79-827: The Bangsamoro Juridical Entity ( BJE ) was a proposed subdivision in the Philippines spanning portions of Mindanao and Palawan . Conceptualized during the peace talks between the government of the Philippines during the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), the BJE was the proposed expanded successor to the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). A memorandum of agreement on ancestral domain (MOA-AD)
158-554: A boycott of Israeli products in an effort to pressure Israel into ending the occupation of the Palestinian territories . At a 2013 meeting in Conakry , Guinea, Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said that foreign ministers would discuss the possibility of cutting ties with any state that recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel or that moves its embassy to its environs. At
237-610: A federal state . While the MOA-AD served as a framework for the BJE, it was not a comprehensive agreement. The possibility of the amendment of the 1987 Philippine constitution was raised to be able to fulfill the provisions of a then-anticipated peace deal between the MILF and the Philippine government. Marawi Bishop Edwin dela Peña proposed the BJE to be an Islamic state with sharia law applicable to Muslims. Administrative divisions of
316-498: A suicide-bombing attack by a Muslim militant in Jammu and Kashmir killed over 40 Indian soldiers, for which responsibility was claimed by Jaish-e-Mohammed , a Pakistan-based terrorist group . In March 2019, India conducted airstrikes in Pakistani territory , which subsequently led to the 2019 India–Pakistan military standoff . After these events, Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj
395-626: A December 2017 extraordinary meeting held in response US President Donald Trump 's decision to recognize Jerusalem, the "Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for Al Quds". was adopted. In September 2019, the OIC condemned Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley . In January 2024, the OIC expressed support for South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel. Islam
474-481: A bill was subjected to scrutiny regarding its constitutionality like the 2008 MOA-AD. The BJE would at least cover all territories of its intended predecessor, the ARMM. The ARMM territories were considered to be the "core territory" of the proposed BJE. A plebiscite was proposed to be held twelve months after the creation of the BJE for the possible inclusion of additional territories to the BJE. A third area category would be
553-586: A coalition of American Muslim groups criticized OIC for failing to speak up to prevent the abuse of the Uyghurs and accused member states of being influenced by Chinese power. The groups included the Council on American-Islamic Relations . In March 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Council held its first discussion of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, following
632-565: A fire was started in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini , the former Mufti of Jerusalem, called the arson a "Jewish crime" and called for all Muslim heads of state to convene a summit. The fire, which "destroyed part of the old wooden roof and an 800-year-old pulpit" was blamed on the mental illness of perpetrator Australian Christian fundamentalist Denis Michael Rohan – by Israel, and on Zionists and Zionism by
711-598: A founding member. India pushed for the OIC to accept it as a member state, arguing that Indian Muslims comprise 11% of the world's Muslim population; Pakistan has staunchly opposed this. Pakistan cites its conflict with India over the Kashmir region as its rationale. It frequently accuses India of perpetrating human rights abuses against Kashmiris in the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The region has experienced an ongoing militant uprising since
790-510: A mediator. As a compromise, the MILF and the Philippine national government had agreed to set up the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE), a subdivision that would be potentially bigger and have more autonomy than the then-extant Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). By November 2007, the two parties have agreed upon the geographical scope of the BJE and projects that a deal could be signed by August 2008. On July 16, 2008,
869-443: A new barangay. Sitios and puroks are not local government units and therefore do not officially have an organized government subordinate to the barangay. However, there are sometimes unofficial arrangements that result in direct representation of purok or sitio interests in the barangay government. For example, a barangay council member may be officially designated as a purok leader, while sitio leaders may be appointed and drawn from
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#1732852411201948-476: A province or a city is composed of only one legislative district, it is said to be the lone district (e.g., the " Lone District of Guimaras "). Multiple districts within more populous cities and provinces are given numerical designations (e.g., the "2nd District of Cagayan "). The electoral constituencies for the election of members of the Bangsamoro Parliament will be called parliamentary districts ,
