Banz Abbey ( German : Kloster Banz ), now known as Banz Castle ( German : Schloss Banz ), is a former Benedictine monastery, since 1978 a part of the town of Bad Staffelstein north of Bamberg , Bavaria , southern Germany .
77-686: The abbey was founded in about 1070 by Countess Alberada of Schweinfurt and her husband, Count Hermann of Habsburg-Kastl, and until the secularisation of 1803 was the oldest monastery on the upper Main . In the late Middle Ages and until 1575 only members of the nobility were accepted as monks. After the Thirty Years' War the abbey had to be rebuilt. The abbots Eucharius Weiner and Kilian Düring commissioned Johann Leonhard Dientzenhofer and after his death in 1707, his brother Johann Dientzenhofer . Construction began in 1698. The church, built in Baroque style ,
154-484: A strategic bombing raid on ball bearing factories to reduce production of these vital parts used in all manner of war machines. This was the second attack on the factories at Schweinfurt . American wartime intelligence claimed the first Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission in August had reduced bearing production by 34 percent but had cost many bombers. A planned follow-up raid had to be postponed to rebuild American forces. As
231-507: A contrasting cityscape with old and modern buildings. Schweinfurt's main landmarks include: Second Raid on Schweinfurt 291 B-17 Flying Fortresses The second Schweinfurt raid , also called Black Thursday , was a World War II air battle that took place on 14 October 1943, over Nazi Germany between forces of the United States 8th Air Force and German Luftwaffe fighter arm ( Jagdwaffe ). The American bombers conducted
308-1058: A deep penetration air raid because of the substantial amount of bombers. Jagdgeschwader 3 Udet fighter wing intercepted the bombers as they crossed the coast but P-47s succeeded in shooting down seven Bf 109s while losing just one P-47. However one P-47 was also lost when it crashed at Herongate and another during a one-wheel landing on base. Over the Netherlands elements of two more "named" Luftwaffe fighter wings, JG 1 Oesau and JG 26 Schlageter made repeated attacks. The 305th Bomb Group lost 13 of its 16 B-17s in minutes. The B-17s were attacked after bombing by fighters that had refueled and rearmed ( JG 11 downed 18 B-17s). A total of 60 bombers were shot down by German fighters and flak and 12 bombers were damaged so badly that they crashed upon return or had to be scrapped. Another 121 bombers returned with moderate damage. Of 2,900 crewmen, about 254 men did not return (65 survived as prisoners-of-war ), while five killed-in-action and 43 wounded were in
385-658: A large production surplus. In addition, the ball bearing facilities were dispersed to reduce their bombing risk. Consequently, despite General Henry H. Arnold 's claim that the Black Thursday " loss of 60 [downed/ditched] American bombers in the Schweinfurt raid was incidental ", unescorted daylight bomber raids deep into Germany were suspended until the February 1944 Big Week missions with P-51B Mustang escorts that included additional Schweinfurt day/night USAAF/RAF bombing on
462-612: A natural location in the Franconian wine country, at the Schweinfurter Rhön , with the National Natural Heritage Brönnhof and is surrounded by Haßberge Hills , Steigerwald , Rhön and Spessart , with several natural parks and a biosphere reserve. In sight are Steigerwald, Gramschatzer Forest and Rhön. The city is located in a climatically contrasting region, between the summer hot Mainfränkischen Plates in
539-558: A place with city rights . The (inner) city fortification of the new city was built and first documented in 1258, it is still largely preserved on Marienbach today. A document from 1282 signed by Rudolf I of Habsburg states that Schweinfurt was a free city within the Holy Roman Empire . By pledge 1309 Schweinfurt came to the House of Henneberg , who maintained from 1310 to 1427 a Reichsburg (castle of
616-579: A result of the city of Schweinfurt on the knight canton of Baunach a nearly continuous Protestant corridor was created by the Hochstifte Würzburg and Bamberg in the Protestant Duchy of Saxony . Schweinfurt joined the Protestant Union in 1609. In the Thirty Years' War it was occupied by Gustavus Adolphus , who erected fortifications, the remains of which are still extant. In 1652
693-500: Is a city in the district of Lower Franconia in Bavaria , Germany. It is the administrative centre of the surrounding district ( Landkreis ) of Schweinfurt and a major industrial, cultural and educational hub. The urban agglomeration has 100,200 (2018) and the city's catchment area , including the Main-Rhön region and parts of South Thuringia , 759,000 inhabitants. Schweinfurt
770-539: Is in 6:22 hours reachable. As part of the Deutsche Bahn Long-Distance Transport Offensive Schweinfurt receives no later than December 2028 a direct Inter City (IC) connection, through the new IC Bamberg- Stuttgart - Tübingen . Viticulture has probably been practiced in the city for well over 1000 years. At the beginning of the 19th century, Schweinfurt was an important Franconian wine-growing and wine-trading town. At
