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79-566: Traces of a settlement dating back to the 9th-10th centuries and a fortified hilltop stronghold dating back to the 11th-13th centuries have been found at the Baturyn site. This fortified settlement was destroyed as a result of the Mongol invasion of 1239 . Chernihiv region was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century, but was lost to Muscovy as a result of the 1500-1503 war . It returned to

158-550: A campaign to help Subutai , and each Chingizid led with him one or more tumens of the army. The Mongols prepared for an offensive in 1235 and early 1236 and subjugated the Bashkir tribes, who were forced to allocate several detachments to the Mongol army. The Mongols concentrated in the Caspian steppes in the autumn of 1236 under the general leadership of Jochi's son Batu. The first blow of

237-417: A campaign to help Subutai , who was facing a strong resistance from various peoples and cities under Genghis Khan's command. The list of Genghisides who participated in the campaign is present in works such as The Secret Legend , Yuan Shi , and Jami' al-tawarikh . In addition to Batu , other Chingizids who participated in the campaign included the sons of Jochi , Orda , Shiban , Tangkut and Berke ;

316-517: A great park around them. In 1803 after the death of K. Rozumovskyi everything was changed. The decoration works were stopped, and the palace was abandoned. The fire of 1824 ruined practically all its interior decorations. The issue of the palace restoration was raised in 1908 at the XIV All-Russian Archaeological Convention. Since 1911 the palace was under the guardianship of the "Society for Preservation and Protection of

395-496: A result, the Russian handicraft industry regressed several centuries, while the guild industry in the West progressed to the era of primitive accumulation. The Russian handicraft industry had to reacquire the gains that had been made before the invasion. As a result of the invasion many people were forced to flee in front of the advancing tumens of Batu, and in northeastern Rus', residents of

474-461: A sharp decline, with their populations shrinking to a fraction of what they were before the invasion. For example, Kiev, which had around 50,000 people, had only about 200 houses left after the invasion, according to the papal legate Giovanni da Pian del Carpine . The decline of cities was also accompanied by a decline in culture, crafts, and trade. The pre-Mongol period was considered the heyday of culture, crafts, and trade in ancient Rus', but after

553-584: A significant impact on Russia's political development, as it paved the way for the emergence of the centralized Moscow state, which gradually absorbed other principalities and became the dominant power in Russia. Overall, the invasion of Batu Khan had a profound and lasting impact on the history of Russia. Stone construction in Russian cities practically ceased for several decades. The production of complex crafts, such as glass jewelry, Cloisonné enamel, niello , granulation , and polychrome glazed ceramics stopped. As

632-415: A state. Under Mongol occupation, for example, Muscovy developed its mestnichestvo hierarchy, postal road network (based on Mongolian ortoo system, known in Russian as "yam", hence the terms yamshchik , Yamskoy Prikaz , etc.), census , fiscal system and military organization. The period of Mongol rule over the former Rus' polities included significant cultural and interpersonal contacts between

711-502: A stud-farm, a parish school, and a hospital. Hetman also planned to set up a university there. His intention to gain more autonomy for Ukraine triggered imperial wrath. He was removed from his post of Ukraine's hetman in 1764. Only in 1794 he returned to Baturyn and decided to establish a grandiose palace and a park ensemble. For that purpose he invited the Scottish architect Charles Cameron, whose architectural designs were much appreciated by

790-400: Is known only to God, and perhaps to wise men learned in books". Although this defeat left the principalities at the mercy of invaders, the Mongol or Tartar forces retreated and did not reappear for another 13 years, during which time the princes of Rus' went on quarreling and fighting as before, until they were startled by a new and much more formidable invading force. In The Secret History of

869-467: Is the excellent and remarkable place for different concerts, theatrical performance and weddings. Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus%27 The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities including the largest: Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernigov (30,000 inhabitants). The siege of Kiev in 1240 by the Mongols is generally held to mark

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948-523: Is the main adornment and the central feature of Baturyn (Chernihiv region, Ukraine). K. Rozumovskyi decided to transfer the capital of the Hetmanate (Ukrainian Cossack State) from Hlukhiv to Baturyn town soon after being elected the hetman of Ukraine. Baturyn was re-established as capital and Rozumovskyi rebuilt the town and ushered in a brief renaissance. He established the manufacturing of carpets, broadcloth, silk, candles, bricks, and cocklestove tiles, and

