63-637: Bardiya District ( Nepali : बर्दिया जिल्ला Listen ), one of the seventy-seven Districts of Nepal , is part of Lumbini Province of Nepal . The district, with Gulariya as its headquarters, covers an area of 2,025 km (782 sq mi) and according to the 2001 census the population was 382,649 in 2011 it has 426,576. Bardiya lies in Lumbini Province in midwestern Nepal. It covers 2025 square kilometers and lies west of Banke District , south of Surkhet District of Karnali Province , east of Kailali District of Sudurpashchim Province . To
126-568: A Thakur caste dominated village were assassinated by a gang of Mallaah under the leadership of Phoolan Devi. Devi was later inducted as Member of Parliament from Uttar Pradesh by Mulayam Singh Yadav , who acknowledged her popularity among her castemen. The Mallaah and their subcastes called Bind were also active in high value organised crime in the Bihar during 1990s. These organised crimes were kidnapping, Timber logging, forcibly taking contract for public works, automobile theft and smuggling which were
189-501: A common member of the community was later spearheaded by political parties based on the ideology of Hindutva . In 1990s when Lal Krishna Advani was organising his Ram Rath Yatra to garner the support of Hindus all over India for the establishment of Ram Temple at a disputed site in Ayodhya , Mulayam Singh Yadav 's government took serious steps to prevent the Karsewaks (volunteers of
252-1638: A majority of Bardiya's population. Other tribes called Sonaha live near the Karnali River and western periphery of Bardia National Park , who are historically engaged in extracting golden ores from sediments of river and fishing. At the time of the 2021 Nepal Census , Bardiya District had a population of 460,831. As their first language, 52.3% spoke Tharu , 35.2% Nepali , 7.2% Awadhi , 2.3% Urdu , 0.7% Magar , 0.4% Hindi , 0.4% Maithili , 0.3% Bhojpuri , 0.3% Gurung , 0.2% Newar , 0.2% Raji , 0.1% Doteli , 0.1% Sonaha, 0.1% Tamang , and 0.1% other languages. Ethnicity/caste: 53.3% were Tharu , 11.3% Chhetri , 8.7% Hill Brahmin , 5.7% Kami , 2.9% Magar , 2.6% Muslims , 2.3% Thakuri , 1.9% Yadav , 1.8% Damai /Dholi, 1.1% Mallaha , 0.9% Lodh , 0.8% Chamar /Harijan/Ram, 0.7% Gurung , 0.7% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.6% Newar , 0.6% Sarki , 0.3% Dusadh/ Pasawan /Pasi, 0.3% Kurmi , 0.3% Tamang , 0.3% other Terai, 0.2% Badi , 0.2% Terai Brahmin , 0.2% other Dalit , 0.2% Dhobi , 0.2% Hajam /Thakur, 0.2% Halwai , 0.2% Kathabaniyan, 0.2% Lohar , 0.2% Raji , 0.1% Bengali , 0.1% Gaine , 0.1% Kayastha , 0.1% Koiri / Kushwaha , 0.1% Kumal , 0.1% Rajbanshi , 0.1% Teli and 0.1% others. Religion: 94.2% were Hindu , 2.6% Muslim , 2.2% Christian and 1.0% Buddhist . Literacy: 65.2% could read and write, 1.9% could only read and 32.9% could neither read nor write. The district consists of eight municipalities, out of which six are urban municipalities and two are rural municipalities . These are as follows: Prior to
315-560: A pre-modern orthography. Few changes including changing Kari (करि) to Gari (गरि) and merging Hunu (हुनु) with cha (छ) to create huncha (हुन्छ) were done. The most prominent work written during this time was Bhanubhakta Acharya 's Bhanubhakta Ramayana , a translation of the epic Ramayana from Sanskrit to Nepali for the first time. Acharya's work led to which some describe as "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of Nepal, comparatively to Prithvi Narayan Shah who unified Nepal. The modern period of Nepali begins in
378-639: A short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fuelled by Adhyatma Ramayana ; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the ancient Indian epic Ramayana by Bhanubhakta Acharya (d. 1868). The contribution of trio-laureates Lekhnath Paudyal , Laxmi Prasad Devkota , and Balkrishna Sama took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in Darjeeling and Varanasi in India,
441-405: Is also a separate highest level honorific, which was used to refer to members of the royal family, and by the royals among themselves. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Instead, it relies heavily on periphrasis , a marginal verbal feature of older Indo-Aryan languages. Nepali
504-667: Is also notable. Nepali-language speakers are rapidly migrating around the globe in last a couple of decades and many books of Nepali language literature are published from different corners of the world. Diasporic literature has developed new ways of thinking and created a new branch in Nepali language literature. Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi. These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli and Acchami
567-582: Is considered to be a Golden Age for the language. In West Bengal , Nepali language was recognised by West Bengal Government in 1961 as the official language for the Darjeeling district , and Kalimpong and Kurseong . The Nepali Language Movement took place in India around 1980s to include Nepali language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India . In 1977, Nepali was officially accepted by Sahitya Academy , an organisation dedicated to
