Misplaced Pages

#55944

125-609: Atahualpa ( / ˌ ɑː t ə ˈ w ɑː l p ə / ), also Atawallpa or Ataw Wallpa ( Quechua ) ( c. 1502 – July 1533), was the last effective Inca emperor, reigning from April 1532 until his capture and execution in July of the following year, as part of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire . Atahualpa was the son of the emperor Huayna Cápac , who died around 1525 along with his successor, Ninan Cuyochi , in

250-461: A litter carried by eighty lords; with him were four other lords in litters and hammocks and 5,000–6,000 men carrying small battle axes , slings and pouches of stones underneath their clothes. "He was very drunk from what he had imbibed in the (thermal) baths before leaving as well as what he had taken during the many stops on the road. In each of them he had drunk well. And even there on his litter he requested drink." The Inca found no Spaniards in

375-479: A smallpox epidemic. Atahualpa initially accepted his half-brother Huáscar as the new emperor, who in turn appointed him as governor of Quito in the north of the empire. The uneasy peace between them deteriorated over the next few years. From 1529 to 1532, they contested the succession in the Inca Civil War , in which Atahualpa's forces defeated and captured Huáscar. Around the same time as Atahualpa's victory,

500-496: A form of Quechua, which in the Cuzco region particularly has been heavily influenced by Aymara , hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before the Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of

625-1043: A fourth, a northern or Peruvian branch. The latter causes complications in the classification, however, as various dialects (e.g. Cajamarca–Cañaris , Pacaraos , and Yauyos ) have features of both Quechua I and Quechua II, and so are difficult to assign to either. Torero classifies them as the following: Willem Adelaar adheres to the Quechua I / Quechua II (central/peripheral) bifurcation. But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I: Ancash (Huaylas–Conchucos) Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Yaru Wanka (Jauja–Huanca) Yauyos–Chincha (Huangáscar–Topará) Pacaraos Lambayeque (Cañaris) Cajamarca Lincha Laraos Kichwa ("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) Chachapoyas (Amazonas) Lamas (San Martín) Ayacucho Cusco Puno (Collao) Northern Bolivian (Apolo) Southern Bolivia Santiago del Estero Landerman (1991) does not believe

750-497: A great army. He attacked the Cañari of Tumebamba , defeating its defenses and levelling the city and the surrounding lands. He arrived in Tumbes , from which he planned an assault by rafts on the island Puná . During the naval operation, Atahualpa sustained a leg injury and returned to land. Taking advantage of his retreat, the "punaneños" (inhabitants of Puña) attacked Tumbes. They destroyed

875-583: A group of Spanish conquistadors , led by Francisco Pizarro , arrived in the region. In November 1532, they captured Atahualpa during an ambush at Cajamarca . In captivity, Atahualpa gave a ransom in exchange for a promise of release and arranged for the execution of Huáscar. After receiving the ransom, the Spanish accused Atahualpa of treason, conspiracy against the Spanish Crown, and the murder of Huáscar. They put him on trial and sentenced him to death by burning at

1000-841: A hill just outside Cajamarca. He was staying in a building close to the Konoj hot springs , while his soldiers were in tents set up around him. When Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the town was mostly empty except for a few hundred acllas . The Spaniards were billeted in certain long buildings on the main square and Pizarro sent an embassy to the Inca, led by Hernando de Soto . The group consisted of 15 horsemen and an interpreter; shortly thereafter de Soto sent 20 more horsemen as reinforcements in case of an Inca attack. These were led by Francisco Pizarro's brother, Hernando Pizarro . The Spaniards invited Atahualpa to visit Cajamarca to meet Pizarro, which he resolved to do

1125-455: A large room about 6.7 m (22 ft) long and 5.2 m (17 ft) wide up to a height of 2.4 m (8 ft) once with gold and twice with silver within two months. It is commonly believed that Atahualpa offered this ransom to regain his freedom, but Hemming says that he did so to save his life. None of the early chroniclers mention any commitment by the Spaniards to free Atahualpa once

1250-528: A province of Tahuantinsuyo when Atahualpa was born. Therefore their kings and lords were the Incas. According to Juan de Betanzos , Atahualpa was born in Cusco and his mother was a ñusta (Inca princess) from Cusco of the lineage of Inca Yupanqui ( Pachacuti ). In the 18th century the priest Juan de Velasco , using as a source a work by Marcos de Niza , whose existence has not been confirmed, compiled information about

1375-535: A reference point, the overall degree of diversity across the family is a little less than that of the Romance or Germanic families, and more of the order of Slavic or Arabic . The greatest diversity is within Central Quechua, or Quechua I, which is believed to lie close to the homeland of the ancestral Proto-Quechua language. Alfredo Torero devised the traditional classification, the three divisions above, plus

SECTION 10

#1732851980056

1500-399: A relative of Atahualpa renamed Angelina, who was never legitimized, died shortly after reaching Spain. Another relative, Catalina Capa-Yupanqui, who died in 1580, married a Portuguese nobleman named António Ramos, son of António Colaço. Their daughter was Francisca de Lima who married Álvaro de Abreu de Lima, who was also a Portuguese nobleman. In Quito , the most important football stadium