1027-564: The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, the Mongol domination of Russian-inhabited territories, with the requisite demands of tribute, continued until the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. The invasion had significant consequences on the population. Many cities and fortified points were wiped out, with only a fraction surviving. The once flourishing cities of Kiev , Novgorod , and Vladimir suffered

1106-658: The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, the Mongolian demands of tribute from Russian princes continued until about 1480. The Mongols had plans to conquer Eastern Europe long before Batu 's campaign in 1237. In 1207, Genghis Khan sent his eldest son Jochi to conquer the tribes north of the Selenga River and in the Irtysh valley, which included the lands of Eastern Europe in the Jochi Ulus . However, these plans were not implemented during

1185-628: The Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223, which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several principalities as well as the remnants of the Cumans under Köten . The Mongols retreated, having gathered their intelligence, which was the purpose of the reconnaissance-in-force . A full-scale invasion by Batu Khan followed, with most of Kievan Rus' overran in 1237–1238. The Mongols captured Kiev in 1240 and moved west into Hungary and Poland . The invasion

1264-599: The Don , where another concentration of troops took place. The offensive continued until the autumn of 1237 and ended with the defeat of the Cumans and Alans. After that, the Mongols conquered the lands of the Burtas , Mokshas , and Erzyas . The grandiose Zolotarevskoe battle took place near a strategic crossing over the Sura . According to the historian Vadim Kargalov (1932-2009), the fighting in 1237

1343-704: The Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648–1657, when they captured the fortress and slaughtered the Polish nobles. In 1648 Baturyn was transformed into a Cossack regional center ( sotnia ), first hosting the Starodub Cossack Regiment and then the Nizhyn Regiment . After the signing of the Pereiaslav Agreement , the residents of Baturyn swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar on February 7, 1654, after which

1422-668: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1618. The land on which Baturyn was built was granted to Aleksander Piaseczyński. With royal permission, the town and fortress of Baturyn were founded by Matwiej Stachurski in 1625, who was in Piaseczyński's service. The fortress was captured and burned by Russian troops during the Smolensk War in 1633. Control of the town was wrested away from the Commonwealth by Cossack forces during

1501-474: The Principality of Moscow , began to flourish under the Mongols. Moscow's eventual dominance in northeastern Rus' was in large part attributable to the Mongols. Moscow drew people and wealth, developed trade links, and established an autocratic political system which exerted a powerful influence on Russian society. After the prince of Tver led an uprising in 1327, the rival prince Ivan I of Moscow joined

1580-653: The Vladimir-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities sought refuge in more northern lands beyond the Volga . Others fled to sparsely populated areas, taking refuge in dense forests. However, after the departure of the Mongol-Tatars, most of them returned to their former places of residence. In fact, just a year after the fall of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, the number of returnees was so great that Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich

1659-536: The Volga , and another from the south towards Ryazan . According to Rashid al-Din Hamadani , the Siege of Ryazan was conducted by Batu , Orda , Güyük , Möngke , Kulkan, Kadan , and Büri . The city fell after three days. Alarmed by the news, Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders, but they were defeated and ran for their lives. Yuri II also fled Vladimir for Yaroslavl . Having burnt down Kolomna and Moscow ,

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1738-643: The Volga River and invaded Volga Bulgaria in late 1236. It took them only a month to extinguish the resistance of the Volga Bulgars , the Cumans - Kipchaks and the Alans . Immediately prior to the invasion, Friar Julian from Hungary had travelled to the eastern border of the Rus' and learned of the Mongol army, which was waiting for the onset of winter so that they could cross the frozen rivers and swamps. In his letter to

1817-448: The "Hetmans' Capital" monumental complex (including the newly renovated Razumovsky Palace). Until 18 July 2020, Baturyn belonged to Bakhmach Raion . The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five. The area of Bakhmach Raion was merged into Nizhyn Raion. The Hetman palace of Kyrylo Rozumovskyi

1896-526: The 14th century, the Muscovite princes began "gathering Russian lands" to increase its population and wealth. While the Mongols often raided other territories, they tended to respect the lands controlled by their principal collaborator. This, in turn, attracted nobles and their servants who sought to settle in the relatively secure and peaceful lands of Moscow. Although a Russian army defeated the Golden Horde at