630-416: Is currently known as Sajha Prakashan . Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled " Shriman Gambhir " was changed to Nepali in 1951. However, the term Nepali was used before the official adoption notably by Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh , now considered one of the national heroes of Nepal , who advocated for the embracement of the term. The initial name of Nepali language
693-754: Is generally written in Devanagari script. In certain regions, the Tibetan script was also used in regions with predominantly Tibetic population, with common Tibetan expressions and pronunciation. In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the IAST scheme and IPA . The chief features are: subscript dots for retroflex consonants ; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels ; h denoting aspirated plosives . Tildes denote nasalised vowels . Nepali developed significant literature within
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#1732855038224756-878: Is low. The dialect of the Nepali language spoken in Karnali Province is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali. The language is known by its old name as Khas Bhasa in Karnali. The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription ( IPA ). Mallaah The Mallaah are the traditional boatmen and fishermen tribes or communities found in North India , East India , Northeastern India and Pakistan . A significant number of Mallaah are also found in Nepal and Bangladesh . In
819-824: Is often in free variation with [õ]. Nepali has ten diphthongs : /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/. [j] and [w] are nonsyllabic allophones of [i] and [u], respectively. Every consonant except [j], [w], and /ɦ/ has a geminate counterpart between vowels. /ɳ/ and /ʃ/ also exist in some loanwords such as /baɳ/ बाण "arrow" and /nareʃ/ नरेश "king", but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes. The murmured stops may lose their breathy-voice between vowels and word-finally. Non-geminate aspirated and murmured stops may also become fricatives, with /pʰ/ as [ ɸ ], /bʱ/ as [ β ], /kʰ/ as [ x ], and /ɡʱ/ as [ ɣ ]. Examples of this are /sʌpʰa/ 'clean' becoming [sʌɸa] and /ʌɡʱaɖi/ 'before' becoming [ʌɣaɽi]. Typically, sounds transcribed with
882-695: Is spoken by the Burmese Gurkhas . The Nepali diaspora in the Middle East , Brunei , Australia and worldwide also use the language. Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million native speakers and another 14 million as a second language . Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the Northern zone of Indo-Aryan. The language originated from the Sinja Valley , Karnali Province then
945-510: Is the official language of the state of Sikkim and of Gorkhaland , West Bengal . Despite being spoken by about a quarter of the population, Nepalese has no official status in Bhutan. According to the 2011 national census , 44.6% of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its first language . and 32.8% speak Nepali as a second language. Ethnologue reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from
1008-526: Is the second most commonly spoken language other than English. Allawah and Hurstville have third most Nepali speaking population in New South Wales . There are regular Nepali language News papers and Magazines in Australia. Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below. Nepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five nasal vowels . /o/ does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart, although it
1071-650: The Babai River . The Karnali , one of Nepal's largest rivers, divided into multiple branches when it reaches the Terai. The westernmost branch forms the boundary between Bardiya and Kailali districts. An eastern branch is called the Geruwa . The endangered Gangetic dolphin was often seen in its waters, but populations have been declining. Nepal lost it to the East India Company after Anglo-Nepalese war (1814–1816) between
1134-520: The Bharatiya Janata Party as the leader of Mallaah caste made the community vote in favour of BJP in 2014 elections, but later on he joined the Mahagathbandhan (Bihar) , a grand alliance of opposition parties in Bihar which includes Rashtriya Janata Dal and Rashtriya Lok Samata Party among others. The walking out of Sahani led Vikassheel Insaan Party out of National Democratic Alliance
1197-559: The Gandaki basin. During the times of Sena dynasty , who ruled a vast area in Terai and central hills of Nepal, Nepali language became influenced by the Indian languages including Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Braj Bhasha and Maithili . Nepali speakers and Senas had a close connect, subsequently, the language became the lingua franca in the area. As a result, the grammar became simplified, vocabulary