1027-665: A request that has not led to any results. During a meeting in Malaysia in April 2002, delegates discussed terrorism but failed to reach a definition of it. They rejected, however, any description of the Palestinian fight with Israel as terrorism. Their declaration was explicit: "We reject any attempt to link terrorism to the struggle of the Palestinian people in the exercise of their inalienable right to establish their independent state with Al-Quds Al-Shrif ( Jerusalem ) as its capital." In fact, at
1106-404: A wide area, separated by farmland, mountains, or water. Puroks are often neighborhoods or zones in densely populated areas of barangays of more urban character. Purok and sitio boundaries are rarely defined precisely and may use natural landmarks such as roads, rivers or other natural features to unofficially delineate divisions. A single sitio or purok, or groups of these, form the basis of creating
1185-529: Is a group of LGUs to which Congress has provided via statute a very specific form of regional governance structure, along with certain powers and responsibilities. In the Local Government Code of 1991, a local government unit (LGU) can take the form of a province, a city, a municipality, or a barangay. All LGUs have local legislatures ( Sanggunian ) and local chief executives (governor, mayor, or barangay captain) that are elected by popular vote. Per
1264-585: Is acting special envoy. He was appointed on 13 February 2015. In an investigation of the accuracy of a series of chain emails, Snopes.com reported that during the October 2003 – April 2004 session of the General Assembly, 17 individual members of the OIC voted against the United States 88% of the time. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has 57 members, 56 of which are also member states of
1343-500: Is composed of component cities and municipalities, over which it exercises supervisory authority. Each province is headed by a governor. Its legislative body is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan . Three different legal classes of cities exist in the Philippines. Independent cities , of which there are currently 38 – classified either as highly urbanized (33) or independent component (5) cities – are cities which are not under
1422-410: Is concerned by OIC's apparent unwillingness to recognise as terrorism acts that serve causes endorsed by their member states. Article 2 reads: "Peoples' struggle including armed struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism, and hegemony, aimed at liberation and self-determination." HRW suggested that OIC embrace "longstanding and universally recognised international human rights standards",
1501-615: Is not a local government unit (LGU), but rather a group of LGUs to which the president has provided an unelected policy-making and coordinating structure, called the Regional Development Council (RDC). Metro Manila , formally the National Capital Region, is recognized by law as a "special development and administrative region", and was thus given a metropolitan authority ; the Metro Manila Council within
1580-414: Is outside the generally accepted concept of terrorism. In HRW's view, it labels, or could easily be used to label, as terrorist actions, acts of peaceful expression, association, and assembly. Legal scholar Ben Saul argued that the definition is subjective and ambiguous and concluded that it left a "serious danger of the abusive use of terrorist prosecutions against political opponents" and others. HRW
1659-529: Is the second-largest religion in India after Hinduism . Over 200 million Muslims constitute approximately 15% of the country's population. India has the largest Muslim population other than Muslim-majority or Islamic states . However, India's relationship with Pakistan (an Islamic state ), has featured hostilities and armed conflict since the 1947 Partition of India . The poor relationship between them impacted India–OIC relations due to Pakistan 's status as
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#17328524112011738-817: Is the smallest local government unit in the Philippines. Although "barangay" is sometimes translated into English as "village", a barangay can be: Each barangay is headed by a Barangay Captain . Its local legislative body is the Sangguniang Barangay . The Philippines is broadly divided into three traditional island groups : Luzon , the Visayas , and Mindanao . The Philippine flag 's three stars are often taken to represent each of these geographical groupings. These island groups, however, have no specific administrative bodies, either elected or appointed, although many agencies and institutions, both government and private, use island groupings for certain purposes. For example,
1817-433: The 2006 Lebanon War , "state after state from the OIC took the floor to denounce the experts for daring to look beyond Israeli violations to discuss Hezbollah 's as well. OIC demands that the council "should work cooperatively with abusive governments rather than condemn them." HRW responded that this works with those who are willing to cooperate; others exploit the passivity. OIC has been criticised for failing to discuss