1975-457: The Architectural and Ancient Monuments in Russia". The great grandson of K. Rozumovskyi, Kamil Lvovych Rozumovskyi, visited Baturyn in 1909. He donated money for the palace restoration with the desire to settle a Folk Art Museum there. An architect from Petersburg Oleksandr Bilogrud worked out the design of restoration, and guided the restoration works till 1913. Further tragic events, WWI and

2054-694: The Baturyn Cossacks supported the anti-Moscow Briukhovetsky uprising. However, unlike other cities, Baturyn was not burned down after the uprising was suppressed. For this reason, the Cossack elders with the new Hetman Demian Mnohohrishny chose Baturyn as the new center of power, moving it from Hadiach . From 1670, troops of Muscovite Streltsy were stationed here. The capital of the Cossack Hetmanate (an autonomous Cossack republic in Left-bank Ukraine )

2133-458: The Bolshevik revolution of 1917 put the restoration aside for a long period of time. The building suffered a lot in the fire of 1923. The outbuildings were completely ruined at the beginning of the 20th century. During World War II the facade walls and the decoration elements of the palace were seriously damaged. The second half of the 20th century has seen several restoration attempts, which preserved

2212-762: The General Chancellery was the Chancellery Kurin , which prepared for administrative and judicial service. Mazepa also built a fortified palace in Honcharivka near Baturyn as his headquarters. In 1708 the Zaporozhian Cossacks became involved in the Great Northern War . Hetman Mazepa, after realizing that the Russians planned to remove him from power, switched his allegiance to Sweden (then at war with

2291-520: The German occupiers operated a Jewish forced labour battalion in Baturyn. In June 1993 the Ukrainian government declared Baturyn the center of a national site of Ukrainian history and culture. In August 2002, at the prodding of President Viktor Yushchenko , a government program was approved to restore Baturyn to its former glory. On 22 January 2009 Ukraine's President Viktor Yushchenko officially opened

2370-689: The Jochid appanage ruled by Batu. Batu sited a semi-nomadic capital, called Sarai or Sarai Batu (Batu's Palaces), on the lower Volga. The Jochid appanage came to be known as the Golden Horde . Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , the pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan , traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote: They [the Mongols] attacked Russia, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev,

2449-519: The Mongol army. In the autumn of 1236, the Mongols concentrated in the Caspian steppes under the general leadership of Jochi's son Batu . The first blow of the united Chingizid army hit the Volga Bulgaria . Until the mid-1220s, the Volga Bulgaria was in constant conflict with the Vladimir-Suzdal and Murom-Ryazan principalities. The parties undertook campaigns, there were constant skirmishes,

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2528-486: The Mongol invasion included Novgorod , Pskov , Smolensk , Polotsk , Vitebsk , and probably Rostov and Uglich . The Mongols planned to advance on Novgorod, but the principality was spared the fate of its brethren by the decision to preemptively surrender. In mid-1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia . In the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslavl . While Kiev and its grand prince

2607-717: The Mongols , the only reference to this early battle is: Then he (Genghis Khan) sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv, and on to conquer the people between Iraq and the Indus. He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes, crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers, finally going to war with Kiev. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Ögedei sent Batu , Büri , Möngke , and many other princes on

2686-464: The Mongols in crushing Tver and devastating its lands. By doing so, he eliminated his rival, allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to move its headquarters to Moscow, and was granted the title of Grand Prince by the Mongols. As such, the Muscovite prince became the chief intermediary between the Mongol overlords and the Russian princes, which paid further dividends for Moscow's rulers. In

2765-402: The Mongols or Tatars, including Veliaminov-Zernov, Godunov, Arseniev, Bakhmetev, Bulgakov (descendants of Bulgak) and Chaadaev (descendants of Genghis Khan's son Chagatai Khan ). In a survey of Russian noble families of the 17th century, over 15% of the Russian noble families had Tatar or Oriental origins. The Mongols brought about changes in the economic power of states and overall trade. In

2844-530: The Mongols under Tolui to raze the walls of many cities. The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk , whose boy-prince Vasily, son of Titus Mstislavich, and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks, killing 4,000. As the story goes, at the news of the Mongol approach, the whole town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake, where, as legend has it, it may be seen to this day. Major principalities and urban centres which escaped destruction or suffered little to no damage from