1260-668: The Hazara Division of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. They live along the banks of the Indus in the Haripur and Mansehra districts and speak Hindko . The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Mallaah (called Mallaha in the Nepal census) as a subgroup within the broader social group of Madheshi Other Caste. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , 173,261 people (0.7% of the population of Nepal) were Mallaah. The frequency of Mallaahs by province
1323-653: The Himalayas region of South Asia . It is the official, and most widely spoken, language of Nepal , where it also serves as a lingua franca . Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal . It is spoken by about a quarter of Bhutan 's population. Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the states of Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Himachal Pradesh , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram and Uttarakhand . In Myanmar it
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#17328550382241386-646: The capital city of the Khasa Kingdom around the 10th and 14th centuries. It developed proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages , most significantly to other Pahari languages . Nepali was originally spoken by the Khas people , an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to the Himalayan region of South Asia . The earliest inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in Dullu , Dailekh District which
1449-491: The 2011 census). It is spoken by 20,250,952, about 77.20% of the population, as their first language and second language . Total number of Nepali speakers in India by state (2011 census) According to the 2011 census of India , there were a total of 2,926,168 Nepali language speakers in India. In Bhutan , native Nepali speakers, known as Lhotshampa , are estimated at 35% of the population. This number includes displaced Bhutanese refugees , with unofficial estimates of
1512-666: The Dablo. In Punjab , the boatmen belong either to the Mallaah or Jhabel tribe. In south west Punjab, they often claim themselves to be a clan of Rajputs , and found mainly along the banks of the Indus . They extend as far north as Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , where their settlements are found mainly along the banks of the Indus. In this region, many Mallaah are cultivators, and have given up their occupation as boatmen. They generally combine their specialized occupation of boat management with other occupations such as fishing and
1575-593: The Indian state of Bihar , the term Nishad includes the Mallaah and refers to communities whose traditional occupation centred on rivers. It is also spelled Mallah . Earliest references for these people comes from the Hindu scriptures like Ramayana and the Mahabharata . the Mallaah claim to have descended from Veda Vyasa who composed Mahabharata , and was a son of Satyawati . They also claim many other mythological characters like Eklavya and Nishadraja (a leader of
1638-467: The Laxmanpur Bathe, 1997 is the most notable where Ranvir Sena , an upper caste militia slaughtered 56 lower castes including the members of Mallaah community who earlier helped them cross the river being ignorant of their intentions. The Sena members also raped 5 girls who were less than 15 years old. In states like Uttar Pradesh too, the brutal force of repression upon lower caste was inflicted by
1701-566: The Mallaah community including the Kewat, Bind, Nishad, Dhimak, Karabak, and Sahani. The Mallaah community was recognised as backward caste initially though socially and economically they were much behind the backward castes and were closer to Dalits . But they are not Dalit caste, instead they are Kshatriya since the Mahabharata has mentioned it. Some of the state governments to include them in SC category which
1764-505: The Member of Parliament from this constituency has remained from the Mallaah caste only. In Sindh , the Mallaah are traditionally boatmen and fisherfolk, living along the inlets of the Indus delta. They speak Sindhi , and are close associated with Mohana tribe. The Mallaah are found mainly in the coastal districts of Thatta and Badin , and most are largely still fishermen. Many have seen their traditional areas of habitation washed away by
1827-741: The Nepali language is believed to have started with the Shah kings of Gorkha Kingdom , in the modern day Gorkha District of Nepal. Following the Unification of Nepal , the language moved to the court of the Kingdom of Nepal in the 18th century, where it became the state language. One of the earliest works in the Middile Nepali is written during the reign of Ram Shah , King of Gorkha, a book by unknown writer called Ram Shah ko Jivani (A Biography of Ram Shah). Prithvi Narayan Shah 's Divyopadesh , written toward
1890-634: The Temple movement) in a bid to stop the communal clashes in the state. The proponents of the Ram Temple movement then sought the help of the Nishad community to transport the Karsewaks through water route invoking the tale from Ramayana , when Nishadraja Guhya, a mythological character from the holy epic helped lord Rama to cross the river. According to social historian Badri Narayan Tiwari: Apart from transporting Karsewaks to Ayodhya, nearly 20,000 Nishad living on
