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59-691: The community dates back to the reign of King Rama I , who granted the land to Islamic Cham troops after they had fought with the Siamese Army in the Songkhram Kao Thap , the Burmese–Siamese War in 1785–1786, the last major battle fought against Burmese invaders. The Cham had migrated from the Champa realm (currently in central and southern Vietnam ) during the Ayutthaya Kingdom . Ban Khrua

118-643: A subsidiary alliance under the paramountcy of the British Crown . Towards the last phase of British rule the Shan and Karenni states were labeled as "Frontier Areas", a broad designation for mountainous areas bordering India, China and Laos where the British government allowed local rule. in 1922 the Shan states were joined together into a Federation, the Federated Shan States. They were administered separately by

177-730: A collection of minor Shan kingdoms called muang whose rulers bore the title saopha in British Burma . They were analogous to the princely states of British India . The term "Shan States" was first used during the British rule in Burma as a geopolitical designation for certain areas of Burma (officially, the Federated Shan States , which included the Karenni States , consisted of today's Shan State and Kayah State ). In some cases,

236-607: A force to relieve Prome in 1539. However, the combined force was unsuccessful in holding Prome against another Toungoo attack in 1542. In 1543, the Burmese ministers assassinated Thohanbwa and placed Hkonmaing , the saopha of Thibaw, on the Ava throne. Mohnyin leaders, led by Sithu Kyawhtin , felt that the Ava throne was theirs. But in light of the Toungoo threat, Mohnyin leaders grudgingly agreed to Hkonmaing's leadership. The Confederation launched

295-543: A group of Shan States that conquered the Ava Kingdom in 1527 and ruled Upper Burma until 1555. The Confederation originally consisted of Mohnyin, Mogaung, Bhamo, Momeik, and Kale. It was led by Sawlon , the chief of Mohnyin. The Confederation raided Upper Burma throughout the early 16th century (1502–1527) and fought a series of war against Ava and its ally Shan State of Thibaw (Hsipaw). The Confederation finally defeated Ava in 1527, and placed Sawlon's eldest son Thohanbwa on

354-648: A major invasion of Lower Burma in 1543 but its forces were driven back. By 1544, Toungoo forces had occupied up to Pagan . The confederation would not attempt another invasion. After Hkonmaing died in 1546, his son Mobye Narapati , the saopha of Mobye, became king of Ava. The confederation's bickering resumed in full force. Sithu Kyawhtin set up a rival fiefdom in Sagaing across the river from Ava and finally drove out Mobye Narapati in 1552. The weakened Confederation proved no match for Bayinnaung 's Toungoo forces. Bayinnaung captured Ava in 1555 and conquered all of Shan States in

413-570: A major source of income for most households. The community served as a factory for the American businessman Jim Thompson whose home, now a museum called the Jim Thompson House , is nearby on the south bank of the canal. Thai silk became highly prized, and was used as for costuming in the Broadway musical The King and I in 1951 and Hollywood film Ben-Hur in 1959. Ban Khrua became a centre of

472-517: A monk temporarily, in accordance with Siamese custom. In 1760, he married Nak , daughter of a town patron in Samut Sakorn. He was later appointed the Luang Yokkrabat (deputy governor) of Ratchaburi Province by King Ekkathat in 1758. On the eve of the fall of Ayutthaya, Phraya Wachiraprakan (later King Taksin ) had foreseen that the fall of the city was certain. Wachiraprakan decided to break

531-662: A note. Ánh managed to recapture Saigon by 1788 and later ascended as Emperor Gia Long in 1802. In 1794, upon Ang Eng's majority, Rama I reinstalled him as the Neareay Reachea III. The area around Siem Reap and Battambang was annexed by Siam, and were governed by Abhaya Bhubet. However, Rama I allowed these territories to be ruled in accordance with Cambodian traditions. Soon King Bodawpaya of Burma started to pursue his ambitious campaigns to expand his dominions over Siam. The Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786) , also known in Siam as