2923-511: The Mongols, then losing to them his main stronghold, Chernigov . The Mongols approach on Kiev in November 1240 apparently made a grim impression upon its defenders. The chronicler writes: “And nothing could be heard above the squeaking of his carts, the bawling of his [Batu’s] innumerable camels, and the neighing of his herds of horses, and the Land of Rus’ was full of enemies." After many days of siege ,

3002-575: The Pope's legate in Hungary, Julian described meeting Mongol messengers who had been detained by Yuri II of Vladimir on their way to Hungary. Yuri II gave their letter to Julian. In November 1237, Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II and demanded his submission. According to the Laurentian Codex , the Mongols actually came seeking peace, but Yuri II treated them with disdain: As they did before,

3081-576: The Russian Empire) and began to place more emphasis on Ukraine's independence . On 13 November 1708 a Russian army under the command of Alexander Menshikov sacked and razed Baturyn and slaughtered all of its inhabitants in a punitive response. The Russians broke Dmytro Chechel  [ uk ] , the commanding officer of the Baturyn garrison, on the wheel . Historian Serhiy Pavlenko estimates that Menshikov's army murdered 6 to 7.5 thousand civilians and 5 to 6.5 thousand military personnel. In 1708

3160-634: The Russian Empress Catherine II. Cameron was the chief architect of palaces in Tsarskoye Selo, Pavlovsk and others. The only creation of Charles Cameron in Ukraine is this Palace and park ensemble of K. Rozumovskyi in Baturyn. During 1799–1803 the construction of this historical complex was performed in accordance with his design: the 3-storeyed Palace, constructed in the classicism style and 2 outbuildings, located on both sides of it, as well as

3239-806: The Slavic and Mongolian ruling classes. By 1450, the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II , who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech, and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames (for example, a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name "Aksak" and his descendants were the Aksakovs ). Many Russian boyar (noble) families traced their descent from

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3318-628: The Ukrainian Cossack state and incorporated its territories into the Russian Empire , Baturyn continued manufacturing textiles, feeding a growing demand for carpets. In 1843 Taras Shevchenko stayed in the town, using his time to paint many of the architectural sights. In 1860, Baturyn had a population of 3,563, which by 1880 grew to 6,580. Three annual fairs were held in Baturyn in the late 19th century. Baturyn lost its city status in 1923 and received it back only in 2008. During World War II ,

3397-414: The capital of Russia; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and

3476-511: The city had had a population of 20,000; by 1726 it had become a ghost town. The capital of Hetmanate was moved to Hlukhiv. The town was rebuilt in the 1750s, and served as the capital for Hetman Count Kirill Razumovsky (in office 1750 to 1764). Andrey Kvasov designed Razumovsky's palace in the Baroque style (later Charles Cameron rebuilt it in the Neoclassical style in 1799–1803). The home of

3555-412: The city was handed over to the acting Hetman, Ivan Zolotarenko. However, the city burned to the ground later that same year. In July 1655 Zlotarenko asked the tsar to give him two other towns, Borzna and Hlukhiv , in exchange for burned Baturyn. The city rebuilt itself over time. In 1663, in Baturyn, Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky signed a settlement with Russia that increased dependence on Russia. In 1668,

3634-672: The early 1980s, arose out of "the dilemma of the Mongol conquest in Russian historiography": embarrassment among defensive Russian nationalists who object to "Russophobic" arguments that Russia acquired "barbarian" customs, institutions, and culture from uncivilized nomads. Kirill Grigorievich Razumovsky Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky or Razumovski (also known as Cyril Razumovski ; Russian : Кирилл Григорьевич Разумовский ; Ukrainian : Кирило Григорович Розумовський , romanized :  Kyrylo Hryhorovych Rozumovskyi ; 29 March [ O.S. 18 March] 1728 – 21 January [ O.S. 9 January] 1803)

3713-399: The end of the state of Kievan Rus' , which had already been undergoing fragmentation . Many other principalities and urban centres in the northwest and southwest escaped complete destruction or suffered little to no damage from the Mongol invasion, including Galicia–Volhynia , Pskov , Smolensk , Polotsk , Vitebsk , and probably Rostov and Uglich . The campaign was heralded by