1896-629: The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao , comprises local government units that have consented by plebiscite to be placed under the authority of the Bangsamoro regional government. An autonomous region, while possessing a government, is not a local government unit (LGU) per se , as the autonomous regional government's organization and structure are not defined by the Local Government Code of 1991, unlike provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. Rather, an autonomous region
1975-537: The Bangsamoro Transition Authority will decide the parliamentary districts for the first parliamentary elections, with the succeeding elections' districts being decided by the parliament. The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region 's predecessor, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (1990–2019), had a Regional Legislative Assembly (RLA) which elected three members from each of its eight assembly districts . These assembly districts were coterminous with
2054-606: The Bureau of Internal Revenue , for example, divide the country into "engineering," "school," and "revenue" districts, respectively. The following table summarizes the number and structure of regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays in the Philippines as of March 31, 2020. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ; Arabic : منظمة التعاون الإسلامي , romanized : Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī ; French : Organisation de la coopération islamique ), formerly
2133-858: The Kaaba , the Globe, and the Crescent. On 5 August 1990, 45 foreign ministers of the OIC adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam to provide guidance in matters of human rights in as much as they are compatible with Sharia (Quranic Law). The Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUOICM) was established in Iran in 1999, and its head office is situated in Tehran . Only OIC members are entitled to membership in
2212-520: The Muslim majority provinces of Pattani , Yala , and Narathiwat in the south of the country. In a statement issued on 18 October 2005, secretary-general Ihsanoglu vocalised concern over the continuing conflict in the south that "claimed the lives of innocent people and forced the migration of local people out of their places". He stressed that the Thai government's security approach to the crisis would aggravate
2291-680: The Muslim-majority areas of Mindanao . However, only the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and its predecessor, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao , have been approved by voters in plebiscites held in 1989 , 2001 , and 2019 . Voters in the Cordilleras rejected autonomy in 1990 and 1998 ; hence, the Cordillera Administrative Region remains a regular administrative region with no delegated powers or responsibilities. The sole autonomous region at present,
2370-580: The Organisation of the Islamic Conference , is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969. It consists of 57 member states , 48 of which are Muslim-majority . The organisation claims to be "the collective voice of the Muslim world " and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony". OIC has permanent delegations to
2449-781: The Palarong Pambansa rotates yearly hosting duties among the island groups, while the League of Municipalities of the Philippines organizes its members and meetings by Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao "clusters." Some LGUs use geographic divisions that are solely used for administrative purposes. Certain cities officially organize their constituent barangays into geographic districts: Three cities also officially organize their barangays into numbered zones: Caloocan (Zones 1–16) , Manila (Zones 1–100), and Pasay (Zones 1–20) . The 100 zones in Manila serve as an administrative layer immediately below
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2528-838: The United Arab Emirates from the Organization of Islamic Cooperation requested the removal of LGBT associations from 2016 High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS , sparking protests by the United States , Canada , the European Union and LGBT communities . The Astana Declaration is a policy guidance adopted by OIC members at the Astana Summit. The Astana Declaration commits members to increase investment in science and technology, education, eradicate extreme poverty, and implement UN Sustainable Development Goals . In 1999, OIC adopted
2607-463: The United Nations and the European Union . Its official languages are Arabic , English , and French . It operates affiliated, specialized, and subsidiary organs within the framework of OIC Charter . Member states had a collective population of over 1.8 billion as of 2015, accounting for just under a quarter of the world's population. The collective area is 31.66 m km . On 21 August 1969,
