A facsimile (from Latin fac simile , "to make alike") is a copy or reproduction of an old book , manuscript , map , art print , or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from other forms of reproduction by attempting to replicate the source as accurately as possible in scale, color, condition, and other material qualities. For books and manuscripts, this also entails a complete copy of all pages; hence, an incomplete copy is a "partial facsimile". Facsimiles are sometimes used by scholars to research a source that they do not have access to otherwise, and by museums and archives for media preservation and conservation . Many are sold commercially, often accompanied by a volume of commentary.
60-458: BTRON ( Business TRON ) is one of the subprojects of the TRON Project proposed by Ken Sakamura , which is responsible for the business phase. It refers to the operating systems (OS), keyboards, peripheral interface specifications, and other items related to personal computers (PCs) that were developed there. Originally, it refers to specifications rather than specific products, but in reality,
120-503: A basic format for exchange called TAD (Tron Application Databus) has been defined, and basic data can be freely exchanged between arbitrary applications, advocating Databus . Standards have been established for text (including word-processing modifications) and graphics (both raster and vector), and for the rest, a header indicating the length of the chunks is common at the beginning, so that applications can skip over unsupported data if they find it. Data chunks are referred to as segments in
180-458: A convenient hypertext environment. In the past, files and folders were used to distinguish between entities that contain data and indexes that point to them, but BTRON has done away with such distinction. In the body/pseudo-body model, the entire body of data is defined as a Real Object, and the part of the Real Object that points to another Real Object is defined as a Virtual Object. A real body
240-414: A dearth of quality English documentation was said to hinder its broader adoption. The situation has improved since TRON Forum has taken over the activities to support TRON Project since 2015. (See the specification page that lists many English documents. ) The focus of these activities was a non-profit organization called TRON Association which acted as the communication hub for the parties concerned with
300-501: A feature of BTRON. SIGBTRON's TRON chip machine MCUBE implemented "3B," which is 32-bit and uses an ITRON-specification RTOS (modified from "ItIs") for the microkernel . 3B and The B-right specification used in Cho-Kanji [ ja ] , etc. is "BTRON3" (currently, the microkernel is I-right); the specification that B-right/V conforms to is published as the BTRON3 specification. This
360-655: A global standard. In the 1980s Microsoft had at least once lobbied Washington about TRON until backing off, but Ken Sakamura himself believed Microsoft wasn't the impetus behind the Super-301 listing in 1989. Known for his off the cuff remarks, in 2004 governor of Tokyo Shintaro Ishihara mentioned in his column post concerning international trade policy that TRON was dropped because Carla Anderson Hills had threatened Ryutaro Hashimoto over it. On 10 November 2017, TRON Forum, headquartered in Tokyo , Japan, which has been maintaining
420-530: A link to the parent indicated by "..." is used. In Unix, the fact that there is only one link to the parent indicated by "..." is a problem, but this is not a problem in BTRON because it has abandoned tree-like management in the first place. Confirmation that the real body is no longer referenced by deleting a link is done by the reference count method, as in the Unix file system, but since arbitrary structures are allowed, as
480-401: A network-type model with an arbitrary directed graph structure called a real/pseudomorphic model as a file management model, instead of the conventional tree structure model with directories (folders). BTRON2 also manages all computer resources in a real/pseudo model. As for the functions provided to users, the real/pseudomodel of BTRON (BTRON1 and BTRON3, which are widely used implementations) is
540-401: A new document or loading an existing document, are not possible with BTRON. Some people find it easy to understand because it matches real-world actions such as "preparing a new paper or an existing document before writing", while others find it difficult to understand unlike other OSs. The style of selecting the subject of the operation first and then instructing the operation on it is similar to
600-600: A prototype of BTRON286, an implementation on a 16-bit CPU 286 , assuming the CEC machine described below. The specification for this is BTRON1 (also known as BTRON/286 in the early days). Implementations based on this include "ET Master" in Matsushita Communication Industry's "PanaCAL ET", "1B/Note" in the Panacom M series sold by Personal Media, and "1B" in the "1B/V" series for PC/AT compatible machines . For BTRON2,
660-424: A pseudo-form called "Manuscript Paper" for editing text, and drop it into the desired window. (Normally, this operation is to move the pseudostat, but due to the peculiarities of the "Paper Gathering" application, the real body of the new document is duplicated and a pseudostat is created that points to the real body. Operations common in other operating systems, such as starting an application first and then creating
SECTION 10