590-407: A proposed tollway . 13°44′58.89″N 100°31′39.28″E  /  13.7496917°N 100.5275778°E  / 13.7496917; 100.5275778 King Rama I Phra Bat Somdet Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok Maharat ( Thai : พระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช , 20 March 1737 – 7 September 1809), personal name Thongduang ( ทองด้วง ), also known as Rama I , was the founder of

649-462: A revival of Siamese culture and state organization following the collapse of the Siamese kingdom in 1767, whose capital was then situated at Ayutthaya. He established a new purified Buddhist sect which allied and tied together Buddhism and the monarchy. Rama I consolidated and expanded on Taksin's military campaigns throughout Mainland Southeast Asia, whose mandala in 1809 stretched as far North and South as

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708-500: A series of military campaigns from 1556 to 1557. In 1885, following three wars that steadily added various parts of Burma to their empire, the British finally occupied all of the territory of present-day Myanmar. The area became then a Province of British India . Under the British colonial administration , the Shan States became nominally sovereign princely states . Although states were ruled by local monarchs, they were subject to

767-700: A series of wars against the Chinese Qing dynasty following which eight of the Chinese Shan states were briefly occupied by the Kingdom of Burma , but all of these northernmost Shan States remained under Chinese rule after that. The former Chinese Shan States are now part of Yunnan Province . Under the Chinese administration the status of the Shan people in the Chinese Shan States was reduced when they were labelled as

826-507: A strategic plan and under it recaptured Ayutthaya in one year. In 1768 Taksin crowned himself and founded the Kingdom of Thonburi on the west bank of the mouth of the Chao Phraya river, using Thonburi as a new capital. Under the new Thonburi regime, Thongduang was appointed head of the royal police department, bearing the title Phra Ratcharin . After subjugating the warlord of Phimai with his brother Bunma (at that time called Phra Mahamontri,

885-515: A substantial number of other ethnic minorities like the Chin , Palaung , Pa-O , Kachin , Akha , Lahu , Wa and Burmans . The most powerful Shan states were Mohnyin (Mong Yang) and Mogaung (Mong Kawng) in present-day Kachin State , followed by Theinni (Hsenwi), Thibaw (Hsipaw), Momeik (Mong Mit) and Kyaingtong (Keng Tung) in present-day northern Shan State. The Confederation of Shan States were

944-514: Is the oldest Islamic community in Bangkok. Khlong Saen Saep was dug during the reign of King Rama III as the main supply route for troops fighting in what is now Cambodia and part of southern Vietnam in the 14 year-long Siamese-Vietnamese wars. It runs from Bangkok to the Bang Pakong River in eastern Chachoengsao Province . Years ago, silk fabric was a well-known product of the community and

1003-527: The Siamese Shan States was used to refer to Lan Na (northern Thailand) and Chinese Shan States to the Shan regions in southern Yunnan such as Xishuangbanna . Historical mention of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the period of the Pagan dynasty ; the first major Shan State of that era was founded in 1215 at Mogaung , followed by Mone in 1223. These were part of

1062-606: The Burma Frontier Service by British Assistance Superintendents, later renamed as Assistant Residents. In 1935 the Frontier Areas were divided into "Excluded Areas" and "Partially Excluded Areas"—also known as "Part I Areas" and "Part II Areas"—through the Second Schedule to the 1935 Government of Burma Act. The Chinese Shan States were petty states or small territories of Shan people ruled by local monarchs under

1121-435: The Chin , Palaung , Lisu , Pa-O , Kachin , Wa , and Burmans . The Shan States were a dominant force in the politics of Upper Burma throughout the 13th to 16th centuries. The strongest Shan States, Mogaung , Mongyang and Hsenwi , constantly raided Upper Burma . Mogaung ended the kingdoms of Sagaing and Pinya in 1364. However, the Shan States were too fragmented to resist the encroachment of bigger neighbours. In

1180-650: The Dali Kingdom in Yunnan fell to the Yuan dynasty . By the 17th century the territories of these outlying Shan States had been merged into the core territories of Chinese dynasties , their rulers being allowed to retain a great measure of authority under the Tǔsī Zhìdù ( Chinese : 土司 制度 ) system of recognized chieftainship. In mid 18th century, the Konbaung dynasty 's armies led