847-519: Is manufactured here. SRAM Corporation hosts the world's largest development centre of the bicycle industry in Schweinfurt. With a GDP per capita of €78,382, Schweinfurt ranks third in Germany after Wolfsburg and Frankfurt am Main . According to a recent study by the Swiss Institute of Economic Research forecasters, Schweinfurt is one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany. The study confirmed
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#1732858708698924-537: The BR 21 unguided stand-off rockets against the USAAF combat boxes , as both Luftwaffe fighter wings had started use of the ordnance some six months earlier. Although the Schweinfurt factories were badly hit, the mission failed to achieve any lasting effect. The production of ball bearings in the factories was halted for only 6 weeks and Germany's war industry could easily rely on its substantial inventory of ball bearings as well as
1001-665: The Brönnhof training area the USAG ;Schweinfurt covered a total area of 29 km . Schweinfurt formerly hosted the U.S. Army Garrison Schweinfurt, which the U.S. Army closed on 19 September 2014 due to an ongoing effort to concentrate the U.S. military's footprint in Germany to fewer communities. A quick, scheduled rebuilding of the city was not necessary due to the degree of destruction of 40 to 45% (see: Cityscape ). Like many other West German cities and communities, Schweinfurt also experienced an unprecedented economic miracle in
1078-482: The Kingdom of Bavaria four years later. The first railway junction was opened in 1852. In the following years Schweinfurt became a world leading centre for the production of ball bearings . This was to lead to grievous consequences for the city during World War II . The year 1770 marked the beginning of the industrialization of the city, with its 250-year-old industrial history. In the first century of industrialization,
1155-509: The Luftwaffe deployed large numbers of interceptors along the corridor to Schweinfurt. Bombing also included the Second Raid on Schweinfurt on 14 October 1943 ("called Black Thursday because of the enormous loss of aircraft (60) and lives (600+)") and Big Week in February 1944. Although losses of production bearings and machinery were high and much of the industrial and residential areas of
1232-756: The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , Schweinfurt came to Bavaria in 1803, two years before the Kingdom of Bavaria was founded. 4000 people demonstrated against the Anschluss at the Rossmarkt. After the interim membership of the Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1810–1814), Schweinfurt fell in 1814 to the Kingdom of Bavaria. The villages belonging to the imperial city territory were spun off. As a result, Schweinfurt lost about two-thirds of its territory. 1852 took place with
1309-481: The Schweinfurt ;Feud in 1003. Count Heinrich lost all his possessions. The confiscated royal goods formed the core of the new bishopric of Bamberg . Hezilo, however, retained his possessions around the castle hill Peterstirn . The family, in which Judith of Schweinfurt became a central figure in the history of the old Schweinfurt city, died in the male line of 1057 and at the latest this year marks
1386-618: The Second Raid on Schweinfurt (Black Thursday) . On 11 April 1945, the US ;Army invaded the city. During the Cold ;War , the 1945 founded USAG Schweinfurt had the highest concentration of US combat units in the Federal Republic of Germany . In the northwest of Schweinfurt, an American town emerged, with a complete civil infrastructure including all kinds of shops for 12,000 Americans, soldiers and civilians. Until
1463-586: The 1950s and 1960s, and large-scale industry boomed. To counteract the labor shortage, guest workers were recruited from 1960 onwards. Most of the postwar construction projects were realized under the aegis of Mayor Georg Wichtermann (SPD, 1965–1974), in the city governed by the SPD by an absolute majority. Numerous new residential districts were created. By the Jump over the River Main (starting from 1963) developed south of
1540-574: The 24th. Another example of the strategy of using heavy bombers against a particular wartime resource, the Oil Campaign of World War II was essentially started by the RAF Bomber Command as early as August 1941 – two months after Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union, and six months before the United States entered the war. It went forward relentlessly from that time with the USAAF joining in on
1617-578: The 291 B-17 Flying Fortresses sent on the mission, 60 were lost, another 17 damaged so heavily that they had to be scrapped and another 121 had varying degrees of battle damage. Losses represented over 26 percent of the attacking force and losses in aircrew were equally severe, with 650 men lost of 2,900, 22 percent of the bomber crews. The American Official History of the Army Air Forces in the Second World War acknowledged losses had been so great that