3792-512: The famous Cossack Vasyl Kochubey ( c. 1640–1708), constructed some 50 years earlier, is surrounded today by a park in his name (although hostilities devastated this building during World War II , it was restored during Soviet times). Following the death of Hetman Razumovsky (1803) the town lost most of its political stature. In 1756 a textile plant was founded with 12 weaving machines. It quickly grew to include 76 machines. When Russian empress Catherine II (reigned 1762 to 1796) abolished

3871-464: The forests that covered the main cities, the cities themselves were fortified, and the garrisons increased. However, all these measures were in vain – the Volga Bulgaria was defeated with lightning speed and completely conquered by the spring of 1237. The next stage of the campaign was an attack on the Cumans and Alans . From the Lower Volga region, the Mongols moved on a broad front to the mouth of

3950-408: The grand opening and he presented the priceless heirloom – a broadsword of Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovskyi . The imposing Hetman palace in all its beauty can compete with the most distinguished palaces of the world. The restorers of the palace managed to recreate the authentic greatness of the palace, saving the concept for one from the best architects of that time, Charles Cameron. The restorers recreated

4029-400: The ground". Batu Khan's forces went on to ravage much of Galicia-Volhynia , despite Daniel's fierce resistance. The Tartars then resolved to "reach the ultimate sea", where they could proceed no further and invaded Hungary (under Batu Khan) and Poland (under Baidar and Kaidu ). Batu Khan captured Pest , and then on Christmas Day 1241, Esztergom . The principalities became part of

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4108-503: The horde laid siege to Vladimir on 4 February 1238. Three days later, the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground. The royal family perished in the fire, while the grand prince retreated northward. Crossing the Volga, Vladimir mustered a new army, which was encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on 4 March. And the Tartars took

4187-434: The horde stormed Kiev in December 1240. The city was ransacked and pillaged immensely, although the building of St. Sophia Cathedral survived intact. Historian Serhii Plokhy relates the description of one Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , an ambassador of Pope Innocent IV who passed through Kiev six years later: "When we were journeying through that land, we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on

4266-403: The inhabitants are kept in complete slavery. The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories was uneven. Colin McEvedy estimates the population dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to seven million afterwards. Centres such as Kiev took centuries to rebuild and recover from the devastation of the initial attack. The Novgorod Republic continued to prosper, and a new entity,

4345-402: The introduction of the concept of " oriental despotism " into Russia. However, most historians agree that Kievan Rus' was not a homogenous entity in a political, cultural, or ethnic sense, and that the invasions only accelerated the period of feudal fragmentation that had begun prior to the invasions. Historians also credit the Mongol regime with an important role in the development of Muscovy as

4424-418: The invasion of Europe took place, repeated these goals. The campaign of Subutai and his 30,000 troops to the Caspian steppes was a new step in the conquest of Eastern Europe, and it began in the late 1220s. In 1235, a kurultai was convened to outline a general Mongol campaign, in which the troops of other uluses (clans or tribes) were to take part. Ögedei sent Batu , Büri , Möngke , and other princes on

4503-482: The invasion, many cities fell into decay, and stone construction was halted for a long time. Economic ties between cities and surrounding villages were severed, and it took more than 100 years for Russian cities to recover from the invasion of Batu Khan and its consequences. The destruction of cities and the decline in culture and economy had long-term consequences for Russia. The country was left behind in terms of economic development. The Mongol-Tatar invasion also had

4582-454: The lifetime of Genghis Khan. In 1222–1224, Subutai and Jebe conducted a campaign with a 30,000-strong army in Transcaucasia and Southeastern Europe, which is traditionally considered as a reconnaissance. However, the Secret History and Rashid ad-Din state that the purpose of this campaign was to be supported by the forces of Jochi and included Cumania , Alania , Hungary , and Rus' , including Kiev . The kurultai of 1235, after which

4661-656: The messengers came, those evil bloodsuckers, saying: "Make peace with us". He did not want that, as the prophet said: "Glorious war is better than disgraceful peace". These godless men with their deceitful peace will cause great dismay to our lands, as they have already done much evil here. Regardless of what impression Yuri II may have given the Mongol delegations, of which several are mentioned, he did his best to avoid direct conflict. He sent them away with what were described as gifts, which were essentially tribute or bribes to keep them from invading. The Mongols attacked from several directions. One section attacked Suzdal , one from