1239-574: The Kangleipak State and the Kingdom of Pong. This quasi-legendary kingdom is also mentioned among the conquests of Anoratha , the King of Pagan . Some scholars identify the Kingdom of Pong with Mong Mao as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Vassal states to more powerful empires of China, these Shan States gained a measure of independence in the power vacuum left after

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1298-666: The Pagan Kingdom in the Shan Hills and Kachin Hills and accelerated after the fall of the Pagan Kingdom to the Yuan dynasty in 1287. The Shans, including a new migration that came down with the Mongols, quickly came to dominate an area from northern Chin State and northwestern Sagaing Region to the present-day Shan Hills. The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic states that included

1357-510: The Rattanakosin Kingdom (now Thailand) and the first King of Siam from the reigning Chakri dynasty . His full title in Thai is Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramoruracha Maha Chakri Boromanat Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok ( พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรโมรุราชามหาจักรีบรมนารถ พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลก ). He ascended the throne in 1782, following the deposition of King Taksin of Thonburi . He was also celebrated as

1416-408: The Shan Hills and other parts of northern modern-day Burma as far back as the 10th century AD. The Shan kingdom of Mong Mao (Muang Mao) existed in Yunnan as early as the 10th century CE but became a Burmese vassal state during the reign of King Anawrahta of Pagan (1044–1077). The historical relevance of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma increased during the period of

1475-699: The Shan States and the Northern Malay Peninsula and as far East as the Annamite Range , respectively. His reign also marked the beginning of a new "Golden Age of Culture", which continued in the footsteps of the blossoming of the arts during the Late Ayutthaya Period. Like other high-ranking figures of old Siam, Rama I's name changed several times during his lifetime, depending on his respective position, and even posthumously. His name at birth

1534-460: The "Nine Armies War" because the Burmese came in nine armies, broke out. The Burmese soldiers poured into Lanna and Northern Siam. Siamese forces, commanded by Kawila, Prince of Lampang , put up a brave fight and delayed the Burmese advance, all the while waiting for reinforcements from Bangkok. When Phitsanulok was captured, Anurak Devesh the Rear Palace , and Rama I himself led Siamese forces to

1593-527: The Ava throne. Thibaw and its tributaries Nyaungshwe and Mobye also came over to the confederation. The enlarged Confederation extended its authority down to Prome (Pyay) in 1533 by defeating their erstwhile ally Prome Kingdom because Sawlon felt that Prome did not provide sufficient help in their war against Ava. After the Prome war, Sawlon was assassinated by his own ministers, creating a leadership vacuum. Although Sawlon's son Thohanbwa naturally tried to assume

1652-582: The Chakri dynasty the name Rama together with the respective ordinal number. So this king is Rama I in Western literature. In 1982, 200 years after his accession, the Thai cabinet decided to award him the epithet Maharat (" The Great "). Thongduang was born in 1737 in the reign of King Boromakot of Ayutthaya. His father was Thongdi , a Mon noble serving the royal court (posthumously raised to Somdet Phra Prathom Borommahachonnok – "the grand primordial father") who

1711-482: The Chao Phraya river for several reasons, including its better strategic location and a desire to promote his legitimacy by starting from a clean slate. He decided to name his new capital "Rattanakosin" ("Keeping place of the Emerald Buddha "). Rama I also raised various members of his family to royalty. He appointed his brother Surasi (Anuchit Raja) or Maha Sura Singhanat as the " Front Palace " (conventional title of

1770-513: The Phraya Sun with his forces. Later sources widely reported that the general eventually executed the ousted Taksin, contradicting to some earlier sources. He then seized power and made himself King, establishing the Chakri dynasty , which continues to rule Thailand to this day. General Maha Kasatsuek crowned himself on 6 April 1782. Soon after, he decided to move the capital of Siam to the east bank of

1829-454: The Siamese forces to face Bodawpaya. The fighting was very short and Bodawpaya was quickly defeated. This short war was called the Tha Din Daeng campaign . King Rama I died on 7 September 1809 after a short but acute illness; he was succeeded by his son Prince Isarasundhorn as Buddha Loetla Nabhalai or Rama II. Siam during the reign of Rama I reached a new height of power not seen since

