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39-582: Balis may refer to: Balis (Syria) , an ancient and medieval fortress on the Euphrates River Usog , a belief in Philippine pseudoscience Bališ , a surname See also [ edit ] Bali (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Balis . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

78-702: A Maronite patriarch as well. After the First Crusade , the Catholic Church began appointing a Latin Church patriarch of Antioch, though this became strictly titular after the Fall of Antioch in 1268, and was abolished completely in 1964. In the 18th century, succession disputes in the Greek Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox Churches of Antioch led to factions of those churches entering into communion with Rome under claimants to

117-638: A Frankish cleric loyal to him as new patriarch, thus starting the Latin Patriarchate of Antioch . The Western influence in the area was finally ended by the victories of the Muslim Mamluks over the Crusader States in the 13th century. In 1268 the Principality of Antioch came to an end with the brutal conquest of the city by Mamluks which left the significance of the patriarchate, together with

156-457: A precise understanding of orthodoxy. In 1085, the city was captured by Sultanate of Rum but it was allowed that John the Oxite , the newly appointed patriarch by emperor Alexios I Komnenos could live in the city. When the army of the First Crusade appeared before the walls of Antioch , John was imprisoned by the city's governor and subject to torture in front of the eyes of the crusaders. After

195-532: A profession of faith back as the popes had not been commemorated in the diptychs for 30 years. After Michael I Cerularius had excommunicated the Latin Church in 1054, informed also Peter III whose reply shows the non-importance he and many others maintained toward the events of 1054; Peter maintained the Latins were their brothers but that their thinking was prone to error and that as barbarians they should be excused from

234-580: Is one of the few for which the names of its bishops from the apostolic beginnings have been preserved. Today five churches use the title of patriarch of Antioch: one Eastern Orthodox (the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch ); one Oriental Orthodox (the Syriac Orthodox Church ); and three Eastern Catholic (the Maronite , Syriac Catholic , and Melkite Greek Catholic Churches). According to

273-465: The Abbasid Revolution in 750. Al-Saffah transferred Balis to the prince Sulayman ibn Ali , whose son Muhammad inherited it before it was confiscated by Harun al-Rashid ( r.  786–809 ). Harun made Balis part of his Jund al-Awasim and gave it to his son al-Ma'mun ( r.  813–833 ), who descendants held it at least until the late 9th century. No longer a residential diocese,

312-708: The Catholic Church . Today, five churches claim the title of patriarch of Antioch; three of these are autonomous Eastern Catholic particular churches in full communion with the pope of Rome. All five see themselves as part of the Antiochene heritage and claim a right to the Antiochene See through apostolic succession , although none are currently based in the city of Antakya . This multiplicity of Patriarchs of Antioch as well as their lack of location in Antioch, reflects

351-596: The diptychs . Consequently, two major Christian bodies broke communion became two fractions: One faction, now identified as the Catholic Church, represented the Latin West under the leadership of the pope; the other faction, now identified as the Eastern Orthodox Church, represented the Greek East under the collegial authority of the patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Alexandria. This split, however,

390-578: The patriarch of Constantinople in the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire , the Antiochene Patriarch remained the most independent, powerful, and trusted of the eastern patriarchs. The Antiochene church was a centre of Christian learning, second only to Alexandria . In contrast to the Hellenistic -influenced Christology of Alexandria , Rome , and Constantinople , Antiochene theology

429-694: The province of Euphratensis . An outpost near the Roman border with Parthia and Persia , it served as the garrison town for the Dalmatian Cavalry ( Latin : Equites Dalmatae Illyriciani ), a unit named for its origin in the Balkans . In 253, the Battle of Barbalissos saw Persians under Shapur I defeat a Roman army, after which he was able to sack and burn all the major cities of Syria Coele , including Antioch , Zeugma , and Samosata . The Arabic version of

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468-562: The 2nd millennium BC by nearby Emar , which was finally destroyed in 1187 BC. The area also seems to have had a prehistoric ford at times. By the time of the Persian Empire , the area had been resettled and become known by the Aramaic name Bayt Bala . It is likely the area was used during the invasions by Cyrus and Alexander . Under the Roman Empire , Barbalissus was a city in

507-594: The 4th and 6th centuries and anti-Christian conquests beginning with the Zoroastrian Persians in the 6th century, then the Muslim Arabs in the seventh century before the city could be recovered by the Byzantine Empire in 969. Although Aramaic-speaking followers of the 4th-century hermit Saint Maron did accept the terms of Chalcedon, they adhered to Monothelitism (due to impossible communication with