1953-422: The backward communities gave voice to them to stand up in front of upper castes. Lalu as a Chief Minister frequently visited the SC hamlets of the state and sensitise the lower caste feeling against repression. This period saw representation of many lower castes including Mallaah in local level politics who now acquired the post of "Mukhia" (village headman) at many places. The early part of Lalu Yadav's rule saw
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2016-484: The bank of river Saryu and Ghagra also went to Ayodhya to work as volunteers in the construction of Ram Mandir. The wooing of Mallaah community in 1990s by the Hindutva ideologue was resented by other political parties who mobilised the community through the tale of Eklavya who in his devotion to his Guru Dronacharya sacrificed his finger though earlier he was ill-treated by him and his request for learning archery from him
2079-400: The cause of the numerically weak backward communities and the dominant Dalit caste, Dusadh . The Mallaah community later supported Nitish Kumar until 2015, when Mukesh Sahani entered the political arena of Bihar. Sahani called himself "Son of Mallaah" and cultivated support amongst the Nishad community, who were electorally influential in some pockets of Bihar . Initially, his campaign for
2142-549: The colloquial flavour of its language, its religious sincerity, and its realistic natural descriptions". The term Nepali derived from Nepal was officially adopted by the Government of Nepal in 1933, when Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a government institution established in 1913 ( B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which
2205-514: The community urged for the unification of various subcastes of the larger Mallaah community for the purpose of their socio-economic empowerment. Consequently, in 1918 Nishad Mahasabha came into existence, as the largest organisation of the Mallaahs and their subcastes. The Nishad Mahasabha was spearheaded by Ram Chandr Vakil and Pyarelal Chaudhary, amongst whom the former was selected to legislative council of United Province in 1936 and voiced support for
2268-562: The complex declensional system present in the older languages. Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. Around 1830, several Nepali poets wrote on themes from the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and the Bhagavata Purana , which was followed by Bhanubhakta Acharya translating the Ramayana in Nepali which received "great popularity for
2331-553: The current-day Nepal and Uttarakhand, making Nepali the lingua franca . Nepali is a highly fusional language with a relatively free word order , although the dominant arrangement is subject–object–verb word order (SOV). There are three major levels or gradations of honorific : low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of
2394-519: The decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided into Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali - Bheri region and Chaubise rajya (24 principalities) in Gandaki region. The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of Khas people from the Karnali - Bheri - Seti eastward to settle in lower valleys of the Karnali and
2457-550: The early 20th century. During this time the ruling Rana dynasty made various attempts to make Nepali the language of education, notably, by Dev Shumsher and Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana , who established Gorkhapatra , and the Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti respectively. At this time, Nepali had limited literature compared to Hindi and Bengali languages , a movement notably in Banaras , and Darjeeling
2520-543: The end of his life, around 1774–75, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature. During this time Nepali developed a standardised prose in the Lal mohar (royal charter)—documents related to the Nepalese Kingdom dealing with diplomatic writings, tax, and administrative records. The language of the Lal mohar is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with
2583-649: The ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40%, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people). Nepali is the third-most spoken language in the Australian state of Tasmania , where it is spoken by 1.3% of its population, and fifth-most spoken language in the Northern Territory , Australia, spoken by 1.3% of its population. Nepali is the most spoken language other than English in Rockdale and Kogarah . In Granville , Campsie and Ashfield it
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2646-485: The final schwa: Note: Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to add extra syllables when needed. Nepali is a highly fusional language with relatively free word order , although the dominant arrangement is SOV (subject–object–verb). There are three major levels or gradations of honorifics : low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. There