#1732838330668720-550: A specification was prepared, and its implementation on GENESYS, an evaluation machine equipped with Fujitsu's TRON chip F32/300, was planned. An implementation by Personal Media, named "2B". MCUBE, a TRON chip machine produced by SIGBTRON, implemented "3B", which was 32-bit and used an ITRON-specification OS (ItIs) for its microkernel; implementations based on 3B included "B-rights" such as the BrainPad TiPO [ ja ] (V810), PC/ The specification that B-right/V conforms to
780-440: A transparent plane), photostat , hectograph , or lithograph were used to create facsimiles. More recently, facsimiles have been made by the use of some form of photographic technique. For documents, a facsimile most often refers to document reproduction by a photocopy machine. In the digital age, an image scanner , a personal computer , and a desktop printer can be used to make a facsimile. A separate category consists of
840-608: Is a real-time OS , capable of stably processing tasks that require real-time processing, such as video and audio. BTRON3 uses ITRON as a microkernel, and although care must be taken to avoid memory page-out, real-time processing is possible. In Windows, the graphics card driver is tuned by the manufacturer, while in BTRON there is no such graphics acceleration, etc., so screen rewriting can feel slow. BTRON has short boot time, though it stems from its limited number of daemons and supported devices, which makes it less of an advantage compared to other operating systems. Not only BTRON, but
900-403: Is a BTRON subset that was envisioned as a popular version. With the performance of computer hardware at the time of its conception, a computer that can implement the ideal BTRON would be a workstation-class computer, so it is also positioned as BTRON for general households. BTRON is a subset of a dedicated machine with fixed applications (like a dedicated machine word processor ), and is based on
960-399: Is basically no other way to start an application. For example, when transcribing a new text, an application is first launched without specifying the editing target, whereas in BTRON, a template of the real body is registered along with the application, and work is started by duplicating the real body. To be more specific, open a special window called "Gather Source Papers", and from there drag
1020-500: Is bizarre compared to the others, which basically list fields. TRON Project TRON ( acronym for The Real-time Operating system Nucleus ) is an open architecture real-time operating system kernel design. The project was started by Ken Sakamura of the University of Tokyo in 1984. The project's goal is to create an ideal computer architecture and network, to provide for all of society's needs. For different scenarios,
1080-499: Is installed on the campus of the University of Tokyo, where Ken Sakamura, the leader of TRON Project, worked as a research assistant in 1984. TRON does not specify the source code for the kernel, but instead is a "set of interfaces and design guidelines" for creating the kernel. This allows different companies to create their own versions of TRON, based on the specifications, which can be suited for different microprocessors . While
1140-417: Is like a file in the sense that it holds data, but it is also like a folder in the sense that it has the ability to point to another real body by the temporary body it contains as its contents. While almost all current UNIX do not allow the creation of alias hard links that point to directories, BTRON's real/pseudo links are like hard links that can freely create arbitrary links including such links. In Unix,
1200-444: Is limited accordingly. It has been pointed out that the number of real bodies is limited accordingly. The current release of Cho-Kanji V has the same limitation. This is because the file ID is a fixed-length integer of 16 bits, and it is difficult to extend it while maintaining binary compatibility with the current system. Therefore, a redesign and implementation is needed to extend this real body constraint. The BTRON-specification OS
1260-498: Is published as the BTRON3 specification. Products that include B-right/V Cho-Kanji [ ja ] " is sold to the general public and is easy to obtain. Although it is not called BTRON, T-Shell, a middleware for T-Kernel , provides the same functions as some of the outer shell of Cho-Kanji. In this section, all other descriptions not otherwise mentioned are from the "History" of the TRON Association website, referenced in
SECTION 20
#17328383306681320-464: Is well known as a weakness of the reference-counting method, loops can cause the file system to occupy disk space even though it cannot be reached from anywhere. Currently, a function is implemented to check for such entities by disconnecting the file system or (in the case of system disks) booting the system in a special state and performing a check similar to fsck as well as the so-called stop-the-world method of garbage collection . In addition, most of
1380-637: The Ministry of International Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Education . However, Scott Callon of Stanford University writes that the project ran into some issues, such as BTRON being incompatible with existing DOS-based PCs and software. At the time NEC controlled 80–90% of the education market with DOS infrastructure, so adopting BTRON would have meant getting rid of all existing infrastructure. The existing incompatible PC software had also been personally written by school personnel, who opposed BTRON for this incompatibility with their earlier projects. There