546-690: The Council. The issue came to a head in 512, when a synod was convened in Sidon by the non-Chalcedonians, which resulted in Flavian II (a Chalcedonian) being replaced as Patriarch by Severus (a non-Chalcedonian). The non-Chalcedonians under Severus eventually came to be called the Syriac Orthodox Church (which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox Church ), which has continued to appoint its own Syriac patriarchs of Antioch . The Chalcedonians refused to recognise

585-505: The Islamic conquests which began in the late 7th century, resulting in the patriarch's ecclesiastical authority becoming entangled in the politics of imperial authority and later Islamic hegemony . Being considered independent of both Byzantine and Arab Muslim power but in essence occupied by both, the de facto power of the Antiochene patriarchs faded. Additionally, the city suffered several natural disasters including major earthquakes throughout

624-618: The Syrian gives the names of five Jacobite bishops of Bales or Beit Bales ( Syriac ): John, Habib, Basil, Timothy, and Elias. In the mid-6th century, the Byzantine emperor Justinian rebuilt the walls of Barbalissos. During the Muslim conquest of the Levant , a contingent of warriors from Aleppo under Habib ibn-Maslama arrived at Barbalissos around 637. The Byzantine brothers who served as

663-558: The bishopric of Barbalissus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . Patriarchate of Antioch The Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch (modern-day Antakya , Turkey ). As the traditional "overseer" ( ἐπίσκοπος , episkopos , from which the word bishop is derived) of the first gentile Christian community, the position has been of prime importance in Pauline Christianity from its earliest period . This diocese

702-475: The city's lords and the city's people surrendered to Arabs under terms: residents could remain if they paid a poll tax in addition to a land tax or they could freely emigrate. Most chose to leave, either to Mesopotamia or to Hierapolis to the north. Qays tribesmen were settled into the abandoned estates and the settlement became known as Balis. Under the Umayyad Caliphate , the area was bestowed upon

741-586: The conquest of the city in June 1098, John was released and reinstated by the spiritual leader of the crusader, Adhemar of Le Puy , as patriarch of Antioch. After Adhemar's death, the Norman Bohemond of Taranto established himself as prince of Antioch and went in opposition to Alexios I in 1099/1100, forcing John to leave the patriarchate due to his suspected loyalty to the Byzantine Emperor. Bohemond selected

780-694: The dismissal and continued to recognise Flavian as Patriarch forming a rival church. From 518, on the death of Flavian and the appointment of his successor, the Chalcedonian Church became known as the Byzantines ' ( Rūm ) Church of Antioch . In the Middle Ages , as the Byzantine Church of Antioch became more and more dependent on Constantinople , it began to use the Byzantine rite . The internal schisms such as that over Monophysitism were followed by

819-503: The ecclesiastical schisms between Rome and Constantinople and between Constantinople and Alexandria and Antioch, isolated, fractured and debased. The Latin Patriarch went into exile in 1268, and the office became titular only. The office fell vacant in 1953 and was finally abolished in 1964. In 1724, Cyril VI was elected Greek patriarch of Antioch. He was considered to be pro-Rome by the patriarch of Constantinople , who refused to recognize

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858-609: The election and appointed another patriarch in his stead. Many Melkites continued to acknowledge Cyril's claim to the patriarchate. Thus from 1724 the Greek Church of Antioch split up in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church . In 1729, Pope Benedict XIII recognized Cyril as the Eastern Catholic patriarch of Antioch and welcomed him and his followers into full communion with

897-663: The first Patriarch of the Maronite Church. The appointing of a Patriarch made the Byzantine Emperor furious, which led to the persecution of the Maronites by the Byzantines, and their consequent retreat into the mountains of Lebanon, where they would continue to reside until the French mandate after World War 1. Over the centuries, differences between the Church in the East and West emerged such as

936-494: The fourth century, the bishop of Antioch had become the most senior bishop in a region covering modern-day eastern Turkey , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Syria , Jordan , Iraq , and Iran . His hierarchy served the largest number of Christians in the known world at that time. The synods of Antioch met at a basilica named for Julian the Martyr , whose relics it contained. Despite being overshadowed in ecclesiastical authority by

975-532: The illegitimate prince Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik . In his absences for prolonged military campaigns, his brother Sa'id al-Khayr was presumably responsible for the refortification of the town and the investment of considerable amounts into the area's agricultural development, including the establishment of the Nahr Maslama and the Nahr Sa'id irrigation canals. Their descendants, however, were largely dispossessed during

1014-490: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balis&oldid=1217959592 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Balis (Syria) The nearby bend of the Euphrates and its trade routes had been controlled in

