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28-527: Baden Mutiny (9 May – 23 July 1849): The Baden Revolution ( German : Badische Revolution ) of 1848/1849 was a regional uprising in the Grand Duchy of Baden which was part of the revolutionary unrest that gripped almost all of Central Europe at that time. As part of the popular liberal March Revolution in the states of the German Confederation the revolution in the state of Baden in what

56-735: A direct descendant of the small SDAP, had become the largest party in Germany. Though the SDAP dissolved after a brief lifespan of just six years, it was an essential catalyst in creating the first significant labor party in Germany. After World War II, members of the SPD in East Germany were compelled to join forces with the Communist Party to form the Socialist Unity Party . Throughout its 41-year rule,

84-645: A more radical political party. Meeting in the city of Eisenach in Saxony , the VDAV activists founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) on 7–9 August 1869. The Eisenachers, as they came to be called, were under the leadership of Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel . The political theorist Karl Marx had a significant personal influence upon the newly formed party, being a friend and mentor to both Bebel and Liebknecht. Marx and Friedrich Engels steered

112-665: A term of imprisonment. The Mannheim court martial issued gaol sentences of 10 years in 15 other cases. Baden Mutiny The Baden mutiny was the third act of the Baden Revolution it lasted from 9 May – 23 July 1849. On 11 May, the third Baden uprising began with the mutiny of Baden troops in the federal Rastatt Fortress . This German history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Social Democratic Workers%27 Party of Germany The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany ( German : Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands , SDAP )

140-540: A united front. In a convention at Gotha in 1875, the new fusion party was renamed the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands , SAPD). The resultant Gotha Program largely satisfied the conventioneers, but when Marx was asked for comment, he denounced the new policies in the scathing Critique of the Gotha Program (1875). Despite its relatively moderate stance,

168-782: Is now southwestern Germany was driven to a great extent by radical democratic influences: they were striving to create a Baden republic —subordinated to a greater Germany—under the sovereignty of the people , and aligned themselves against the ruling princes. Their high points were the Hecker uprising in April 1848, the Struve Putsch of September 1848 and the rebellion as part of the Imperial Constitution campaign ( Reichsverfassungskampagne ) in May 1849 which assumed civil war -like proportions and

196-480: The question of Greater Germany . They displayed a discomfiting closeness to the militaristic Kingdom of Prussia . Eventually, the sundry turmoil created by the German unification wars helped politicize large elements of the previously unmoved VDAV. Some followed Sonnemann to the new moderately socialist German People's Party (founded in 1868), while others were ready to abandon the VDAV structure altogether and establish

224-641: The Baden Revolution as Struve's adjutant . The socialist Friedrich Engels who, during the March revolution wrote for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published in Cologne by Karl Marx , also took an active part in 1849 in the final phase of the Baden Revolution in the fighting against counter-revolutionary Prussian troops. Finally, the married couple Fritz and Mathilde Franziska Anneke from Cologne joined

252-737: The Baden rebels. The basis of the revolution in Baden was based on the Volksvereine or popular associations. The following table shows the connexion between the revolution in Baden, the events in the German Confederation and Europe. Hungary: Hungarian Revolution /1849; March 1848 to August 1849 Berlin: Barricade Uprising ; March Revolution victims ; Vienna: Revolutions in the Austrian Empire ; Revolution in Sigmaringen Battle on

280-466: The German political situation, Liebknecht attempted as much as possible to include essays on political theory, transcripts of academic lectures and even some popular fiction. Despite their differences, the SDAP and Lassalle's ADAV shared a largely identical interpretation of socialism . The similarity was significant enough to mean that they were both routinely monitored and considered equally suspicious by

308-635: The SAPD organization was deemed subversive and officially banned by the German Empire under the Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878. Under proscription, the party's members continued to organize successfully. After the ban was lifted in 1890, it renamed itself the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands , SPD) and surged at the polls. By the 1912 elections , the SPD,

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336-472: The Scheideck ; Battle of Günterstal ; Storming of Freiburg ; Battle of Dossenbach Battle of Staufen Baden Revolutionary Government ; Baden constitutional assembly ; Battle of Waghäusel ; Rastatt Fortress ; Dresden Uprising ; Palatine Uprising ; Iserlohn Uprising ; Elberfeld Uprising The revolution had failed. The Baden Army was disbanded and later rebuilt under Prussian leadership. Many of

364-426: The authorities. The two parties were vying for the same audience among the working class, and they were doing so simultaneously with several more moderate liberal organizations. The critical distinction among all the groups' positions was their level of commitment to the right to strike . The competition between moderate and radical factions reached a boiling point when SDAP and Lassalle's ADAV finally merged to form

392-522: The death sentence, was reprieved and his sentence commuted to imprisonment. Following court martial -like proceedings three revolutionaries were sentenced to death in 1849 in Freiburg and executed by firing squad at Wiehre Cemetery on the dates shown: In Mannheim five death sentences were pronounced. Theodor Mögling , who was also sentenced to death in Mannheim, was reprieved and his sentence commuted to