1440-512: The Xerox Star or the Smalltalk system, which was more object-oriented. TRON, which we call enableware , has also focused on universal design since the beginning of the project. The BTRON-specification OS allows users with various disabilities to freely change the typeface and size of menu items and actual names, the size of the mouse pointer, the size and display method of the temporary body, and
1500-606: The window be changed, but also the selection text and graphics can be dragged and dropped directly onto drag and drop (commonly called "grab-and-poi") to move or copy. Application launching is basically done by double-clicking or otherwise launching a temporary body that represents the actual body of a document, etc. This is the same operation as selecting an application based on meta-information such as file type and creator in Mac OS and extension linking in Windows, but BTRON In BTRON, there
1560-660: The BTRON moniker, the TRON keyboard is intended for use with BTRON. The basic specification is based on IEEE 802.5 with modifications. A real-time bus specification for LANs that can be considered as an alternative to MIDI . Other references in this section: Tanaka, K.; Shimizu, Y.; Tamai, K.; Tsunoda, S.; Kato, H. (1992). "Performance evaluation of Proceedings. 1992. Ninth": 40–45. doi : 10.1109/TRON.1992.313270 . S2CID 109551151 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) For data handled by BTRON,
1620-458: The BTRON project. Callon opines that the project had nevertheless run into such difficulties that the U.S. intervention allowed the government to save face from cancelling the project. According to a report from The Wall Street Journal , in 1989 US officials feared that TRON could undercut American dominance in computers, but that in the end PC software and chips based on the TRON technology proved no match for Windows and Intel 's processors as
1680-551: The BTRON specification, etc. In addition, since the TRON chip was big-endian, TAD was also designed in big-endian, but when BTRON286 was implemented, a quasi-TAD that was modified to little-endian was defined, and the current widely used implementations are all in that format, including the one on MCUBE that uses the TRON chip. Image (raster) data is defined in the direction of adapting to any hardware scheme, including palette and direct specification, packed pixels and planes, and so on. Both are solid, uncompressed. For compression, only
1740-736: The Computer Education Development Center (CEC) was established in July of the same year under the joint jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The CEC established the Educational Software Library in April 1987, and held a symposium in July 1987. In August of the same year, CEC called for prototypes of educational personal computers under the title of "CEC Concept Model '87", and
1800-615: The ITRON/MMU specification. Mitsubishi Electric announced an ITRON implementation based on the ITRON/32 specification, and Hitachi introduced the Gmicro/200 32-bit microprocessor based on the TRON VLSI CPU specification. In 1988, BTRON computer prototypes were being tested in various schools across Japan as the planned standardized computer for education. The project was organized by both
1860-735: The Japanese government not to make it standard in schools. TRON was included along with rice, semiconductors, and telecommunications equipment in a list of items targeted by Super-301 (complete stop of import based on section 301 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988). It was removed from the list after the USTR inspection team visited the TRON Association in May. In June the Japanese government expressed their regret at U.S. intervention but accepted this request not to make it standard in schools, thus ending
BTRON - Misplaced Pages Continue
1920-470: The MH ( facsimile#1D encoding (MH) ) method for black and white images was defined. There are working implementations of moving images, but there is no description of any time axis within the published TAD specification. In actual applications, there are some that store their own data as TAD segments according to TAD policy, but there are also some that read and write records directly instead of using TAD. BTRON adopts
1980-451: The OS API. BTRON2 is planned to be implemented on TRONCHIP [ ja ] , and only the specification has been created and published. It is planned to be implemented on evaluation machines equipped with TRON chips made by Fujitsu and named "2B". One of its features is that all OS-managed computing resources such as memory, processes, and threads are handled in a real/pseudomorphic model,
2040-525: The TRON Association released an outline of the "BTRON/286" specification, and the following year, in March 1989, Matsushita Electric completed a practical level machine that was designated as the "Educational PC Specification Standard Concept," which was intended for educational use as described in the next section. Based on the "Second Report on Educational Reform" issued by the Rinkyoin Council in April 1986,
2100-507: The TRON Project by acting as the communication hub for the parties involved. Facsimile#1D encoding (MH) The term " fax " is a shortened form of "facsimile", though most faxes are not reproductions of the quality expected in a true facsimile. Advances in the art of facsimile are closely related to advances in printmaking . Maps, for instance, were the focus of early explorations in making facsimiles, although these examples often lack