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#17328587086981694-633: The Germans had assembled more reserves than ever. Factories in and around Schweinfurt accounted for a significant amount of German ball bearing production. The Kugelfischer plant produced 22 percent, the Vereinigte Kugellagerfabriken I and II produced 20 percent, and another one percent came from the Fichtel & Sachs factory. After the supposed German ball bearing "bottleneck" had been identified in 1942 and ball bearings had been named
1771-552: The Holy Angels ( "Gemeinschaft von den heiligen Engeln" ), an order dedicated to the spiritual care of expatriate Germans. Since 1978 the former monastery has been in the possession of the Hanns Seidel Foundation , an organisation closely associated with the political party CSU , and is used as a conference centre. It also accommodates a collection of fossils and other curiosities, such as Egyptian mummies . The estate of
1848-616: The Lord Mayor, with the political cross-starter Gudrun Grieser . The Bavarian state government under the then Prime Minister Edmund Stoiber (CSU) sympathetically accompanied the historical change of power and parts of the Bavarian State Social Court and the Bavarian State Statistics Office were relocated from Munich to Schweinfurt. During Grieser's term of office, the economic situation stabilized starting in
1925-518: The Main River the commercial park Port East and the new industrial area Port West . The infrastructure was expanded, with the Main Port (1963) and today's University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt (1971). After successful reconstruction and the boom years, the time of Mayor Kurt Petzold (SPD, 1974–1992) was marked by consolidation, but also by the oil crisis and recessions, with job cuts in
2002-489: The Schweinfurt Hauptbahnhof with the city centre. Unlike many other cities, the 1930s were one of the most important epochs of urban development in Schweinfurt. The number of employees of major metalworking companies rose to 20,700 by 1939. This led to a construction boom and set the course for modern urban development. In 1939, Schweinfurt produced most of Nazi Germany 's ball bearings , and factories such as
2079-513: The Schweinfurter Kugellagerwerke became a target of Allied strategic bombing during World War II to cripple tank and aircraft production. Schweinfurt was bombed 22 times during Operation Pointblank by a total of 2,285 aircraft. The Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission caused an immediate 34% loss of production and all plants but the largest were devastated by fire. Efforts to disperse the surviving machinery began immediately and
2156-518: The USAAF would not return to the target for four months, "The fact was that the Eighth Air Force had for the time being lost air superiority over Germany". The operation was a failure. The bomber formations were left exposed to attacks by German fighters and the faulty preparations for the creation of reserves in the summer of 1943 meant that such costly operations could not be sustained. An escort of 24 squadrons of Spitfires equipped with drop tanks
2233-641: The Youth Hostel (2009), the Health Park Schweinfurt (2009) and the Campus ;2 of the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt . The era of Grieser remains to this day shaping the city, like no other epoch after the reconstruction and it changed the city's image lasting positive. In 1998, German and American veterans and survivors of the bombing raids came together to erect a war memorial to
2310-510: The air base to Conn Barracks . In the course of time, until 2014, they were expanded into large barracks with many hangars, administration buildings, a large event hall, church and sports facilities. From the 1950s to the late 1990s, a civilian infrastructure similar to that of a small American town was successively built in the northwest of Schweinfurt. As a result of the closure of many other German U.S. sites, Schweinfurt eventually became one of Europe's largest U.S. locations. Including
2387-467: The almost complete interruption of winegrowing, the vineyards were spared the major land consolidation of the 1970s, during which the historical structures were mostly destroyed. The small wine-cultural landscape at Peterstirn Palace remained intact. There is a family-owned winery on Peterstirn, where a wine festival takes place twice a year. In the Bavarian territorial reform no suburbs were incorporated into
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2464-684: The central Reich territory, the Duchy of Franconia . Berthold gave the king of East Francia Otto I. (936–973), who in 962 became Roman-German Emperor , valuable weapons aid against rebellious tribal dukes. As thanks Berthold of Otto I received the counties for the Folkfeld- and the Radenzgau and the Margraviate for the Nordgau, about the present-day Upper Palatinate. Thus he was and from 980 his son Henry