4740-405: The modelling and decoration of the walls, filled the interiors with paintings of Ukrainian hetmans, exclusive chandeliers, floors of palace and artistic parquet. Dancing halls were reconstructed true to their former greatness and grandiosity in the atmosphere of the 19th century. The classical music, performed on the old grand piano, conducts the excursions. Nowadays the palace of Kyrylo Rozumovskyi

4819-413: The religious sphere, St. Paphnutius of Borovsk was the grandson of a Mongol baskak , or tax collector, while a nephew of Khan Bergai of the Golden Horde converted to Christianity and became known as the monk St. Peter Tsarevich of the Horde. In the judicial sphere, under Mongol influence capital punishment, which during the times of Kievan Rus' had only been applied to slaves, became widespread, and

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4898-440: The second half of the 13th century. As a result, many of their inhabitants gradually moved either to the vicinity of Moscow and Tver , or to the north in regions such as Yaroslavl , Galich , Veliky , Ustyug , and more. Historians have debated the long-term influence of Mongol rule on society. The Mongols have been blamed for the destruction of Kievan Rus' and the breakup of a "Russian" nationality into three components, and

4977-456: The settlement of Lemeshi in the Kyiv Regiment  [ ru ] (now in Chernihiv Raion , Chernihiv Oblast , Ukraine ) on 18 March 1728. From 1743 to 1744, Kirill Razumovsky incognito attended the University of Göttingen . Razumovsky's adjutant in his journey to Germany was Grigory Teplov . Teplov wielded influence over Little Russia in his capacity as the secretary and advisor to Kirill Razumovsky (whose cousin he married). Razumovsky

5056-412: The son of Chagatai , Baidar , and the grandson of Chagatai , Büri ; the sons of Ögedei , Güyük and Kadan ; the sons of Tolui , Möngke and Ariq Böke ; the son of Genghis Khan, Külkhan, and the grandson of Genghis Khan's brother, Argasun. In 1235 and early 1236, the assembled army prepared for an offensive, and then subjugated the Bashkir tribes , who were forced to allocate several detachments to

5135-408: The state of the palace, though none of them were completed. In 2002, under the initiative of V. Yushchenko, then the Prime-Minister of Ukraine, "The Comprehensive Programme On "Hetman's Capital" Monuments' Preservation" was developed. The realization of this Programme started in 2003. The volume of works increased considerably in 2005 – after Ukrainian philanthropists donated money for restoration, and

5214-605: The town [of Ryazan] on December 21... They likewise killed the [Prince] and Knyaginya, and men, women and children, monks, nuns and priests, some by fire, some by the sword and violated nuns, priests' wives, good women and girls in the presence of their mothers and sisters. Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen cities of northeastern Rus': Rostov , Uglich , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Kashin , Ksnyatin , Gorodets , Galich , Pereslavl-Zalessky , Yuryev-Polsky , Dmitrov , Volokolamsk , Tver , and Torzhok . Chinese siege engines were used by

5293-499: The united Chingizid army hit the Volga Bulgaria . The Mongols (called " Tartars " in contemporary accounts) had already defeated a united Rus' army led by Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old on 1 April 1223, at the Battle of the Kalka River . In 1237, they besieged and took Ryazan , and Vladimir fell in early February 1238. "For our sins", wrote a chronicler, "unknown nations arrived. No one knew their origin or whence they came, or what religion they practiced. That

5372-611: The use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure. Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves (with execution for a third arrest). Donald Ostrowski argues that Muscovy's adoption of Mongol institutions and practices may demonstrate the pragmatism of the Muscovite leaders, which enabled them to eventually "triumph over their competitors in northeastern Rus'". According to Charles J. Halperin (2011), Fomenko and Nosovskii's popular pseudohistorical Novaia khronologiia ( New Chronology ), which received some attention in

5451-434: The victories in which were mainly won by Rus' troops. However, with the appearance of the Mongols at their borders, the Bulgars began to seek peace, which was met with understanding and support from the Rus' princes. Over the course of several years, the Rus' and the Bulgars normalized relations, which allowed the Volga Bulgaria to devote all its forces to preparing to repel the alleged Mongol invasion. Ramparts were created in

