46-507: The Emerald Buddha ( Thai : พระแก้วมรกต Phra Kaeo Morakot , or พระพุทธมหามณีรัตนปฏิมากร Phra Phuttha Maha Mani Rattana Patimakon , lit. ' Statue of the Great Emerald Buddha ' ) is an image of the meditating Gautama Buddha seated in a meditative posture , made of a semi-precious green stone ( jasper rather than emerald or jade ), clothed in gold . and about 66 centimetres (26 in) tall. The image
92-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of
138-551: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form
184-677: A Buddha figure carved from a green semi-precious stone, which became known as Phra Kaew Morakot or in English the Emerald Buddha. ("Emerald" refers to its "green colour" in Thai, not its composition.) Some art historians describe the Emerald Buddha as belonging to the Chiang Saen Style of the 15th century CE, which would mean that it is of Lan Na origin. The legend reports that King Sam Fang Kaen of Lan Na wanted it in his capital of Chiang Mai , but
230-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of
276-563: A national holiday to honour the founding of the Chakri dynasty . The king and queen, an entourage of the royal family, as well as the prime minister, officials of the Ministry of Defence and other government departments, offer prayers at the temple. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by
322-633: A shrine close to Wat Arun in Thonburi , the new capital of Siam. Chao Phra Chakri then seized the throne for himself and founded the Chakri Dynasty of the Rattanakosin Kingdom , where he would later be titled King Rama I. He shifted his capital across Chao Phraya river to its present location in Bangkok , and constructed the new Grand Palace including Wat Phra Kaew within its compound. Wat Phra Kaew
368-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and
414-519: Is 48 centimetres (19 in) wide at the lap, and 66 centimetres (26 in) high. The Buddha is in a seated position, with the right leg resting on the left one, a style that suggest it might have been carved in the late Chiang Saen or Chiang Mai school, not much earlier than the fifteenth century CE. However, the Meditation attitude of the statue was not popular in Thailand but looks very much like some of
460-1130: Is 50 metres (160 ft) tall. It is flanked by a Burmese-style mondop , with a pyatthat spired roof, that was commissioned by Lampang's governor in 1909. References [ edit ] ^ orientalarchitecture.com. "Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey" . www.orientalarchitecture.com . Retrieved 2016-11-13 . ^ Freeman, Michael (2001). Lanna: Thailand's Northern Kingdom . Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500976029 . External links [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wat Phra Kaeo Don Tao, Lampang . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaeo_Don_Tao&oldid=1254485822 " Categories : Buddhist temples in Lampang province Overseas Burmese Buddhist temples Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Thai-language text Commons category link
506-443: Is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form
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#1732837526361552-559: Is considered the sacred palladium of Thailand . It is housed in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha ( Wat Phra Kaew ) on the grounds of the Grand Palace in Bangkok . The legend of the Emerald Buddha is related in number of sources such as Jinakalamali , Amarakatabuddharupanidana , and in particular Ratanabimbavamsa or The Chronicle of the Emerald Buddha written in Pali by Brahmarājaprajña in
598-528: The Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It
644-562: The Lan Na kingdom in 1434. One account of its discovery tells that lightning struck a chedi in Wat Pa Yia (Bamboo Forest Monastery, later renamed Wat Phra Kaew) in Chiang Rai, revealing a Buddha covered with stucco inside. The Buddha was then placed in the abbot's residence, who later noticed that stucco on the nose had flaked off, revealing a green interior. The abbot removed the stucco and found
690-459: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along
736-510: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on
782-471: The lunar calendar , months 4, 8 and 12 (around March, July, and November). Rama I initiated this ritual for the hot season and the rainy season; Rama III introduced the ritual for the winter season. The decoration which adorn the image, represent those of monks and the king, depending on the season, an indication of its symbolic role "as Buddha and the King", which role is also enjoined on the king who formally dresses
828-408: The 15th century (but the oldest extant manuscript dates only to 1788). The story is a mix of fact and fables with some variations to the story. According to the legend, the Emerald Buddha was created in 43 BCE by a sage named Nagasena in the city of Pataliputra (today's Patna ), India. Nagasena allegedly had the help of the deities, Vishnu and Indra , 500 years after Buddha attained Nibbana . He
874-610: The Buddha images of southern India and Sri Lanka, which led some to suggest an origin in India or Sri Lanka. The Emerald Buddha is adorned with three sets of gold seasonal decorations: two were made by Rama I, one for the summer and one for the rainy season, and a third made by Rama III for the winter or cool season. In 1996 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of King Bhumibol Adulyadej , the Bureau of
920-414: The Emerald Buddha himself. The costume change ritual is performed by the king who is the most elevated master of ceremonies for all Buddhist rites. During the ceremony, the king first climbs up to the pedestal, cleans the image by wiping away any dust with a wet cloth, and changes the gold headress of the Emerald Buddha. The king then worships nearby while an attendant performs the elaborate ritual of changing
966-509: The Emerald Buddha on the water jar knoll" ) is the principal Buddhist temple in Lampang , Thailand . The temple was founded by the first Mon ruler of Lampang. The Emerald Buddha was enshrined at this temple from 1434 to 1468, when King Tilokaraj relocated the image to Wat Phra Singh in Chiang Mai . The temple's Mon-style chedi , which is reputed to contain a strand of the Buddha's hair,