2160-661: The TRON Project since 2010, has agreed with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , headquartered in the US, to share the copyrights of TRON μT-Kernel 2.0 specification, the most recent version of T-Kernel (the successor of the original ITRON) for free. This was to facilitate the creation of IEEE standard of RTOS based on μT-Kernel specification. Stephen Dukes, Standards Committee, vice chair, IEEE Consumer Electronics Society of that time said that IEEE will "accelerate standards development and streamline global distribution" through
2220-489: The TRON project has also standardized the human-machine interface and published it as the TRON Human Interface Standard Handbook, and BTRON's user interface is designed in accordance with this. In BTRON, basically everything on the screen can be operated with a pointing device such as a mouse or electronic pen. To make it easy even for users who are not familiar with computers, not only can the size of
2280-562: The TRON project was officially launched. In 1985, NEC announced the first ITRON implementation based on the ITRON/86 specification. In 1986, the TRON Kyogikai (unincorporated TRON Association) was established, Hitachi announced its ITRON implementation based on the ITRON/68K specification, and the first TRON project symposium is held. In 1987, Fujitsu announced an ITRON implementation based on
2340-455: The USTR on April 12, 1989. Other Barriers" in the report on Japan's trade barriers in " 1989 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" ("Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" ( ISSN 0898-3887 ) 1989 edition), in Section 7 "7. In Section 7 "7. OTHER BARRIERS", TRON was one of those listed with subsections such as " Large-scale Retail Stores Act ". The naming of specific systems
2400-405: The above functions on a file system with multi-record functions: one file corresponds to one entity, has a record containing the data body, and also has a "link record" that points to a file corresponding to the entity to which the temporary body contained by the entity points. In addition, there is a "link record" that points to the file corresponding to the real body to which the temporary body that
2460-526: The agreement. On September 11, 2018, "IEEE 2050-2018 - IEEE Standard for a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) for Small-Scale Embedded Systems", a standard based on "μT-Kernel 2.0 was officially approved as an IEEE standard. In May 2023, the IEEE recognized the RTOS, proposed, created, and released by TRON Project, as an IEEE Milestone, titled "TRON Real-time Operating System Family, 1984." The certified Milestone plaque
BTRON - Misplaced Pages Continue
2520-473: The concept of a "dedicated communication machine. Specific applications include "communication with oneself (creative activities)", "communication with others (Internet communication)", and "communication with machines" (e.g. data exchange with peripheral devices, such as digital cameras). Linkage with the last peripheral device was envisioned as the key to adding functions to a dedicated machine to which no additional programs could be added. This peripheral device
2580-734: The development of ITRON specification OS and its users in many fields including home electronics, smart house industry, etc. In 2002, T-Engine Forum was formed to provide an open source RTOS implementation that supercedes the ITRON specification OS, and provides binary compatibility additionally. The new RTOS was T-Kernel . The activities of TRON Association to support TRON Project were taken over by T-Engine Forum in 2010. In 2015, T-Engine Forum changed its name into TRON Forum . Today, ITRON specification OS and T-Kernel RTOS are supported by popular Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) libraries such as wolfSSL . In 1984,
2640-683: The extent necessary to explain the specification, but please refer to the Implementation section for details. The BTRON project began with Matsushita Electric Industrial and Personal Media prototyping "BTRON286," an implementation on a 16-bit CPU 286 for the CEC machine described below. BTRON1 specifications include the BTRON1 Programming Standard Handbook, which describes the OS API, and the BTRON1 Specification Software Specification. which describes
2700-461: The need for different OS kernels was identified. (See, for example, papers written in English in TRON Project 1988 ) The Industrial TRON (ITRON) derivative was one of the world's most used operating systems in 2003, being present in billions of electronic devices such as mobile phones, appliances and even cars. Although mainly used by Japanese companies, it garnered interest worldwide. However,
2760-920: The next section. The keyboard and key layout of the "educational PC" presented at this time was not based on the TRON keyboard, but on the New JIS layout . It is not unheard of to use a product that does not have a large market share for educational use, such as the Acorn Computer in the UK. In 1989, a report by the Office of the United States Trade Representative cited TRON as a trade barrier in Japan. The details are as follows: " 1989 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" ("Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" ( ISSN 0898-3887 1989)) issued by
2820-435: The previous versions of the software Also, unlike most previous file systems, the name ("real name") is basically not used for identification (as an ID) on the system side, so the user can give a name freely (currently there is a length limit for implementation reasons). Currently, BTMemo for Windows is available as software that reproduces the feeling of using BTRON. The existing implementations of BTRON3 and BTRON1 realize