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1888-503: The Siamese in the same year. He was eventually raised to Somdet Chao Phraya Maha Kasatsuek , the first official to ever hold this rank. In 1781, he went on the campaigns against Cambodia, only to return prematurely due to the instability of Thonburi. The rebellion of Phraya Sun had broken out and the rebels deposed King Taksin. Some sources report that Taksin was consigned to a monastery. After arriving in Thonburi in 1782, Chao Phraya defeated

1947-506: The chief town in the region. They played a precarious game of paying allegiance to more powerful states, sometimes simultaneously. Smaller states such as Loi-ai , Monghsat and Monghsu paid allegiance to more powerful Shan states like Yawnghwe , Kengtung and Hsenwi . The larger Shan States in turn paid tribute to larger neighbours such as the Ava , the Burmese Kingdom and China. Some of

2006-519: The citizens of the area to take up arms against the Burmese; his campaign was also successful. Phra Maha was later raised to the nobility by Rama I. As his armies were destroyed, Bodawpaya retreated. The next year, he attacked again, this time constituting his troops as a single army. With this force Bodawpaya passed through the Chedi Sam Ong pass and settled in Tha Din Daeng. The Front Palace marched

2065-462: The founder of Rattanakosin (now Bangkok ) as the new capital of the reunited kingdom. Rama I, whose given name was Thongduang, was born from a Mon male line descent family, great-grandson of Kosa Pan . His father served in the royal court of the Ayutthaya Kingdom . Thongduang and his younger brother Boonma served King Taksin in wars against the Burmese Konbaung dynasty and helped him in

2124-480: The future Maha Sura Singhanat ), he was raised to Phraya Aphairanarit . After the campaign to subdue the lord of Fang in 1769, Thongduang was raised to Phraya Yommarat and in the next year became Chao Phraya Chakri – the Samuhanayok (chief minister of the northern provinces). Chakri commanded the Siamese troops in the wars against Burma and went on to subjugate Cambodia . His brother Bunma (who by that time held

2183-465: The history of these petty Tai (Dai) Kingdoms is obscure. Existing chronicles and traditions regarding the northernmost outlying Shan States include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations. According to ancient tradition there was a State of Pong that had its origin in the legendary kingdom of Udiri Pale, founded in 58 BC. The Cheitharol Kumbaba Manipuri Kingdom chronicle—written much later—mentions an alliance between

2242-656: The larger Tai migration that founded the Ahom Kingdom in 1229 and the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1253. Shan political power increased after the Mongols overran Pagan in 1287 and the Shans came to dominate many of the northern to eastern areas of Burma—from northwestern Sagaing Division to the present-day Shan Hills. The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic states that included a substantial number of other ethnic minorities such as

2301-620: The last of the Nguyễn Lords , Nguyễn Ánh , convinced Rama I to give him forces to attack Vietnam, which was then under the control of the Tây Sơn brothers. However, the joint Nguyễn-Siam fleet was destroyed in the Battle of Rach Gam–Xoai Mut in the Mekong Delta region. Nguyễn's appeal for Siamese assistance enabled the Siamese to exert considerable political influence over Nguyễn's court. Mac Tu Sinh ,

2360-543: The leadership of the Confederation, he was never fully acknowledged as the first among equals by other saophas. An incoherent confederation neglected to intervene in the first four years of Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1535–1541) in Lower Burma . They did not appreciate the gravity of the situation until 1539 when Toungoo defeated Hanthawaddy, and turned against its vassal Prome. The saophas finally banded together and sent in

2419-422: The local people and successfully defended Thalang against the Burmese. Today, Chan and Mook are revered as heroines because of their opposition to the Burmese invasions. In their own lifetimes, Rama I bestowed on them the titles Thao Thep Kasattri and Thao Sri Sunthon . The Burmese proceeded to capture Songkhla . Upon hearing the news, the governors of Phatthalung fled. However, a monk named Phra Maha encouraged

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2478-471: The major Shan States were. Early history of the Shan states is clouded in myth. Most states claimed having been founded upon a predecessor state with a Sanskrit name Shen/Sen . Tai Yai chronicles usually begin with the story of two brothers, Khun Lung and Khun Lai, who descended from heaven in the 6th century and landed in Hsenwi, where the local population hailed them as kings. The Shan people have inhabited