2686-484: The United Nations 's intervention. The Supreme Court released on October 14, 2008, a ruling that the proposed MOA-AD was unconstitutional. MILF chief negotiator Mohagher Iqbal expressed that his organization lost trust to the Philippine government since it dissolved the panel even prior to the Supreme Court ruling and that it unilaterally set up disarmament, demobilization and rehabilitation (DDR) as precondition for
2765-499: The president of the Philippines based on the need to more coherently make economic development policies and coordinate the provision of national government services within a larger area beyond the province level. No plebiscites have been conducted so far to democratically confirm the creation, abolition, or alteration of the boundaries of regular administrative regions, as the Constitution does not mandate it. An administrative region
2844-434: The special intervention areas , which were defined as conflict-affected areas outside the BJE that were subject to special socioeconomic and cultural affirmative action implemented by the Philippine national government. A second plebiscite would be held 25 years after the signing of a comprehensive compact between the MILF and the Philippine government, which would determine if the special intervention areas would be included in
2923-517: The 1980s. The OIC has been urged to press India on the Kashmir dispute, and has faced pushback from Indian officials for occasional references to Jammu and Kashmir. Historically, the Muslim world has largely lent its support to Pakistan on the issue. The first OIC summit held in 1969 in Rabat did not address the dispute, while granting India membership was discussed. The head of the Indian delegation addressed
3002-667: The 19th century. In particular, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate after World War I left a vacuum. According to its charter, the OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education, particularly in science and technology. The OIC emblem contains three main elements that reflect its vision and mission as incorporated in its Charter:
3081-473: The 2011 passage of a resolution supporting LGBT rights proposed by the Republic of South Africa . Pakistan's representative addressed the session on behalf of the OIC, denouncing the discussion and questioning the concept of sexual orientation, which he said promoted "licentious behaviour ... against the fundamental teachings of various religions, including Islam". He stated that the council should not discuss
3160-656: The 38th Council of Foreign Ministers meeting (CFM) in Astana, Kazakhstan, the organisation changed its name from Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( Arabic : منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي ; French : Organisation de la Conférence Islamique ) to its current name. The OIC also changed its logo at this time. According to the UNHCR , OIC countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. OIC members continued to absorb refugees from other conflicts, including 2011 uprising in Syria . In May 2012,
3239-430: The BJE. In its ruling declaring the MOA-AD unconstitutional, the Supreme Court ruled that the proposed BJE would have been an associated state or "a state in all but name", "as it meets the criteria of a state". It considered the proposed "associative relationship" envisioned between the central government of the Philippines and the BJE unconstitutional. The BJE was also referred to as an autonomous political region and
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3318-632: The CDHR state bluntly that it is "manipulation and hypocrisy," "designed to dilute, if not altogether eliminate, civil and political rights protected by international law" and attempts to "circumvent these principles [of freedom and equality]." Human Rights Watch says that OIC "fought doggedly" and successfully within the United Nations Human Rights Council to shield states from criticism, except criticism of Israel . For example, when independent experts reported violations of human rights in
3397-657: The Islamic Summit Conference in December 2005 condemned publication of the cartoons, resulting in broader coverage of the issue by news media in Muslim countries. Subsequently, violent demonstrations throughout the Islamic world resulted in multiple deaths. OIC created the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam . Proponents claim it is not an alternative to the UDHR , but rather complementary to it. Article 24 states that "all
3476-429: The Islamic conference. On 25 September 1969, an Islamic Conference, a summit of representatives of 24 Muslim majority countries (most representatives were heads of state), was held in Rabat , Morocco. A resolution was passed stating: Muslim governments would consult with a view to promoting among themselves close cooperation and mutual assistance in the economic, scientific, cultural and spiritual fields, inspired by
3555-483: The Local Government Code of 1991, section 25, the President of the Philippines exercises direct supervisory authority over provinces and independent cities (i.e., highly urbanized and independent component cities); thus, LGUs that belong to these categories form the primary level of LGUs in the Philippines . Pateros , by virtue of not belonging to any province, effectively also constitutes a primary level LGU. A province