1053-703: The list of the bishops at the First Council of Nicaea in 325 includes an Antonius of Barbalissus. Sources in Greek mention a Bishop Aquilinus of Barbalissus, who, at the time of the Council of Ephesus (431), was a partisan of Nestorius and was for that reason exiled from the bishopric; and Theodoret of Cyrus speaks of a Bishop Marinianus of Barbalissus, who may have been the replacement for Barbalissus, as having been imposed by force. Although Lequien wrote that no Notitia Episcopatuum mentioned Barbalissus, which he suggested

1092-802: The patriarchate: respectively the Melkite Greek Catholic patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Catholic patriarch of Antioch . Their respective Orthodox progenitors are the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch . In Roman times, Antioch was the principal city of the Roman Province of Syria , and the fourth largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome, Ephesus and Alexandria . The church in Antioch

1131-673: The post, from earliest to most recent. At one point, there was at least nominally a sixth claimant to the Patriarchate. When the Western European Crusaders established the Principality of Antioch , they established a Latin Church church in the city, whose head took the title of Patriarch. After the Crusaders were expelled by the Mamluks in 1268, the pope continued to appoint a titular Latin patriarch of Antioch , whose actual seat

1170-627: The pre-congregation church tradition, this ancient patriarchate was founded by the Apostle Saint Peter . The patriarchal succession was disputed at the time of the Meletian schism in 362 and again after the Council of Chalcedon in 451, when there were rival Melkite and non-Chalcedonian claimants to the see. After a 7th-century succession dispute in the Melkite church, the Maronites began appointing

1209-462: The theology of imperial state religion, many of its Patriarchs managed to straddle the divide between the controversies of Christology and imperial unity through its piety and straightforward grasp of early Christian thought which was rooted in its primitive Church beginnings. The Christological controversies that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451 resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected

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1248-507: The troubled history of Christianity in the region, which has been marked by internecine struggles and persecution, particularly since the Islamic conquest. Indeed, the Christian population in the original territories of the Antiochene patriarchs has been all but eliminated by assimilation and expulsion, with the region's current Christians forming a small minority. The current patriarchs of Antioch are listed below in order of their accession to

1287-716: The use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist in the West or the addition of the filioque to the Nicene Creed by Pope Sergius IV . The resulting schism, the Great Schism , has often been dated to the 1054 mission of Cardinal Humbert to Constantinople when Humbert excommunicated (invalidly) the Patriach of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius , who in turn excommunicated the Pope and removed him from

1326-517: The wider church, being surrounded after the Muslim expansions, meaning they couldn’t single it out as a heresy until re-establishment of communication with Rome) until the 12th century through establishment of communion with Rome . Although the Maronites initially fought alongside the Byzantines in their struggle against the Arabs, in 685 AD, they appointed a Patriarch for themselves, St. John Maron , who became

1365-459: Was a small fortified town rather than a city, an early 20th-century writer says the diocese is included in one such list, dating from the 6th century, as a suffragan of Hierapolis Bambyce , within the patriarchate of Antioch . It appears in no later Notitia Episcopatuum , apparently because at some unclear date it passed into the possession of the Jacobite Church . The Chronicle of Michael

1404-569: Was greatly influenced by Rabbinic Judaism and other modes of West Asian monotheistic thought—emphasizing the single, transcendent divine substance ( οὐσία ), which in turn led to adoptionism in certain extremes, and to the clear distinction of two natures of Christ ( δύο φύσεις : dyophysitism ): one human, the other divine. Lastly, compared to the Patriarchates in Constantinople, Rome, and Alexandria which for various reasons became mired in

1443-546: Was the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome . The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini , who died without a successor in 1953. The post itself was abolished in 1964. One way to understand the historical interrelationships between the various churches is to examine their chain of episcopal succession—that is, the sequence of bishops that each church regards as having been the predecessors of each church's current claimant to

1482-399: Was the first to be called "Christian," according to Acts. According to tradition, Saint Peter established the church in Antioch which was the first major Christian area before the 4th century and was the city's first bishop, before going to Rome to found the Church there. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 107), counted as the third bishop of the city, was a prominent apostolic father . By

1521-438: Was then most likely known only within higher clerics who either gave it little importance or expected it to be overcome soon. As with the patriarchates of Alexandria and Jerusalem, communication between Rome and Antioch was not as easy as between Rome and Constantinople. Nevertheless, documentation between Antioch and Rome exist such as when in 1052 Patriarch Peter III send news of his appointment to Leo IX and asked him to send

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