2541-632: The chemical and paint industry started in Schweinfurt, with the construction of the Wolf's lead white mill at the Bleiweißmühlenwehr. According to Dr. Ferdinand Gademann (1880–1969), it was the oldest German lead white factory. In 1780 the factory was taken over by Johann Martin Schmidt. Further factory-similar plants of this kind originated at the Bellevue and in the neighboring suburb Niederwerrn . Following
2618-603: The city can acquire the suburb of Oberndorf in 1436. 1436/37 received the advice of the city from the Teutonic Knights for 18,000 guilders the castle on the Peterstirn and the associated land area with the villages Zell and Weipoltshausen, which belongs to Üchtelhausen today. Schweinfurt joined the Reformation relatively late, in 1542 since the city, together with neighboring imperial villages and imperial villages,
2695-462: The city of Schweinfurt, which is why the urban area includes only the core city and incorporated in 1919 Oberndorf. The urban area was divided into 23 statistical districts, which are summarized in 15 districts (bold font in the table). For a long time, the Bergl was the most populous district, with 13,000 inhabitants around 1970. With only 9,163 inhabitants at the end of 2017, it
2772-467: The city were destroyed, killing more than a thousand civilians, the factories were restored to production and the industry dispersed. Although German planners initially thought it essential to purchase the entire output of the Swedish ball-bearing industry, losses in the production of bearings were actually made up from surpluses found within Germany in the aftermath of the first raid. The decentralized industry
2849-597: The city, among other things, the highest concentration of jobs in Germany, with particularly high Beschäftigungsanteil (employment share) in the German high-tech sector. The Contor-2010 study, which was commissioned by the Manager Magazine , ranked Schweinfurt as one of the most dynamic cities in Europe in terms of development opportunities. From rank 63 in 2007, the city significantly improved to rank 16 in 2010. Schweinfurt has
2926-409: The damaged aircraft that returned (594 were listed as missing-in-action). Among the most seriously affected American units was the 306th Bomb Group . It lost 100 men: 35 died on the mission or of wounds and 65 were captured. The 305th Bomb Group lost 130 men (87%), with 36 killed. The defensive efforts of both JG 1 and JG 11 during the "Black Thursday" raid are said to have included substantial use of
3003-630: The edge with vineyards and the city forest. The west, with the city centre, main station and (former) working-class neighborhoods, has a high proportion of migrants. The almost uninhabited south is the largest contiguous industrial area in Bavaria. As a result of the fall of the Iron Curtain , the economic and geographical situation of Schweinfurt changed fundamentally. In 2005, the Thuringian Forest Autobahn ;71 Erfurt -Schweinfurt
3080-407: The empire) in the old Schweinfurt city district Zürch . In the 15th century began the construction of a territory around the core city, which lasted until 1620. In 1436, the fishermen's settlement of Fischerrain , which borders on the city wall and lies just to the southwest, whose origins lie in the darkness of history, was incorporated into the city. Due to positive economic development,
3157-472: The end of the imperial city period in 1802 there were around 320 hectares of vines, which corresponds to today's largest Franconian wine-growing town in Nordheim am Main . Large parts of today's district, right up to the edge of the old town, are located on former vineyards. Goethe appreciated the Schweinfurt wine and had large quantities delivered. Today, with only 3.54 hectares of vineyards (2017),
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3234-555: The fallen. 2004 startet the Unterfrankenshuttle (Lower Franconia Shuttle) of the Erfurter Bahn (EB) regional railway with lines from Schweinfurt to other parts of Lower Franconia and to South Thuringia . The New Hadergasse Project was implemented under the current mayor Sebastian Remelé (CSU, since 2010). Trade tax receipts continued to rise and the city was able to save reserves. These are currently being used for
3311-447: The former monastery, including vast forests, is today owned by Duke Max Emanuel 's eldest daughter Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein . 50°07′58″N 11°00′03″E / 50.13278°N 11.00083°E / 50.13278; 11.00083 Schweinfurt Schweinfurt ( / ˈ ʃ v aɪ n f ʊər t / SHVYNE -foort , German: [ˈʃvaɪnfʊʁt] ; lit. ' Swine Ford ' )
3388-582: The four doctors Johann Laurentius Bausch, Johann Michael Fehr , Georg Balthasar Wolfahrt and Balthasar Metzger founded the Academia Curiosorum in Schweinfurt, which is known today as the German Academy of Life Scientists, " Leopoldina ". Schweinfurt remained a free imperial city until 1802, when it passed to the Electorate of Bavaria . Assigned to the grand duke of Würzburg in 1810, it was granted to