3634-485: The MILF and the Philippine government announced that they had finalized a deal and was set to sign a memorandum of agreement on ancestral domain (MOA-AD) on August 5, 2008, in Kuala Lumpur , which would set the framework for the establishment of the BJE. The proposed MOA-AD between the MILF and the Philippine government was met with opposition from legislators and groups who believed that the deal would eventually result in
3713-593: The MMDA serves as the region's RDC. Administrative regions are composed of provinces and/or independent cities, or, in the case of Pateros , an independent municipality. The Philippine Statistics Authority further divides the LGUs of Metro Manila into four numbered geographic districts for statistical purposes. The 1987 Constitution allows for the creation of autonomous regions in the Cordillera Central of Luzon and in
3792-519: The OIC Convention on Combatting International Terrorism. Human Rights Watch reported that the definition of terrorism in article 1 describes "any act or threat of violence carried out with the aim of, among other things, imperiling people’s honour, occupying or seizing public or private property, or threatening the stability, territorial integrity, political unity or sovereignty of a state." HRW described this as vague, ill-defined, and including much that
3871-548: The OIC addressed these concerns at the "Refugees in the Muslim World" conference in Ashgabat , Turkmenistan. On 27 June 2007, then-United States President George W. Bush announced that the United States would delegate an envoy to the OIC. Bush said of the envoy, "Our special envoy will listen to and learn from representatives from Muslim states, and will share with them America's views and values." As of June 2015 , Arsalan Suleman
3950-495: The OIC tentatively raised the issue of China 's Xinjiang internment camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghurs . The OIC reversed its position after a visit to Xinjiang, and in March 2019, the OIC issued a report on human rights for Muslim minorities that praised China for "providing care to its Muslim citizens" and looked forward to greater cooperation with the PRC. In December 2020
4029-501: The Philippines The Philippines is divided into four levels of administrative divisions, with the lower three being defined in the Local Government Code of 1991 as local government units (LGUs). They are, from the highest to the lowest: Other divisions also exist for specific purposes, such as: Administrative regions are groupings of geographically adjacent LGUs that are established, disestablished, and modified by
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#17328524112014108-504: The Philippines is divided into legislative districts . The electoral constituencies for the election of territory-based members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines are more precisely representative or congressional districts . Each province is guaranteed at least one seat, and more populous provinces are also provided more. Many cities that have a population of at least 250,000 inhabitants are also granted one or more seats. If
4187-597: The Philippines. Peace talks, which had been on-and-off, between the MILF and the Philippine government began in 1997. President Joseph Estrada launched a military campaign or an " all out war " against the MILF in 2000 in a bid to resolve the Moro conflict . In contrast, His successor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo pursued negotiation with the MILF although the Philippine military engaged the rebel group in 2003 in Buliok . Peace talks gained traction in 2003 when Malaysia became involved as
4266-452: The United Nations . The exception is Palestine . Some member countries- Ivory Coast , Guyana , Gabon , Mozambique , Nigeria , Suriname , Togo and Uganda are not Muslim-majority. Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Central African Republic , Thailand , Russia , and Northern Cyprus (under the name "Turkish Cypriot State") are observer states, and other organisations and groups participate as observers. The OIC, on 28 March 2008, joined
4345-408: The attack and advised both sides to exercise restraint. For the first time in five decades, the United Arab Emirates invited India as a "guest of honour" to attend the inaugural plenary 46th meeting of OIC foreign ministers in Abu Dhabi on 1 and 2 March 2019, overriding protests by Pakistan. In response Pakistan boycotted the meeting. Indian Foreign Minister Swaraj headed the Indian delegation at
4424-399: The criticism of the film Fitna by Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders , which features disturbing images of violent acts juxtaposed with alleged verses from the Quran . In March 2015, the OIC announced its support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis . The OIC supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The OIC calls for