1625-582: A result of the strategic abilities of Quizquiz and Chalcuchímac . Atahualpa began a slow advance on Cuzco. While based in Marcahuamachuco , he sent an emissary to consult the oracle of the Huaca (god) Catequil , who prophesied that Atahualpa's advance would end poorly. Furious at the prophecy, Atahualpa went to the sanctuary, killed the priest and ordered the temple to be destroyed. During this period, he first learned that Pizarro and his expedition had arrived in

1750-741: A rite of passage that marked the passage to adulthood. When Atahualpa was thirteen years old, there was a rebellion in the north of the empire by two peoples from that region, the Caranquis and the Cayambis. Together with his father and his brother, Ninan Cuyuchi marched at the head of the Inca army towards the northern provinces (Quito region). Four governors remained in Cusco, including Huáscar. Atahualpa stayed in Quito with his father for more than ten years, helping him put down rebellions and conquer new lands. For this he had

1875-574: A significant influence on other native languages of the Americas, such as Mapuche . It is difficult to measure the number of Quechua speakers. The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in Ethnologue 16 is 10 million, primarily based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Highland Quechua in Ethnologue , for example,

2000-408: A surprise attack, if success seemed possible or to keep up a friendly stance if the Inca forces appeared too powerful. The following day, Atahualpa left his camp at midday, preceded by a large number of men in ceremonial attire; as the procession advanced slowly, Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to invite the Inca to enter Cajamarca before nightfall. Atahualpa entered the town late in the afternoon in

2125-578: A true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He includes Chachapoyas and Lamas in North Peruvian Quechua so Ecuadorian is synonymous with Northern Quechua. Quechua I (Central Quechua, Waywash ) is spoken in Peru's central highlands, from the Ancash Region to Huancayo . It

2250-541: A year and a half later, in September 1532, after reinforcements had arrived from Spain, Pizarro founded the city of San Miguel de Piura and then marched towards the heart of the Inca Empire with a force of 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen. Atahualpa, in Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, heard that this party of strangers was advancing into the empire and sent an Inca noble to investigate. The noble stayed for two days in

2375-459: Is 300,000, an estimate from 1977. The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura dialect speakers (published 2006). Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census reports only 500,000 Quechua speakers, compared to the estimate in most linguistic sources of more than 2 million. The censuses of Peru (2007) and Bolivia (2001) are thought to be more reliable. Additionally, there

2500-589: Is a secondary division in Quechua II between the grammatically simplified northern varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, known there as Kichwa , and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of Cusco . The closeness is at least in part because of the influence of Cusco Quechua on the Ecuadorean varieties in the Inca Empire. Because Northern nobles were required to educate their children in Cusco, this

2625-455: Is an unknown number of speakers in emigrant communities. There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador, as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia. They can be labeled Quechua I (or Quechua B, central) and Quechua II (or Quechua A, peripheral). Within the two groups, there are few sharp boundaries, making them dialect continua . However, there

SECTION 20

#1732851980056

2750-538: Is attributed to the Spanish colonial scribes' failure to recognize the presence of an -y action nominalizer. Consequently, kuti-y means 'change, turn, return'. The colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos translated the anthroponym Pacha Kutiy as 'turn of time' and the Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino translated the compound as 'the turn of the world'. The form Pachacutec used in Garcilaso de la Vega's writing likely

2875-513: Is distributed by certain missionary groups. Quechua, along with Aymara and minor indigenous languages, remains essentially a spoken language . In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in intercultural bilingual education (IBE) in Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador . Even in these areas, the governments are reaching only a part of the Quechua-speaking populations. Some indigenous people in each of

3000-502: Is named Estadio Atahualpa after Atahualpa. On the façade of the Royal Palace of Madrid there is a statue of the Inca emperor Atahualpa, along with another of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II , among the statues of the kings of the ancient kingdoms that formed Spain . A myth concerning Atahualpa's death and future resurrection became widespread among indigenous groups, with versions of

3125-501: Is not consensual. There are uncertainties about Atahualpa's date and place of birth. He was likely born around the turn of the 16th century, c. 1502. There is disagreement on his place of birth. Below are the versions of some chroniclers and historians: The chronicler and soldier Pedro Cieza de León , from his investigations among the members of the Inca nobility of Cusco, affirmed that Atahualpa had been born in Cusco and that his mother

3250-558: Is now the city of Quito and left as governor Chalco Mayta, belonging to the Inca nobility. Around 1520, the tribes of Quitu , Caras and Puruhá rebelled against the Inca Huayna Cápac . He personally led his army and defeated the rebels in the battle of Laguna de Yahuarcocha where there was such a massacre that the lake turned to blood. According to Juan de Velasco , the alliance of the northern tribes collapsed and finally ended when Huayna Cápac married Paccha Duchicela , queen of