3465-517: The later founded imperial city, which corresponds to the old town today. The Village Old Town is in its origins at least 2100 years old. The first documentary mention Schweinfurts (village old town) took place in the year 791. Schweinfurt gained importance in 941 with the mention of Count Berthold as the first member of the House of the Counts of Schweinfurt. He occupied an important position in
3542-466: The local large-scale industry. The old town renovation began in 1979, as the starting point of a 40-year-long transformation of the city that has continued to this day, with a change in image, from the gray mouse industrial city to a city with a high quality of life. In 1991, the large Leopoldina Hospital was opened. In the city dominated by the SPD , the CSU succeeded in 1992 for the first time to make
3619-451: The local viticulture has hardly any economic, but still cultural importance for the self-awareness and way of life of the city. The phylloxera appeared in Franconia in 1902 and hit the Schweinfurt area particularly hard. Since the 1980s, viticulture with the leading variety Silvaner has been carried out as planned in the historic wine locations of Peterstirn and Mainleite . Due to
3696-414: The mammoth U.S. conversion project, which is currently one of the five largest military conversion projects in Germany. The i-Campus Schweinfurt in the former Ledward Barracks and the new district of Bellevue in the former Askren Manor Housing Area deserve special mention. Schweinfurt has a central location in Germany and is located about 40 km from Baden-Württemberg , Hesse and Thuringia , in
3773-798: The many realized projects are the new Industrial Park Gewerbepark Maintal (since 1995), the Museum Georg Schäfer (2000), the Maininsel Conference Center (2004), the Stadtbücherei Ebracher Hof (2007), the Kunsthalle Schweinfurt (art gallery, 2009), the Stadtgalerie Schweinfurt , a 300 m long shopping mall 2009) with redesign of the Weststadt (westend) and the new Schweinfurt Mitte station ,
3850-497: The mid-1990s, with 4,500 new industrial jobs and around 6,000 jobs in the service sector. Trade tax revenue rose to a record high. In the Grieser era, the city's new motto, Industry and Art , was developed. A large number of projects, in cooperation with the construction officer Jochen Müller (SPD) gave the city a new face, set new, nationally recognized symbols in architecture and were honored with numerous architecture prizes. Among
3927-425: The middle of Main Franconia, Germanic-speaking Europe and the European Union . Schweinfurt lies on the river Main , which connects the North Sea with the Black Sea via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal . While not being part of any metropolitan area, the city is situated between the cities of Frankfurt (110 km west) and Nuremberg (90 km southeast), both with international airports. Schweinfurt also has
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#17328587086984004-399: The most powerful secular nobility in the area of today's northern Bavaria. Later supported Count Henry of Schweinfurt (called: Hezilo ) the East Frankish Henry II (1002–1024, from 1014 Roman-German Emperor) in the royal election of 1002 and was awarded the Duke dignity of Bavarians. After the election, however, Henry II did not fulfill the promise. Thereupon it came to
4081-401: The number of inhabitants has been rising steadily, most recently to 54,032 at the end of 2018. Not included in the population statistics are members of the U.S. Army Garrison Schweinfurt stationed in and near the city between 1945 and 2014 with their families. These were at times over 12,000 people. The urban agglomeration is in the case of Schweinfurt a better comparison size to
4158-428: The old town, with the exception of later modernized fortifications, remained almost unchanged until the early 19th century. In 1609 the city joined the Protestant Union . The imperial city territory was supplemented 1620 also still around Madenhausen, which also belongs to Üchtelhausen today. Due to the acquisitions, the territory of the imperial city now had an extension of 17 km from southwest to northeast. As
4235-426: The oldest permanently existing natural-scientific academy in the world was founded in Schweinfurt, the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Traces of settlement as early as 7500 years ago can be detected on today's urban area at various places. The first settlement of the historic Schweinfurt (Village Old Town) was also on the Main, between the two streams Höllenbach and Marienbach , 1 km east of
4312-417: The opening of the Ludwigs-Westbahn from Bamberg to the new Schweinfurt Stadt station the connection to the railway network. With the construction of the line to Bad Kissingen (1871) and the Schweinfurt–Meiningen railway (1874) Schweinfurt became a railway junction. In 1874, a large marshalling and central station was built 3 km west of the city station, at that time on Oberndorf district,