2537-575: The north, the Chinese Ming dynasty annexed today's Yunnan in the 1380s, stamping out the final Shan resistance by the 1440s. The Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States captured the Ava Kingdom in 1527 and ruled Upper Burma until 1555. In the south, the Toungoo dynasty captured all those Shan States that would become known as the Burmese Shan States in 1557. Though the Shan States came under

2596-458: The north. The Siamese relieved Lampang from the Burmese siege. In the south, Bodawpaya was waiting at Chedi Sam Ong ready to attack. The Front Palace was ordered to lead his troops to the south and counter-attack the Burmese coming to Ranong through Nakhon Si Thammarat . He brought the Burmese to battle near Kanchanaburi . The Burmese also attacked Thalang ( Phuket ), where the governor had just died. Chan, his wife, and her sister Mook gathered

2655-437: The reunification of Siam. During this time he emerged as Siam's most powerful military leader. Thongduang was the first Somdet Chao Phraya , the highest rank the nobility could attain, equaled to that of royalty. In 1782, he took control of Siam and crowned himself as the monarch. The most famous event in his reign was the Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786) , which was the last major Burmese assault on Siam. Rama I's reign marked

2714-713: The sides of the Emerald Buddha at Wat Phra Kaeo and dedicated one each to his father and grandfather. He demanded to refer to his two predecessors using the names of these Buddha statues. The one dedicated to the first Chakri king was named Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok ("the Buddha on top of the sky and the crown of the worlds"). This is how this king is still referred to in Thai history books. His descendant Vajiravudh (Rama VI) who had studied in England, realised that most Siamese kings' names were difficult to reproduce and remember for Westerners. He therefore disposed to use for all kings of

2773-648: The siege of the city of Ayutthaya by the Burmese army and establish a new base outside. Phraya Ratchaburi also joined this venture. In 1767, Ayutthaya under King Ekkathat fell to Burmese invaders, the city was completely destroyed; burned and looted. Local warlords rose up to establish their supremacy in the absence of a central authority. Despite the fall of Ayutthaya, Taksin and his men in the same year managed to capture Chantaburi and Trat . During this time Phraya Ratchaburi became one of Taksin's six ministers and together with Phraya Pichai they were regarded by Taksin as his two most valuable generals. Swiftly Taksin made

2832-533: The silk industry in Thailand. The Disappearance of Jim Thompson in 1967 marked the peak of silk production in Ban Khrua. Three mosques remain in the community. Silk production continues in a few workshops, where traditional production methods survive. Adding to the cost of progress, Ban Khrua residents have been at odds with the government for more than 25 years as they fight to keep their community from being razed for

2891-706: The sixteenth century. Militarily Siam was able to successfully repel Burmese invasions and exerted control over Laos and Cambodia and Vietnam. Culturally Rama I also encouraged cultural works to rehabilitate people after the successive series of wars and built many temples and monuments during his reign. His policies laid the foundation for Siam to expand within the next decades. Chakri dynasty Kings Viceroys Deputy Viceroy Crown Prince Hereditary Prince Royalty Siamese Foreigners Key events Thonburi dynasty Kings Royalty Siamese Foreigners Key events [REDACTED] Shan States The Shan States were

2950-576: The son of Mạc Thiên Tứ and his Siamese wife, was raised among the Siamese, and held office as the governor of Hà Tiên until his death in 1787. Ngo Ma, a general of Siamese descent, was appointed as its acting governor in Mac's place. Nguyễn Ánh also took refuge in Siam at the King's court waiting for the opportunities to defeat Tây Sơn. These episodes demonstrated Rama I's willingness to extend Siamese power beyond his Kingdom. In Cambodia , King Reamraja (Ang Non II)

3009-761: The suzerainty of Burmese kingdoms based in the valley of the Irrawaddy River , the Shan saophas (chiefs) retained a large degree of autonomy. When Burma gained independence in 1948, the Federated Shan States became Shan State while the southern portion became Kayah State within the Union of Burma with the right to secede from the Union. However, the Shan States and the saophas' hereditary rights were removed by General Ne Win 's military government in 1962. Most Shan States were just little principalities organised around