4503-421: The document would not be signed "in light of recent violent incidents committed by lawless violent groups". On October 3, 2008, the Consortium of Bangsamoro Civil Society (CBCS) organized a rally in Marawi against the Philippine military's operation, which displaced civilians, and alleged that the military collaborated with the vigilante group Ilaga . They also urged the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and
4582-399: The election of territory-based members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of all 81 provinces, the Sangguniang Panlungsod of 26 cities and the Sangguniang Bayan of Pateros , are more precisely sanggunian districts . The various executive departments has also divided the country into their respective districts. The Department of Public Works and Highways , Department of Education , and
4661-473: The existing congressional districts of the time, except that the assembly districts excluded territories that are not under the jurisdiction of the ARMM (i.e., Isabela City excluded from the assembly district of Basilan ; Cotabato City excluded from the first assembly district of Maguindanao ). Before voting for inclusion into the ARMM in 2001, Marawi City was also excluded from the first assembly district of Lanao del Sur . The electoral constituencies for
4740-411: The geographic district level. Many barangay names contain the words "district" (170 barangays) or "zone" (264 barangays), but they are fully functioning barangays and are not just mere administrative categories. Many barangays are divided into sitios and puroks . Sitios are usually hamlets within rural barangays where human settlement is polycentric , i.e., multiple communities spread across
4819-494: The hamlet's residents. The Philippines is divided into thirteen judicial regions , to organize the judiciary. The judicial regions still reflect the original regional configuration introduced by President Ferdinand Marcos during his rule , except for the transfer of Aurora to the third judicial region from the fourth. These judicial regions are used for the appointment of judges of the different Regional Trial Courts . To elect legislators at national, regional, and local levels,
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#17328524112014898-437: The immortal teachings of Islam. In March 1970, the First Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers was held in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia. In 1972, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference was founded. While the al-Aqsa fire is regarded as one of the catalysts, many Muslims aspired to a pan-Islamic institution that would serve the common political, economic, and social interests of the ummah (Muslim community) beginning in
4977-428: The jurisdiction of any province. Thus, these cities are autonomously governed, do not share their tax revenues with any province, and in most cases, their residents are not eligible to elect or be elected to provincial offices. Cities that are under the political jurisdiction of a province form the third legal class of cities, called component cities. The voters in these cities are allowed to vote and run for positions in
5056-495: The outset of the meeting, the OIC countries signed a statement praising the Palestinians and their "blessed intifada ." The word terrorism was restricted to describe Israel, whom they condemned for " state terrorism " in their war with the Palestinian people. At the 34th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (ICFM), an OIC section, in May 2007, the foreign ministers termed Islamophobia "the worst form of terrorism". Thailand responded to OIC criticism of human rights abuses in
5135-421: The power to monitor human rights within the member states and facilitates the integration of human rights into all OIC mandates. IPHRC also aids in the promotion of political, civil, and economic rights in all member states. In September 2017, the Independent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) of the OIC strongly condemned the human rights violations against the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar . In December 2018,
5214-414: The provincial government. Municipalities are always under the jurisdiction of a province, except for Pateros , which is self-governing. A city or municipality is divided into barangays , over which it exercises supervisory authority. A city or municipality is headed by a mayor. The Sangguniang Panlungsod is the legislative body for cities and Sangguniang Bayan for municipalities. The barangay
5293-426: The restart of peace talks. The BJE was never realized. Under Arroyo's successor, President Benigno Aquino III , peace talks between the MILF and the Philippine government continued. The Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process released a statement in September 2012 clarifying that the two parties were not entertaining the concept of the BJE anymore. Under the April 2012 Decision Points on Principles,
5372-435: The rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Shari'ah" and Article 25 follows with "the Islamic Shari'ah is the only source of reference for the explanation or clarification of any of the articles of this Declaration." Attempts to have it adopted by the United Nations Human Rights Council met criticism, because of its contradiction of the UDHR, including from liberal Muslim groups. Critics of