2709-447: The forest tribe who helped lord Rama ). A folk etymology has Mallaah as a term used to describe someone who rode a boat from the Arabic word Mallah (ملاح) which means "to move its wing like a bird". However the word is purely an occupational term, which was used for the large community associated with the water centric occupation primarily boating and fishing. There are many subcastes of
2772-517: The growing of waternuts. In neighbouring Punjab, the Mallaah are found mainly in the districts of Muzaffargarh, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur, Uch Sharief and Layyah, and said to be by origin Jhinwar . While Bahawalpur , the Mallaah, Mohana and Jhabel are said to have a common origin, with Mohana being fishermen, the Mallaah being boatmen and Jhabel being cultivators. The Mallaah speak Seraiki , and are entirely Sunni . There are also Mallaah communities in
2835-423: The lower and the upper caste hence continued in the decade of 1990 itself when the attempt to mobilise lower castes to support the upper caste dominated politics was taking place. The states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh were facing severest caste wars in which the lower castes like Mallaah were falling prey to the caste based armies of the upper caste. Amongst all massacres that occur in the rural Bihar in 1990s,
2898-407: The members of upper castes, which were many a times challenged by the iconic people from the lower castes as for example Phoolan Devi , who being born in a Mallaah family faced all sort of discrimination from the upper caste dominated administration after being raped by bandits belonging to Thakur Rajput castes and finally ended up perpetrating the infamous "Behmai massacre", in which male members of
2961-501: The political representation of Nishad and its subcastes. The various caste based organisations and the umbrella organisation Nishad Mahasabha sought to mobilise the people belonging to subcastes of Mallaah under a common term called 'Nishad', which symbolised the attempt of the community to discover their past in the mythological heroes whom they considered their progenitors. The attempts of Nishad Sabhas to do so with their Ekta Sammelans and other ways of sensitization and mobilisation of
3024-833: The prerogative of the criminals belonging to upper castes earlier as they required linkage with the politicians and backup from the ruling regime as high capital inflow is involved. In the regime of Rashtriya Janata Dal led government these criminals from backward castes specially Mallaah and Yadav turned several areas of Bihar into their base and organised high value crimes. The criminal nature of Mallaah were earlier used by British colonialists too to list them in Criminal Tribes Act 1871. Scholars like Buchanan and Crooke also consider this behaviour to be inherent in their nature which halted their attempts to sanskritize and seek high status. The period before 2000 saw consolidation of backward castes under Lalu Prasad Yadav , who according to
3087-681: The promotion of Indian literature . After Sikkim was annexed by India, the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977, made Nepali as one of the official languages of state. On 20 August 1992, the Lok Sabha passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the Eighth Schedule. Nepali written in the Devanagari script is the official language of Nepal. On 31 August 1992, Nepali was added to the list of scheduled languages of India . Nepali
3150-410: The restructuring of the district, Bardiya District consisted of the following municipalities and Village development committees : 28°49′0″N 80°29′0″E / 28.81667°N 80.48333°E / 28.81667; 80.48333 Nepali language Nepali ( English: / n ɪ ˈ p ɔː l i / ; Devanagari : नेपाली , [ˈnepali] ) is an Indo-Aryan language native to
3213-445: The retroflex symbols ⟨ ʈ , ʈʰ, ɖ , ɖʱ, ɽ, ɳ, ɽ̃⟩ are not purely retroflex [ ʈ , ʈʰ, ɖ , ɖʱ, ɽ , ɳ , ɽ̃] but apical postalveolar [ t̠ , t̠ʰ, d̠ , d̠ʱ, ɾ̠ , n̠ , ɾ̠̃]. Some speakers may use purely retroflex sounds after /u/ and /a/, but other speakers use the apical articulation in all positions. Final schwas may or may not be preserved in speech. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain
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#17328550382243276-556: The rise to prominence of the leaders of the lower castes among which Jai Narain Prasad Nishad was a notable leader from Mallaah community. However, the prominence of Yadavs made many aspirational backward castes dissatisfied, who were forced to seek place in electoral politics elsewhere. The Dalit caste after being marginalised in the Rashtriya Janata Dal thus moved towards the socialist leader Ram Vilas Paswan who championed