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3068-477: The suzerainty of China. They were also known as Koshanpye or "Nine Shan States". The main states were Mönglem (Mainglengyi, Maing-ying, Mong Lien), Möngmāu ( Mong Mao ), Hsikwan (Si-gwin), Möngnā (Ganya), Sandā (Zhanda, Mong-Santa), Hosā (Ho Hsa, Hotha), Lasā (Mong Hsa, La Hsa), Möngwan (Mong Wan, Mo-wun), Möngmyen ( Mong Myen , Momien, Momein/Tengyue) and Köng-ma (Küngma, Kaing-ma, Kengma, Gengma), among others, in addition to Keng Hung ( Chiang Hung ). Most of

3127-650: The throne in 1782, he took the name Ramathibodi , just like the founder of the Ayutthaya Kingdom . His full title was much longer ( Phra Borommarachathirat Ramathibodi Sisin Borommaha Chakkraphat Rachathibodin etc.), intended to demonstrate his universal claim to power like of earlier Siamese kings. After his death, the people referred to him simply as Phaendin Ton ("the first reign"), to his son as Phaendin Klang ("the middle reign"). Continuing this system consequently, his grandson Rama III would have been "the last reign". To avoid this inauspicious title, he ended this practice by donating two Buddha statues that were placed to

3186-437: The title of Phraya Anuchit Raja), accompanied him in various campaigns. Chakri and his brother were sent to the north to Lan Na in 1774 to free the kingdom from Burmese rule with the help of Phraya Kawila , a prince from Lampang . In 1776, he conquered Khmer Pa Dong (around modern Surin ). He was assigned the task of conquering Lao kingdoms in 1778 and all the three kingdoms ( Vientiane , Luang Prabang , Champasak ) fell to

3245-410: The titles of Phra Ratcharin Chao Krom Phra Tamruat (head of the police department), Phraya Aphaironnarit , Phraya Yommarat , Phraya Chakri and Chaophraya Chakri (minister of the northern provinces). Finally Taksin created him the title of Somdet Chaophraya Maha Kasatsuek , a noble title as high as no Siamese official had born before him, making him quasi-royalty. When he ascended to

3304-464: The viceroy and heir presumptive) and his nephew Thong-In or Anurak Devesh as the "Rear Palace". The King had 42 children. Ten of these were born to Queen Amarinda, the others by various concubines. The Queen's children included Prince Isarasundhorn, later King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) (whom the King appointed as Front Palace after the death of Maha Sura Singhanat in 1803), Prince Maha Senanurak and Prince Maha Sakdi Polsep . In 1784–1785,

3363-476: Was Phra Akson Sunthonsat (Royal Secretary of northern Siam, Keeper of the Royal Seal). Phra Akson Sunthonsat was also a descendant of Kosa Pan , the leader of King Narai 's embassy to the French court. His mother, Daoreung (original name Yok), was part-Chinese. Thongduang had six other siblings. Thongduang at a young age entered the Royal Palace as one of the royal pages of King Uthumphon , where he met his childhood friend Taksin. In 1757, aged 21, he became

3422-411: Was Thongduang (also spelled Thong Duang ทองด้วง), family names had not yet been introduced in Siam at that time. When Thongduang served as deputy governor of Ratchaburi Province during the rule of King Ekkathat of Ayutthaya , he bore the title of Luang Yokkrabat . After the demise of Ayutthaya, the new king Taksin to whom he served as an important military commander, awarded him successively

3481-480: Was deposed in 1779 and the throne was given to the young prince Ang Eng . However, the pro-Vietnamese policies of certain Cambodian aristocrats under Ang Eng alarmed Rama I. As a result, Rama I had Ang Eng captured and deported to Bangkok, where Rama adopted him as his son, the purpose of which was to impose pro-Siamese sentiments on him. Rama I also imposed Chao Phraya Abhaya Bhubet as the Regent of Cambodia. Nguyễn Ánh secretly left for Vietnam in 1787, leaving Rama I

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