5451-426: The secession of parts of Southern Philippines. Likewise, the Lumads also expressed concern that they were not consulted regarding the BJE and that the proposed territory of the BJE would encroach on their own ancestral domains. Leaders of local government units outside the ARMM also expressed concern of losing jurisdiction of some of their areas to the proposed BJE, and opposition figures suspected that President Arroyo
5530-416: The signing of the MOA-AD. Armed clashes between the MILF and the government occurred in North Cotabato and Lanao del Norte on August 7, 2008. According to the Philippine military, they launched a pursuit against MILF commanders Abdullah Makapaar and Ameril Umbra Kato who allegedly attacked civilians. On September 3, 2008, the government announced it would be dissolving the government peace panel and that
5609-445: The summit. On 18 April 2020, OIC issued a statement, urging the Modi administration of India to take urgent steps to "stop the growing tide of Islamophobia ", citing attacks by Hindu nationalists against Indian Muslims and the allegation against Muslims of spreading COVID-19 in the country. Cartoons of Muhammad, published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, offended a number of Muslims. The Third Extraordinary Session of
5688-512: The summit. The erstwhile President of Pakistan , Yahya Khan , reportedly expressed mixed views. The Indian delegation, led by then Indian President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad , was scheduled to attend the summit but ultimately was not allowed in due to Pakistan's controversial boycott threat. Differences between the two states led Pakistan to keep India out for the final session of the 1969 conference and all OIC subsequent summits. On 14 February 2019,
5767-421: The topic again. Most Arab countries and some African countries walked out of the session. Nonetheless, OIC members Albania , Gabon , Guinea-Bissau , Suriname and Sierra Leone signed a 2011 UN declaration supporting LGBT rights in the General Assembly . Bahrain , Iraq , Jordan and Turkey legalized homosexuality. In May 2016, 57 countries including Egypt , Iran , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia and
5846-945: The treatment of ethnic minorities within member countries, such as the oppression of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey , the Ahwaz in Iran , the Hazaras in Afghanistan , the ' Al-Akhdam ' in Yemen , or the Berbers in Algeria . Along with OIC's 2008 charter revisions, the member states created the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC). The IPHRC is an advisory body, independent from OIC, composed of eighteen individuals from diverse educational and professional backgrounds. IPHRC has
5925-494: The two parties agreed on several issues including on working for "the creation of a new autonomous political entity (NPE) in place of the ARMM" The NPE established would be the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao , which succeeded the ARMM in 2019 after a successful plebiscite held during the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte . The BARMM's charter is the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL). The BOL as
6004-628: The union. In March 2008, the OIC revised its charter to promote human rights, fundamental freedoms, and good governance in member states. The revisions removed any mention of the Cairo Declaration. Within the revised charter, the OIC supported the Charter of the United Nations and international law , without mentioning the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . On 28 June 2011, during
6083-493: Was invited to participate in an OIC summit. However, Pakistan protested this development and demanded that India be blocked from the event, accusing the latter of an unprovoked violation of Pakistani airspace while Indian officials claimed that the strike was carried out on terrorist-training camps. Following requests by Pakistan shortly after the 14 February attack, the OIC held an emergency meeting on 26 February. The organization subsequently condemned India's military response to
6162-427: Was to be signed between the Philippine government and the MILF on August 4, 2008, but the Supreme Court stopped the signing over concerns of the deal's constitutionality. The high court would rule the MOA-AD unconstitutional on October 4, 2008, which led to the collapse of the peace talks between the two parties. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) had been fighting for the secession of Bangsamoro territory from
6241-501: Was using the BJE as a ploy to extend her tenure in anticipation that the constitution had to be amended to comply with the MOA-AD. During the negotiations, the contents of the MOA-AD were largely confidential, and when it was finalized, there were demands for its content to be publicly disclosed. The issue was raised to the Supreme Court of the Philippines , which released a temporary restraining order on August 4, 2008, which prevented
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