3339-452: The sea. The Indus Delta is also silting, which makes cultivation difficult. An important subsidiary occupation is animal husbandry, with the Mallaah raising cattle. Although living in close proximity to the Jath community, who customs are similar to the Mallaah, there is almost no intermarriage. The Mallaah community consists of a number of clans, referred to as nukh , the largest Mallaah nukh being
3402-733: The south lies Uttar Pradesh , India . Most of Bardiya is in the fertile Terai plains, covered with agricultural land and forest. The northernmost part of the district extends into the Churiya or Siwalik Hills . Bardiya National Park covers 968 km (374 sq mi) occupies most of the northern half of the district. This park is the largest undisturbed wilderness in Nepal's Terai. It provides forest, grassland and riverine habitat for endangered mammal, bird and reptile species. More than 30 species of mammals and more than 250 of birds have been recorded. Most people living in this district are farmers. The district headquarter Gulariya lies on
3465-477: The then Kingdom of Nepal and East India Company followed by territorial concessions of Sugauli Treaty . Later during the administration of Jang Bahadur Rana , it was returned to Nepal along with Banke, Kailali and Kanchanpur . In the early twentieth century, Bardiya was still covered with forest and sparsely populated with indigenous tribal people called Tharu . Additional Tharus immigrated west from Dang and Deukhuri Valleys . Tharu from Dang and Deukhuri make up
3528-468: Was " Khas Kura " ( खस कुरा ), meaning language or speech of the Khas people , who are descended from the ancient Khasas of Mahabharata , as the language developed during the rule of the Khasa Kingdom in the western Nepal . Following the Unification of Nepal led by Shah dynasty 's Prithvi Narayan Shah , Nepali language became known as Gorakhā Bhāṣā ( गोरखा भाषा ; language of the Gorkhas ) as it
3591-509: Was denied by the Guru because of his low ritual status. However according to Badri Narayan, the ideology of Ram Rajya, an idyllic time of the past when lower and upper caste lived together in harmony was just invoked to counter the politics of Dalit mobilisation based on the report of Mandal Commission which sought reservation in the government jobs and educational institutions for socially and economically backward communities. The tussle between
3654-419: Was due to alleged betrayal of Bihar government under Nitish Kumar to grant Scheduled Tribe status to Mallaah caste. The Mallaah community is present all over Bihar though sparingly. They are dominant in districts like Muzaffarpur and Vaishali . In Muzaffarpur region, they have emerged as the most influential caste politically, leaving behind Bhumihar , Rajput , Koeri , Kurmi and Yadav . Since decades
3717-555: Was expanded, and its phonology was softened, after it was syncretised, Nepali lost much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. In the Kathmandu Valley (then known as Nepal Mandala ), Nepali language inscriptions can be seen during the reigns of Lakshmi Narasimha Malla and Pratap Malla , which indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu Valley. The institutionalisation of
3780-473: Was preceded by movement and unrest led by the various caste organisations. Some of the state governments to include them in SC category which was preceded by movement and unrest led by the various caste organisations of the community for the purpose of seeking benefits accruing due to reservation provided to the Scheduled Caste groups. In the first half of 20th century the rising educated middle class among
3843-606: Was spoken by Gorkhas . The people living in the Pahad or the hilly region, where it does not generally contain snow, called the language Parvate Kurā ( पर्वते कुरा ), meaning "the speech of the hills". Early forms of present-day Nepali developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa Vernaculars of present-day western Nepal in the 10th–14th centuries, during the times of the Khasa Kingdom . The language evolved from Sanskrit , Prakrit , and Apabhraṃśa . Following
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#17328550382243906-518: Was started to create uniformed Nepali identity, which was later adopted in Nepal following the 1951 Nepalese revolution and during the Panchayat system. In 1957, Royal Nepal Academy was established with the objectives of developing and promoting Nepali literature, culture, art and science. During Panchayat, Nepal adopted a " One King, One Dress, One Language, One Nation " ideology, which promoted Nepali language as basis for Nepali nationalism, this time
3969-435: Was written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981. The institutionalisation of the Nepali language arose during the rule of the Kingdom of Gorkha (later became known as the Kingdom of Nepal ) in the 16th century. Over the centuries, different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from Sanskrit , Maithili , Hindi , and Bengali are believed to have emerged across different regions of
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