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#17328375263611012-569: The Grand Palace, where the public may view them. Early in the Bangkok period, the Emerald Buddha was occasionally taken out and paraded through the streets to relieve the city and countryside of various calamities (such as plague and cholera ). This practice was discontinued during King Rama IV 's reign as it was feared that the image could be damaged during the procession and the king's belief that; "Diseases are caused by germs, not by evil spirits or
1058-500: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to
1104-675: The Royal Household commissioned a replica set of the seasonal decorations to be made in all the same materials. This new set was funded entirely by donations. The original set, which were made over 200 years ago, were retired and are on display at the Museum of the Emerald Buddha Temple in the Middle court of the Grand Palace. The decorations are changed by the King of Thailand , or a senior member of
1150-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to
1196-541: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of
1242-413: The displeasure of the Buddha". The Emerald Buddha also marks the changing of the seasons in Thailand, with the king presiding over seasonal ceremonies. In a ritual held at the temple three times a year, the decoration of the statue is changed at the start of each of the three seasons. The astrological dates for the ritual ceremonies, at the changing of the seasons, followed are in the first waning moon of
1288-489: The elephant carrying it insisted on three separate occasions on going instead to Lampang . This was taken as a divine sign, and the Emerald Buddha stayed in Lampang in a specially-built temple (now Wat Phra Kaeo Don Tao ) for the next 32 years. In 1468, it was moved to Chiang Mai by King Tilokaraj , where it was kept in a niche in a large stupa called Chedi Luang . The Emerald Buddha remained in Chiang Mai until 1552, when it
1334-773: The 💕 Buddhist temple in Lampang, Thailand Wat Phra Kaeo Don Tao วัดพระแก้วดอนเต้า [REDACTED] Religion Affiliation Buddhism Sect Theravada Buddhism Province Lampang Province Status Active Location Municipality Lampang Country Thailand [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Shown within Thailand Geographic coordinates 18°18′05″N 99°30′33″E / 18.301488°N 99.509086°E / 18.301488; 99.509086 Architecture Date established c. 1500s Wat Phra Kaeo Don Tao ( Thai : วัดพระแก้วดอนเต้า , literally "monastery of
1380-450: The legend stated that in 457, King Anuruth(Anawrahta) of Burma sent a mission to Ceylon to ask for Buddhist scriptures and the Emerald Buddha, in order to support Buddhism in his country. These requests were granted, but the ship lost its way in a storm during the return voyage and somehow landed in Cambodia . Historical sources indicate that the statue surfaced in northern Thailand in
1426-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of
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1472-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled
1518-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,
1564-470: The rest of the decorative garments. The king also sprays holy water, which is mixed with the water rinsed from the wet cloth used to wipe the dust of the image, upon his subjects waiting outside the ordination hall. Previously this was a privilege afforded only to the princes and officials who were attending the ceremony ( uposatha ) inside the ubosot. Ceremonies are also performed at the Emerald Buddha temple at other occasions such as Chakri Day (6 April 1782),
1610-596: The revered Buddha figure with him. In 1564, King Setthathirath moved it to Vientiane , which he had made his new capital due to Burmese attacks and where the Buddha image was housed in Haw Phra Kaew . The Buddha image would stay in Vientiane for the next 214 years. In 1779, the Siamese General Chao Phraya Chakri invaded Laos , looted Vientiane and took the Emerald Buddha to Siam. It was installed in
1656-513: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as
1702-473: The royal family in his stead, in a ceremony at the changing of the seasons – in the 1st Waning of lunar months 4, 8 and 12 (around March, August and November). For the three seasons, there are three sets of decorations for the Emerald Buddha: The sets of gold clothing not in use at any given time are kept on display in the nearby Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations, and Thai Coins on the grounds of
1748-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to
1794-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as
1840-547: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Wat Phra Kaeo Don Tao Coordinates : 18°18′05″N 99°30′33″E / 18.301488°N 99.509086°E / 18.301488; 99.509086 From Misplaced Pages,
1886-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after
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1932-449: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed
1978-555: Was consecrated in 1785, and the Emerald Buddha was moved with great pomp to its current home in the ubosot of the Wat Phra Kaew temple complex in February/March 1785. The Buddha image is made of a semi-precious green stone, described variously as jade or jasper rather than emerald, as "emerald" here refers to its colour rather than the stone. The image has not been analyzed to determine its exact composition or origin. The figure
2024-520: Was said to have predicted: This figure of the Buddha is assuredly going to give to religion the most brilliant importance in five lands, that is in Lankadvipa ( Sri Lanka ), Ramalakka, Dvaravati , Chieng Mai and Lan Chang ( Laos ). According to Cambodian Royal Chronicles as compiled by Ros Chantrabot , the legends state that after remaining in Pataliputra for three hundred years, The Emerald Buddha
2070-455: Was taken to Luang Prabang , then the capital of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. Some years earlier, the crown prince of Lan Xang, Setthathirath , had been invited to occupy the vacant throne of Lan Na as his mother was the daughter of the king of Chiang Mai who had died without an heir. However, Prince Setthathirath also became king of Lan Xang when his father, Photisarath , died. He returned home, taking
2116-455: Was taken to Sri Lanka to save it from a civil war. The emerald Buddha then arrived in Cambodia, giving its name place known as Russey Keo . When the Thais attacked Angkor Wat in 1432 (following the ravage of the bubonic plague), the Emerald Buddha was taken to Ayutthaya , Kamphaeng Phet , Laos and finally Chiang Rai , where the ruler of the city hid it until it was found in 1434. A version of
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