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42-547: Kurmanbek Sali uulu Bakiyev ( Kyrgyz : Курманбек Сали уулу Бакиев ; born 1 August 1949) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the second president of Kyrgyzstan from 2005 until his removal from office as a result of the Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 , forcing Bakiyev to flee the country. Bakiyev was the leader of the People's Movement of Kyrgyzstan before his ascendance to the presidency. He received most of his popular support from

84-493: A 53% turnout. Despite initial hopes, Bakiyev's term in office was marred by the murder of several prominent politicians, prison riots , economic ills and battles for control of lucrative businesses. In 2006, Bakiyev faced a political crisis as thousands of people participated in a series of protests in Bishkek. He was accused of not following through with his promises to limit presidential power, give more authority to parliament and

126-572: A language shift. After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and a series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty , Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan , which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam . Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh , Uzbek and Uyghur . Kyrgyz

168-876: A lot of money. According to cables from the US Embassy in Kyrgyzstan, received by KirTAG from WikiLeaks, the amount of bribes to Maxim Bakiev, the son of ex-president of the Kyrgyz Republic Kurmanbek Bakiev, for banking licenses reached up to 500 thousand dollars, KazTAG reports. With full cooperation from the United States, the Bakiyev family profited greatly from the Manas air base, significantly boosting their wealth through lucrative fuel supply contracts. The US authorities were aware that these contracts benefited members of

210-905: A member of the South Siberian branch of Turkic languages. The successor of the Yenisei Kyrgyz language today are the Khakas in Russian Federation and Fuyu Kyrgyz in Northeastern China . In 925, when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks , resulting in

252-523: A narrow plurality over the other parties. In Kyrgyzstan, Bakiev was sentenced in absentia to life in prison for involvement in the killing of protesters during the 2010 uprising. The Kyrgyz government has since demanded Bakiyev's extradition, but Belarus has refused, which has been the cause of many conflicts in Kyrgyz-Belarusian relations. He was accompanied by his wife Tatyana, his two sons and his Kyrgyz mistress Nazgul Tolomusheva. In February 2012, it

294-415: A number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology ). Normally the decision between the velar ( [ɡ ~ ɣ] , [k] ) and uvular ( [ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q] ) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply

336-434: A velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/ , not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel. Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns: The declension of

378-402: A vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable. The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using a "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz has spent centuries in contact with numerous other languages, and as such has borrowed extensively from them. These languages include: Uzbek, Oirat , Mongolian, Russian , and Arabic . Historically

420-454: Is divided into two main dialects, Northern and Southern. Northern having more Mongolian loanwords and Southern having more Uzbek ones. Standard Kyrgyz is based on Northern Kyrgyz. There is also a third smaller dialect called Pamiri Kyrgyz. /a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/ . In most dialects, its status as

462-410: Is suspected that he transferred about $ 35 million of a $ 300 million loan from Russia into his private bank accounts. Apart from Kyrgyz, he speaks Russian and Uzbek. From his common-law wife Bakieva Nazgul Tolomusheva Kurmanbek Bakiev has a son Daniyar born in 2004 and a daughter Leyla born in 2000. On January 15, 2023, Bakieva Nazgul died of heart failure . Kyrgyz language Kyrgyz

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504-519: The Belarusian president , Alexander Lukashenko told his parliament that "Bakiyev and his family, four people in all, have been in Minsk since Monday evening, as guests...Today they are here under the protection of our state, and personally of the president." On 21 April, Bakiyev held a press conference in Minsk and stated "I, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, am the legally elected president of Kyrgyzstan and recognised by

546-648: The Jalal-Abad Region of the Kirghiz SSR. His father, Sali Bakiyev, was the chairman of a collective farm. In 1978, he graduated from the Kuibyshev Polytechnic Institute (now Samara State Technical University). In 1974, Bakiyev served in the ranks of the Soviet Army. In 1979, he moved to Jalal-Abad where, from 1979 to 1985, he worked at the plug-in connectors factory. Between 1990 and 1991 he worked as

588-650: The Turkish alphabet , e.g. the Common Turkic Alphabet . There are political shades to the Cyrillic-Latin debate. In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after a proposal by the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, to change the alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic nations. Osmonaliev

630-588: The Bakiyev family. Experts testified before the US Congress, stating that the US government supported the Bakiyev regime—a brutal family clan—in order to maintain the Manas air base. Maxim Bakiyev's involvement in these schemes was widely known and became even more evident after public statements by his business partner, Yevgeny Gurevich, who openly discussed the details of their activities. The family of former President of Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiev withdrew $ 200-300 million from

672-661: The Chinese Tebian Electric signed a $ 342 million contract to build the Datka-Kemin 500 kv power transmission lines. This would have reduced Kyrgyzstan's dependence on the Central Asian power system. The delegation was led by Bakiyev's son. In February 2010 Kyrgyzstan had to raise energy tariffs. Heating costs were reportedly going to rise 400 percent and electricity by 170 percent.Russia backed his government until March 2010. Kurmanbek Bakiyev’s brother, Zhanysh, headed

