (a hybrid between maritime polar and maritime tropical), and Moist Tropical (similar to maritime tropical, maritime monsoon, or maritime equatorial). The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used form of
988-449: The jungle", a comparison which had been often quoted in Israeli political debates. Barak's critics on the left side of Israeli politics strongly criticised the comparison. Climatic zone Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates . A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification, as climate is a major influence on life in
1026-600: The life of workers at the Chicago Stockyards, portraying the workers as being mercilessly exploited with no legal or other lawful recourse. The term " The Law of the Jungle " is also used in a similar context, drawn from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (1894)—though in the society of jungle animals portrayed in that book and obviously meant as a metaphor for human society, that phrase referred to an intricate code of laws which Kipling describes in detail, and not at all to
1064-566: The middle latitudes to be closer to vegetation zoning and genetic climate systems. The Trewartha climate classification changes were seen as most effective on the large landmasses in Asia and North America , where many areas fall into a single group ( C ) in the Köppen–Geiger system. For example, under the standard Köppen system, Washington and Oregon are classed into the same climate zone ( Csb ) as parts of Southern California , even though
1102-419: The number of herbivore and mammal species numbers within a given area. The index is also used in studies of climate change. Thermal classifications within the Thornthwaite scheme include microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal regimes. A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has
1140-520: The path of moisture and precipitation to the desert. The Trewartha climate classification (TCC) or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC) is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen–Geiger system , created to answer some of its deficiencies. The Trewartha system attempts to redefine
1178-504: The remainder constituted the Manbhum District . The area of Bankura , Purulia and West Midnapore and Jhargram districts of West Bengal is still colloquially referred to as "Jungle Mahal". In 2021, Saumitra Khan , Lok Sabha BJP MP demanded the creation of Junglemahal state consisting of Purulia , Jhargram , Bankura , parts of Birbhum , Purbo Medinipur , Paschim Medinipur and along with some other areas. He claimed that
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1216-780: The soil water budget using evapotranspiration. It monitors the portion of total precipitation used to nourish vegetation over a certain area. It uses indices such as a humidity index and an aridity index to determine an area's moisture regime based upon its average temperature, average rainfall, and average vegetation type. The lower the value of the index in any given area, the drier the area is. The moisture classification includes climatic classes with descriptors such as hyperhumid, humid, subhumid, subarid, semi-arid (values of −20 to −40), and arid (values below −40). Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year, while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis. A total of 33 percent of
1254-410: The thermal characteristic of its source region: T for tropical , P for polar , A for Arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon , E for equatorial , and S for superior air (dry air formed by significant downward motion in the atmosphere). The third letter is used to designate the stability of the atmosphere . If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than
1292-434: The two regions have strikingly different weather and vegetation. Another example was classifying cities like London or New York in the same climate group ( C ) as Brisbane or New Orleans , despite great differences in seasonal temperatures and native plant life. Trewartha's modifications to the 1899 Köppen climate system sought to reclass the middle latitudes into three groups: C ( subtropical )—8 or more months have
1330-421: The vegetation structure or the ease of travel. The terms "tropical forest" and "rainforest" have largely replaced "jungle" as the descriptor of humid tropical forests, a linguistic transition that has occurred since the 1970s. "Rainforest" itself did not appear in English dictionaries prior to the 1970s. The word "jungle" accounted for over 80% of the terms used to refer to tropical forests in print media prior to
1368-476: The woodland has been opened through natural disturbance such as hurricanes, or through human activity such as logging. The successional vegetation that springs up following such disturbance, is dense and tangled and is a "typical" jungle. Jungle also typically forms along rainforest margins such as stream banks, once again due to the greater available light at ground level. Monsoon forests and mangroves are commonly referred to as jungles of this type. Having
1406-411: The year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters. Winters within subarctic climates usually include up to six months of temperatures averaging below 0 °C (32 °F). Tundra occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere , north of the taiga belt, including vast areas of northern Russia and Canada . A polar ice cap , or polar ice sheet, is a high- latitude region of
1444-506: Was passed whereby the areas known as Jungle Mahals were separated from the jurisdiction of the Magistrates of the districts of Burdwan , Birbhum, Bankura and Midnapore and placed under a Magistrate of Jungle Mahals. The district thus formed was composed of 23 parganas and mahals. By Regulation XIII of 1833, the district of Jungle Mahals was broken up. The estates of Senpahari, Shergarh and Bishnupur were transferred to Burdwan District and
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