4389-493: The population of other cities. In 1994, it had 105,000 inhabitants, fell to 96,600 inhabitants (Census 9. 5. 2011) and then rose again to 100,200 inhabitants (estimate 31. 12. 2018). Red: lowest since the early 1950s ¹ stating the town of Schweinfurt ² Census (official population) Schweinfurt is known for its metal industry, especially ball bearing plants, FAG Kugelfischer AG , ZF Sachs AG , Bosch Rexroth and SKF . The pigment Schweinfurt Green
4466-522: The population rose to 56,000, mainly due to the influx of late repatriates. However, by 2014, the number of inhabitants fell again to 51,600 people, the lowest since the early 1950s. Thereafter, contrary to the forecasts of the Bavarian State Statistics Office and the Bertelsmann Foundation , both of which merely continued the past demographic development, a positive turnaround occurred due to several factors not taken into account: refugees, US conversion, i-Campus Schweinfurt. Since 2015,
4543-424: The second largest Schaeffler , the second largest automotive supplier in the world ZF Friedrichshafen and the DAX group Fresenius Medical Care have their largest plants in Schweinfurt. Some important inventions have their origin in Schweinfurt: the pedal bike by Philipp Moritz Fischer (1853) as well as the freewheel (1889) and the coaster brake (1903) by Ernst Sachs . In 1652,
4620-483: The second-most-vital Pointblank industry for the Combined Bomber Offensive in March 1943, Schweinfurt's ball bearing plants were selected for a second air raid after being bombed during the August Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission . Each of the three bomber wings was to be escorted by fighters from a single group with multiple squadrons of P-47 Thunderbolts . The fighters were inexplicably not employing drop tanks which limited their escort range. One fighter outfit
4697-446: The so-called Central Station and today's Schweinfurt Hauptbahnhof at the Bamberg–Rottendorf railway . It was created in a far-sighted manner amidst fields as a passenger and goods main station, with the aim of leaving as much room for the expected industrialization of the station, which also took place here until the end of the 1930s was. The Schweinfurt tram was the first municipal tram in Bavaria from 1895 to 1921 to connect
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#17328587086984774-399: The south and the low mountain range in the north, with international winter sports in Oberhof . Schweinfurt itself is also a city of great contrasts, in terms of topography, use and population structure. The bourgeois east lies on the foothills of the Schweinfurter Rhön , is intersected by valleys with streams, with the above the Marienbach located old town and numerous detached houses, on
4851-436: The squadrons rebuilt, plans for the return mission were modified based on the lessons learned. Planners added additional fighter escorts to cover the outward and return legs of the operation and sent the entire force against Schweinfurt alone, instead of splitting the force. Despite these changes, a series of minor mishaps combined with the ever-increasing efficiency of the German anti-aircraft effort proved to be devastating. Of
4928-406: The struggle for supremacy in Main Franconia (region around the river Main ) between the Henneberger and the Bishop of Würzburg , the city was destroyed between 1240 and 1250 (First City Spoilage) . However, it is controversial whether this destruction was still in the old settlement between Höllenbach and Marienbach and thus a reason for the rebuilding of the city on the farther west, today's site
5005-440: The undisputed end of the important role of the Margraves of Schweinfurt. To the beginnings of today's old town from the 12th century, 1 km west of the previous settlement between the two streams Marienbach and Höllenbach , there are different views. The from a gradual construction to a planned Civitas Imperii ( imperial city ), so a founding city, by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa , using existing royal estate, rich. In
5082-416: The war Schweinfurt became a stronghold of the U.S. military and their dependents. Thus Schweinfurt recovered relatively quickly from its third period of destruction. The tank barracks renamed Ledward Barracks in 1946, became the headquarters of the newly founded U.S. Army Garrison Schweinfurt (USAG Schweinfurt). The U.S. Army took over the Luftwaffe Airfield as Schweinfurt Army Heliport and renamed
5159-437: The withdrawal of the US Army at Schweinfurt in 2014, a total of about 100,000 US soldiers were stationed in the town. Following German Reunification in 1990, Schweinfurt has become an important traffic hub in the centre of Germany. It has the highest employment density (2015) and the third highest gross domestic product per inhabitant of Germany (2014). The world's largest bearing group SKF ,