420-625: The last fortress commandant of Rastatt, Gustav Tiedemann) and pronounced long gaol sentences in Prussian prisons against other revolutionaries. In the casemates of Rastatt, where many revolutionaries were held prisoner, typhoid fever broke out and caused many deaths. From 27 July to 27 October 1849, courts martial took place in Mannheim, Rastatt and Freiburg. A total of 27 death sentences were pronounced and carried out – four other death sentences were not carried out. In Rastatt, 19 death sentences were pronounced. Otto von Corvin , who had also been given

448-658: The most prominent leaders were Friedrich Hecker, Gustav Struve and his wife Amalie , Gottfried Kinkel , Georg Herwegh and his wife Emma . Furthermore, Wilhelm Liebknecht , who at that time was relatively unknown but later co-founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP), the predecessor party of SPD (the socialist party in Germany), participated in September 1848 in the uprising in Lörrach and in May 1849 in

476-624: The outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848 in Paris and the proclamation of the Second Republic in France, the revolutionary spark initially jumped to Baden before the other countries of the German Confederation gave way to revolutionary unrest and uprisings. The German March revolution not only started in Baden, but also ended there when Rastatt Fortress , the last bastion of the revolutionaries,

504-447: The party toward more Marxian socialism and welcomed them (as far as German law would allow) into their International Workingmen's Association (IWA). The SDAP was typically deemed Marxist by most observers although that term was somewhat amorphous during Marx's lifetime. The party was described as such mainly because of its IWA membership and Liebknecht's close personal relationship with Marx. The true nature of Eisenacher Marxism

532-690: The present-day Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The SDAP was one of the earliest organizations to arise from German workers' unionizing activity, but it was not the first. At the group's founding in 1869, the fast-growing working class of the Industrial Revolution had already established several notable associations for workers' advocacy. Chief among these were Leopold Sonnemann 's Assembly of German Worker Associations ( Verband Deutscher Arbeitervereine , VDAV) and Ferdinand Lassalle 's General German Workers' Association ( Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein , ADAV). The largest group by far

560-618: The rebels at the last battle in July 1849 in Rastatt . Characteristic of the Baden Revolution, unlike other uprisings in the German Confederation, was the persistent demand for a democratic republic . By contrast, the revolutionary councils and parliaments of the other principalities of the Confederation favoured a constitutional and hereditary monarchy . Radical democratic and early socialist revolutionaries were strongly represented in Baden. Some of

588-441: The rebels escaped into exile including Struve, Brentano, Carl Schurz , Friedrich Engels and Friedrich Beust ; others were arrested and brought before courts martial with Prussian and Baden boards. Following the fall of Rastatt, the Prussian commander, Karl Alois Fickler , the brother of Baden agitator, Joseph Fickler , was charged with the defence of the accused. The courts sentenced 27 rebels to death by firing squad (including

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616-640: The rejection of the Constitution of St. Paul's Church by most of the royal houses of the German Parliament—with the May insurrections of 1849, not only in Baden, but also in other German states (especially in the Bavarian Rhenish Palatinate ). They represented an attempt to enforce the constitution (the so-called Imperial Constitution Campaign ). This second phase ended in Baden with the defeat of

644-690: Was a Marxist socialist political party in the North German Confederation during unification . Founded in Eisenach in 1869, the SDAP endured through the early years of the German Empire . Often termed the Eisenachers , the SDAP was one of the first political organizations established among the nascent German labor unions of the 19th century. It officially existed under the name SDAP for only six years (1869–1875). However, through name changes and political partnerships, its lineage can be traced to

672-576: Was also known as the May Revolution. The rebellion ended on 23 July 1849 with the military defeat of the last revolt and the capture of Rastatt Fortress by German Federal Army troops under Prussian leadership. At the Hambach Festival of 1832 the signs of political upheaval, known as the Vormärz ("pre-March") were evident. Among the participants at the festival was Johann Philipp Becker . After

700-592: Was captured by Prussian troops on 23 July 1849. The Baden Revolution had two phases: between the beginning of March 1848 and September 1848 there were two attempts to form a republic in southwestern Germany: the Hecker Uprising and the rebellion led by Gustav Struve in Lörrach . With the defeat of Friedrich Hecker and his followers at Kandern and his flight into exile, and the arrest of Gustav Struve in September, this first phase ended. The second phase began—after

728-443: Was closer to democratic socialism than the communist parties of later decades. The party platform called for a free people's state ( freier Volkstaat ), which could align private co-operatives with state organisations. The party primarily supported trade unionism as the utility by which workers could prosper in the context of capitalism . The party press was a vital element of the SDAP's political strategy. The party's newspaper

756-545: Was first called Demokratisches Wochenblatt ( Democratic Weekly Paper ) and later Der Volksstaat ( The People's State ) and was edited by Liebknecht. The paper was published in Leipzig from 2 October 1869 to 23 September 1876. The party did not yet have its own printers, but Liebknecht was ambitious in his efforts to promote its publications on a wide scale as educational tools for workers. Although most issues of Der Volksstaat were primarily composed of incendiary writing about

784-492: Was the VDAV. Through the 1860s, it remained mostly apolitical, dedicated to pocketbook matters and fully integrated with the paradigms of liberal economic interests . The VDAV did its best to ignore the political agitation of Lassalle's much smaller yet more active ADAV. The Lassalleans were seen as insufficiently committed to basic economic matters. Much of their political appeal was based on what socialists considered to be an alarming militancy in support of German nationalism and

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