5530-399: The works for the palace and outbuildings' restoration were conducted in 2005–2006. In 2007–2008 the State Budget spent significant sums on it as well. A large amount of work was performed in 2008 and for the first time in its history the Palace obtained its original state. The palace was opened on August 22, 2009. The descendant Gregor Rozumovskyi was invited with his family on the ceremony of

5609-465: Was a Russian statesman of Ukrainian Cossack origin who served as the last hetman of the Zaporozhian Host on both sides of the Dnieper (from 1750 to 1764) and then as a General field marshal in the Imperial Russian Army . Razumovsky was also the president of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences from 1746 to 1798. Kirill Rozum was born into the Razumovsky family , at that time low-rank family of Cossack Grigory (Hryhoriy) Rozum in

5688-500: Was able to gather a large army among them for a campaign against the Lithuanians . Meanwhile, the inhabitants of South Russia's principalities, such as Kiev , Pereyaslav , and Chernigov , fled to northeastern Russia immediately after the invasion. However, this was not the end of population migrations. Vladimir , Suzdal , Pereslavl-Zalessky , and other cities of northeastern Rus' were repeatedly targeted by Mongol-Tatar campaigns in

5767-457: Was appointed President of the Russian Academy of Sciences when he just turned 18 years old due to the influence of his brother, Aleksey Razumovsky , the morganatic husband of Empress Elisabeth of Russia . In 1750, Razumovsky was elected and subsequently appointed Hetman of Zaporizhian Host , a title he held until Catherine II of Russia abolished this title in 1764, in exchange Razumovsky

5846-405: Was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan . Even those principalities who avoided physical conquest, were eventually forced to accept Mongol supremacy in the form of tribute – as in the case of Galicia-Volhynia , Polotsk and Novgorod – if not outright vassalage, of the Golden Horde , until well into the 14th century. Although a Russian army defeated the Mongols at

5925-611: Was granted a rank of Field marshal of Russian Army in 1764. During his service as Hetman of Zaporizhian Host, Baturin was re-established as residence of the Hetman, and Razumovsky had opulent baroque palaces erected both in Baturyn as well as in Glukhov by the imperial architect Andrey Kvasov and Charles Cameron. Together with Grigory Teplov he also planned to open a university in Baturyn. Kirill Razumovsky died in January 1803 in Baturyn, where he

6004-710: Was interred according to his wishes without any pomp, in stark contrast to his rather flamboyant lifestyle. Kirill married Yekaterina Naryshkina and had five sons, of whom Count Aleksey Kirillovich Razumovsky (1748–1822) was the Minister of Education in 1810–1816, and Prince Andrey Razumovsky (1752–1836) was the Russian plenipotentiary ambassador in Vienna in the years of the Congress 1814–1815. However, Andrey has become better known for his role as patron of Ludwig van Beethoven who dedicated three String Quartets, Op.59 1, 2 and 3, as well as

6083-628: Was located in Baturyn from 1669 to 1708 and from 1750 to 1764. The area prospered under the rule of Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1687–1708), increasing in size and population (with upwards of 20,000 residents). Baturyn boasted 40 churches and chapels , and two monasteries . Two of the most important institutions of the Hetmanate were located in Baturyn: The General Military Chancellery and the General Military Court. Next to

6162-471: Was still formally acknowledged as senior amongst the principalities of Rus', frequent internecine dynastic feuding among rival claimants had left the city weakened. Indeed, by the time Kiev fell to the Mongols, the head of the city's defenses owed allegiance to Prince Daniel of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia . Prince Daniel had taken Kiev under his protection the previous year by arrangement with Prince Michael of Kiev , who fled after originally resisting

6241-541: Was undertaken to create a springboard for a campaign against Rus'. By the end of the year, a huge Mongol army and detachments allied with Batu stood on the borders of Russia . Preparations for a winter campaign against Northeastern Rus' by the Mongols began in the autumn of 1237. Their troops were grouped near Voronezh , and detachments that had previously fought with the Cumans and Alans were drawn there. The vast Mongolian Great Khanate army of around 120,000 mounted archers , commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai , crossed

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