714-539: The Kyrgyzstan's Government. On 6 August 2019, Bakiyev met with President Alexander Lukashenko in the Independence Palace to mark Bakiyev's 70th birthday, which he had marked several days earlier. Lukashenko presented Bakiyev with traditional flowers and symbolic gifts before meeting with him in his office where they discussed relevant issues. The meeting angered the Kyrgyz Foreign Ministry , which stated

756-712: The Old Turkic Script was the first script used to write Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet , which uses all the Russian letters plus ң , ө and ү . Though in the Xinjiang region of China, an Arabic alphabet is used. Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR, including Kyrgyz. There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to

798-785: The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although the plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion. Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language , forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz. Language should not be confused with Old Kyrgyz ( Yenisei Kyrgyz ) language which classified as

840-567: The State Security Service in July 2008 and became the personification of the repressive apparatus of the state. International human rights organizations reported serious violations, including the use of torture, illegal detentions, and restrictions on freedom of assembly. The situation was particularly concerning in the southern regions of Kyrgyzstan, where tensions between different ethnic groups were escalating. Opposition journalist G. Pavlyuk

882-505: The UK. The company "Mina" through which he laundered funds from supplies of fuel and lubricants to a US military base was registered in the British Gibraltar. In April 2010, after bloody riots in the capital overturned the government, Bakiyev reportedly fled to the southern city of Osh . The head of the new provisional government, Roza Otunbayeva , declared that Bakiyev had not resigned and

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924-525: The country. On March 2, 2006, brother of Bakiyev, Zhanysh, was appointed deputy chairman of the national security service. In the fall of 2009, Kurmanbek Bakiyev formed the Central Agency for Development, Innovation and Investment, which was headed by his son Maxim Bakiyev. At the same time, the government doubled tariffs for utilities (electricity, heat supply). In January 2010, a tax was established on cellular calls (2 cents from each call). According to

966-587: The country. Evgeniy Gurevich, a financial adviser to the Bakiyevs convicted in absentia in Kyrgyzstan and serving time in the United States, stated this in an interview with Azattyk. According to WikiLeaks, the US ambassador to Kyrgyzstan described authoritarian President Bakiyev's son, Maxim, as "corrupt, smart, and a good ally," despite his involvement in numerous political attacks, threats, and mass raids. The United States also acknowledged its involvement with companies linked to former Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev for

1008-691: The first secretary of the Kok-Yangak City Committee of the Communist Party of Kirghizia. Starting in 1995, he was the Governor of the Jalal-Abad Region, and Governor of the Chui Region. In December 2000, Bakiyev was appointed prime minister of Kyrgyzstan. Following the events of the 2005 Tulip Revolution , Bakiyev won the 10 July ballot for the presidential election with 89% of the vote with

1050-425: The government, with at least five close relatives working in the upper echelons of power. His brother Janysh was head of the presidential guard. Another brother Marat was Kyrgyzstan's ambassador to Germany. Another brother, Adyl , was an adviser to Kyrgyzstan's ambassador to China. Since the overthrow, Kurmanbek's younger son, Maksim , was charged with embezzlement and abuse of power by the interim government. It

1092-424: The international community. I do not recognise my resignation. Nine months ago the people of Kyrgyzstan elected me their president and there is no power that can stop me. Only death can stop me", and called Otunbayeva's administration an "illegitimate gang". Ata-Zhurt , a party campaigning for bringing Kurmanbek Bakiyev back to power, won 28 out of 120 seats in Kyrgyzstan's parliamentary elections of 2010 , securing

1134-603: The next day that it "fundamentally does not meet the principles of friendship and cooperation between the two countries". In July 2021, Bakiyev was accused of corruption in the development of the Kumtor gold deposit. Bakiyev's wife, Tatyana Vasilevna Petrova (Russian: Татьяна Васильевна Бакиева), a production engineer, is an ethnic Russian who was born in Samara and raised in what is present-day Moldova . During his time as president, several Bakiyev family members had prominent positions in

1176-498: The opposition, this tax was sent directly to the accounts of AsiaUniversalBank OJSC, owned by Maxim Bakiev, who thus took possession of funds in the amount of 5 million US dollars. The head of the Central Election Commission, Kabilova, fled the country after threats from Maxim Bakiev. On September 26, 2008, a video message from Klara Kabilova was made public. In it, she claims she was unfairly pressured after she proposed

1218-496: The prime minister, and eradicate corruption and crime. Bakiyev claimed the opposition was plotting a coup against him. In April 2007, the opposition held protests demanding Bakiyev's resignation, with a large protest beginning on 11 April in Bishkek. Bakiyev signed constitutional amendments to reduce his own power on 10 April but the protest went ahead, with protesters saying that they would remain until he resigned. Clashes broke out between protesters and police on 19 April, after which