5236-468: Was able to restore output to 85% of its pre-bombing level. Hitler made restoration of ball bearing production a high priority and massive efforts were undertaken to repair and rebuild the factories, partly in bomb-proof underground facilities. The 42nd Infantry Division (United States) entered Schweinfurt on 11 April 1945 and engaged in house-to-house fighting. On 12 April an internment camp at Goethe-Schule held male civilians aged 16–60. After
5313-489: Was completed as a transport Project German Unity No. 16. In 2017 Schweinfurt gained further centrality with the 10 billion Euro transport Project German Unity No. 8. Berlin is now under three and a half hours, Munich from 2:33 hours and Hamburg from 3:57 hours reachable, now two high-speed lines, with change in Bamberg and Würzburg . Berlin and Munich are about three-quarters of an hour faster from Schweinfurt than from Frankfurt. Paris
5390-472: Was completely surrounded by the Catholic Hochstift Würzburg. In a confession change had to be expected military assault. The patron of the city, Count Wilhelm von Henneberg, did not offer sufficient support. In the course of the Second Margrave War , the city was looted in 1554 and set on fire. This went as the Second City Spoilage in the city history ( First City Spoilage see: 8th–13th centuries ). The reconstruction dragged on until 1615. In this form,
5467-421: Was consecrated in 1719. The interior is built, not with right angles, but with a series of ellipses. The main altar, the chancel and the statues of saints in the church and on the façade are by Balthasar Esterbauer; the ceiling frescoes are by Melchior Steidl. The choir stalls were made by the court cabinet maker and ebonist of Schönborn , Johann Georg Nesstfell. In the second half of the 18th century Banz Abbey
5544-567: Was first documented in 791 and is one of the oldest cities in Bavaria. Around 1000 the Margraves of Schweinfurt controlled large parts of northern Bavaria. From the 12th century until 1802 Schweinfurt was a Free imperial city within the Holy Roman Empire , around 1700 a humanistic centre and in 1770 began the 250-year industrial history. During World War II , the Americans suffered their biggest air defeat over Schweinfurt in
5621-454: Was known throughout the Holy Roman Empire as a place of Catholic enlightenment and for the scholarship of its monks. This did not save it from secularisation and dissolution in 1803. In 1813 Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria acquired the former abbey premises, which were thereafter known as Schloss Banz ("Banz Castle"). In 1933 Duke Ludwig Wilhelm in Bavaria sold the buildings to the Community of
5698-405: Was only second, after the city centre, with 11,276 inhabitants. In 1939, Schweinfurt had about 49,000 inhabitants. The population reached its highest level in 1970 with 58,500 inhabitants. While thereafter most German cities could compensate for a demographic -related decrease of inhabitants by incorporations, in Schweinfurt the population decreased to about 52,000 in 1987. By 1996,
5775-464: Was or whether the destruction took place here already. In a letter from King William of Holland dated January 9, 1254, it is said that Schweinfurt used to be imperial city (... Swinforde, que olim imperii civitas fuerat) . It remains unclear whether rights have ever been withdrawn from the city or whether only reference is made to the city's destruction. However, this letter is the first documentary evidence of Schweinfurt as imperial city and thus as
5852-735: Was provided on the first and last leg of the mission. The strategy of the Allied air forces was flawed. Arthur Harris , Air Officer Commanding RAF Bomber Command questioned the intelligence that claimed ball bearings to be vital to the German war economy. Harris refused to cooperate with the Americans, believing ball bearing targets to be a "panacea". Post-war analysis has shown Harris's objections to be correct. The Germans had built up enormous reserves of ball bearings and were receiving supplies from all over Europe, particularly Italy , Sweden and Switzerland . The operation against these industries would, even if successful, have achieved little. By 1945,
5929-720: Was sidetracked to escort a squadron of 29 B-24s that switched to a diversion mission to Emden because of the bad weather forecast. Some 229 of 291 B-17s hit the city area and ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt in two groups: the first group bombed at 1439–1445 hours, the second group at 1451–1457 hours. They claimed 186 Luftwaffe aircraft - more than four times the Germans’ actual losses of 35-38 aircraft. Sixty B-17s were lost, two damaged beyond repair and 13 damaged; casualties amounted to five KIA, 40 WIA and 594 MIA. The bomber formations were spread out and vulnerable because of bad weather. The Luftwaffe military intelligence officers had suspected
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