2880-422: The prototypes gathered in response to the call were exhibited to the public in July of the following year, showing a willingness to show the direction of educational personal computers. In March 1989, CEC made the decision to use TRON for personal computers to be installed in schools. This seemed to be a stepping stone to the spread of (B)TRON, but it became the subject of a complaint in the trade issue described in
2940-406: The real body contains points. Because of this design, the real body data by TAD itself is not affected by the way links are represented in the underlying system. One of the problems currently occurring is that only a maximum of 64Ki files can be placed on a single volume (such as a hard disk partition) due to the implementation of the file system inherited from BTRON286, and the number of real bodies
3000-472: The rigidity to the original source that is now expected. An early example is the Abraham Ortelius map (1598). Innovations during the 18th century, especially in the realms of lithography and aquatint , facilitated an explosion in the number of facsimiles of old master drawings that could be studied from afar. In the past, techniques and devices such as the philograph (tracing an original through
3060-522: The so-called digital facsimiles, which are meant to be stored, viewed, and sometimes edited or annotated on a computer. These are often available online in repositories that consist of manuscripts from a particular location or collection. Such digital facsimiles are considered separate objects from the manuscripts or books that they represent. They are an important research aid, especially for historians. Important illuminated manuscripts like Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry are not only on display to
SECTION 50
#17328383306683120-425: The specification of TRON is publicly available, implementations can be proprietary at the discretion of the implementer. The TRON framework defines a complete architecture for the different computing units: The TRON project was administered by the TRON Association for a long time. After it was integrated into T-Engine Forum in 2010, and T-Engine Forum changed its name to TRON Forum in 2015, TRON Forum has supported
3180-421: The term "BTRON" is often used to refer to implementations. Currently, Personal Media Corporation's B-right/V is an implementation of BTRON3, and a software product called " Cho-Kanji [ ja ] " that includes it has been released. As with other TRON systems, only the specification of BTRON has been formulated, and the implementation method is not specified. Implementation is mentioned in this section to
3240-591: The web archive. The earliest records include the reference to "B-TRON" in "TRON Project" in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Microcomputer Applications '84 (1984), and "TRON Total Architecture" in "TRON Total Architecture," and "Proposal of a Unified Operation Model for BTRON" in "Information Processing" Vol. 26 No. 11 (1985/Nov, 25th Anniversary Special Issue). In 1986, the BTRON Project
3300-480: The width of the window scroll bar . The design of the mouse pointer, for example, is not to be changed except in special cases, to achieve a consistent feel. To avoid confusion even when using an application for the first time, the order of menus has been standardized. Design guidelines that take into account the use of multiple languages have also been established. The above functions are also implemented in commercial TRON specification OS. BTRON (like OS/omicron, etc.)
3360-512: Was also made compatible with DOS. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry had hoped to avoid supporting NEC's domination of the PC market with DOS. BTRON integration with NEC DOS architecture was difficult but possible with negotiation. In April 1989 the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative issued a preliminary report accusing BTRON of being a trade barrier, as it only functioned in Japan, and asked
3420-465: Was also no software yet for the brand new computer. The project was additionally at least a year behind schedule and didn't perform better than earlier systems although that had been promised, which was possibly affected by the OS having been made by a firm that hadn't written one before. Because of these reasons, at the end of 1988 the Ministry of Education decided that it would not support the project unless BTRON
3480-419: Was called "electronic stationery". For communication with these peripherals, a prototype of the real-time "μBTRON bus" (see below) was developed. Note that BrainPad TiPO [ ja ] , a BTRON-equipped PDA realized later, was given the name "electronic stationery" and also called μBTRON, but it was not subsumed to become a dedicated machine and did not implement the μBTRON bus. Although it does not bear
3540-406: Was designed on the premise of representing characters in 16 bits. The character code for TAD, the data format, is TRON code , which switches between multiple 16-bit planes by escaping 0xfe**, allowing the space to be expanded arbitrarily. The current implementation uses 32 bits as the internal code. Shown in order of oldest to newest. First, Matsushita Electric Industrial and Personal Media produced
3600-590: Was fully launched as a sub-project of the TRON Project, and the BTRON Technical Committee was established in the TRON Association. The initial concept was summarized in an article in IEEE Micro's special issue on TRON (Vol. 7, No. 2 (1987/Apr)), and can be read in "TRON Introduction," a translation of the same issue. The June 1988 issue of TRON Review contains several screen shots and a report on BTRON286 by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. In December 1988,
#667332