1260-943: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules. To form complement clauses , Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be: Мен Men I эмнени emneni what- ACC . DEF көргөнүмдү körgönümdü see-ing- 1SG - ACC . DEF билбейм bilbeym know- NEG - 1SG Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1SG roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where

1302-502: The protests ended. During Bakiyev's presidency, the relationship between China and Kyrgyzstan strengthened, with increasing numbers of Chinese students in Kyrgyzstan. In February 2009, while in Moscow, Bakiyev announced the eviction of the US Air Base from Kyrgyzstan, following a meeting with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev , during which Russia promised a $ 2 billion investment. Bakiyev

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1344-563: The release of a jailed parliamentary candidate in the October 5 elections. In the video, Kabilova says that Maxim Bakiyev, the son of the country's president, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, visited her and put "flagrant pressure and obscene insults" on her in order to intimidate her. Members of the Provisional Government have repeatedly stated that Maxim Bakiyev and his associates controlled the supply of fuel to American military base, and thereby made

1386-526: The south of the country. The Legislative Assembly of Kyrgyzstan of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan appointed him acting president on 25 March 2005, following the ousting, during the Tulip Revolution , of President Askar Akayev . In October 2007, Bakiyev initiated the creation of Ak Jol party, but could not lead it due to his presidency. He was born on 1 August 1949 in the village of Masadan in

1428-607: The supply of fuel and lubricants. According to the Red Star company, between 2003 and 2005, the US paid $ 87 million to Manas International Service, owned by Akayev's son, and $ 32 million to Aalam Service Akaev, owned by Akayev's son-in-law. Overall, from 2003 to 2011, these two companies secured contracts worth $ 1.8 billion for fuel and lubricant supplies, an amount nearly equivalent to Kyrgyzstan's total GDP of $ 1.9 billion in 2003. Despite proven facts of murder, political corruption and intimidation of opponents, Maxim Bakiev received asylum in

1470-449: The verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels. Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are

1512-546: The winter of 2010, the country suffered from rolling blackouts and cutoffs occurring regularly while energy prices have risen.On 1 April 2010, Russia also imposed duties on energy exports to Kyrgyzstan. It influenced fuel and transport prices immediately, and reportedly led to a massive protest in Talas on 6 April. In January 2010, Kyrgyzstan sent a delegation to China to discuss improved economic relations. Kyrgyzstan's national electric company, Natsionalnaya electricheskaya syet, and

1554-541: Was being reported that Bakiyev was granted Belarusian citizenship in 2010. In a 2017 interview with the Belarusian service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty , Bakiyev claimed that Medvedev and Putin, as well as US President Barack Obama were involved in the coordination of his safe departure to Minsk. In February 2019, the United States Treasury announced the return of over $ 4 million stolen by Bakiyev to

1596-678: Was originally written in Göktürk script , gradually replaced by the Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin-script alphabet , the Uniform Turkic Alphabet , was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following

1638-405: Was re-elected in the 2009 presidential election . After his re-election, he was expected to deal with political and economic reform. The Eurasia Daily Monitor wrote on 10 September 2009 that his style resembled other leaders such as Vladimir Putin and Nursultan Nazarbayev . Kyrgyz people were anxious about the risk of renewed power shortages and blackouts like in the winter 2008–2009. During

1680-751: Was reprimanded by President Sadyr Japarov , who later clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet. (1928–⁠1938) ع * ق * Kyrgyz follows a subject-object-verb word order, Kyrgyz also has no grammatical gender with gender being implied through context. Kyrgyz lacks several analytic grammatical features that english has, these include: auxiliary verbs (ex: to have), definite articles (ex: the), indefinite articles (ex: a/an), and modal verbs (ex: should; will), dependent clauses , and subordinating conjugations (ex: that; before; while). Kyrgyz instead replaces these with various synthetic grammatical substutes. Nouns in Kyrgyz take

1722-760: Was thrown out of a hotel window after being tortured. Additionally, a major official, Medet Sadyrkulov, who defected to the opposition, was killed. Authorities attempted to portray his death as a road accident, but it was later revealed that he was kidnapped, strangled, and burned, with President Bakiyev's brother, Zhanysh Bakiyev, personally involved in the murder. The government exerted pressure on independent media, shutting down opposition newspapers and television channels, and blocking access to critical internet resources. Between 2008 and 2010, Bakiyev's administration actively persecuted political opponents. Documented cases included opposition leaders being arrested and prosecuted on fabricated charges, exacerbating political tensions in

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1764-476: Was trying to rally support. When the revolt took place, Bakiyev was headed to the US for a series of meetings in Washington. On 13 April 2010, Bakiyev stated he would be willing to resign the presidency if his security was guaranteed. On 15 April 2010, at 19:00, Bakiyev left Kyrgyzstan for Kazakhstan , having signed a resignation letter. Otunbayeva said she would press ahead to bring Bakiyev to trial. On 20 April,

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