3375-483: Is the most diverse branch of Quechua, to the extent that its divisions are commonly considered different languages. Quechua II (Peripheral Quechua, Wamp'una "Traveler") This is a sampling of words in several Quechuan languages: Pachacuti Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui , also called Pachacútec ( Quechua : Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki ), was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom of Cusco , which he transformed into

3500-399: Is written Atawallpa ~ Ataw Wallpa ). As such, Atabalipa , Tavalipa and others are spellings that represent the first impressionistic orthographies of his name. Since the earliest Quechua dictionaries, atawallpa and wallpa were offered as the Quechua word for ' chicken '. For centuries several historians believed that this Sapa Inca's name came from the bird name. Some even translated

3625-461: Is wrong because the right to the Inca throne did not depend exclusively on primogeniture or paternal line (because the son of the Inca's sister could also be heir) but also practical considerations such as the ability to command. Ecuadorian historians have conflicting opinions: Atahualpa spent his childhood with his father in Cusco. At the beginning of his adolescence he went through the Warachikuy ,

3750-693: The Inti Sun Cult. Accessing power following the Chanka–Inca War , Pachacuti conquered territories around Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó in the south, parts of the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon rainforest in the east, lands up to the Quito basin in the north, and lands from Tumbes to possibly the coastal regions from Nazca and Camaná to Tarapacá . These conquests were achieved with

3875-453: The Aymara kingdoms , supported the narrative of territorial expansion by Pachacuti's generals until the nation of Charcas, near lake Poopó . Various chroniclers place the birth of Topa Inca Yupanqui , son of the queen Mama Anarwakhi, during these conquests. Pachacuti also potentially conquered parts of Kuntisuyu , where many Aymara enclaves were attached to the highland kingdoms, including

Atahualpa - Misplaced Pages Continue

4000-624: The Chimú empire on the northern coast. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to a sizeable part of western South America. According to the Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega , Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of

4125-573: The Hanan moiety of Cusco, whose rulers are collectively called the Hanan dynasty. He had several sons, among which are Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, Amaru Topa or Amaru Yupanqui, Yamqui Yupanqui, Auqui Yupanqui, Tilca Yupanqui, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui . Pachacuti had two of his brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayna Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the region of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Some ethno-historians however think that Capac Yupanqui

4250-458: The Inca Empire ( Quechua : Tawantinsuyu ). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua, the cosmogonical concept of Pachakutiy means 'the turn of the world' and Yupanki could mean 'honorable lord'. During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake,

4375-601: The Kingdom of Quito (whose existence has not been confirmed either). According to de Velasco, the Kingdom of Quito was made up of the Shyris or Scyris ethnic group and disappeared when it was conquered by the Incas. This work includes a list of the kings of Quito, the last of whom, Cacha Duchicela, would have been the Kuraka (Inca cacique) defeated and killed by the Inca Huayna Cápac . Paccha ,

4500-454: The Urubamba valley , where he founded the famous site of Machu Picchu . Local kurakas (lords) were integrated using the principle of reciprocity and the "attachment system", where the Inca emperor held personal relations with allied local socio-political structures, and "gifts", in the form of feasts, women, or materials, were exchanged in return for submission, reduced sovereignty, alliance and

4625-498: The ayllus of Choqo and Cachona, most likely to reward a chief belonging to one of these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion, and left his original family-clan ( panaka ) to form the imperial lineage of Hatun Ayllu, failing in his attempt to fuse the two factions. To record the history of the previous Inca rulers of Cusco, Pachacuti ordered the creation of painted wooden panels, which, in relation to oral texts , often in

4750-551: The 1965 Broadway production. Christopher Plummer portrayed Atahualpa in the 1969 movie version of the play. The closing track of Tyrannosaurus Rex 's debut album, My People Were Fair and Had Sky in Their Hair... But Now They're Content to Wear Stars on Their Brows , was entitled ‘Frowning Atahuallpa (My Inca Love)’. Atahaulpa plays a key role in Laurent Binet 's 2019 alternate history novel Civilizations , journeying across

4875-553: The 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America, more than any other indigenous language family in the Americas. As a result of Inca expansion into Central Chile , there were bilingual Quechua- Mapudungu Mapuche in Central Chile at

5000-582: The 9th Sapa Inca ruled, he expanded the Empire to northern Peru. At this point, Pachacuti sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui to invade and conquer the territory of present-day Ecuador. News of the expansion of the Inca reached the different tribes and nations of Ecuador. As a defense against the Inca, the Andean chiefdoms formed alliances with each other. Around 1460, Tupac Inca Yupanqui , with an army of 200,000 warriors that were sent by his father, easily gained control of

5125-415: The Andean city of Cajamarca , where he encountered the Spanish, led by Pizarro. In January 1531, a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro , on a mission to conquer the Inca Empire, landed on Puná Island . Pizarro brought with him 169 men and 69 horses. The Spaniards headed south and occupied Tumbes , where they heard about the civil war that Huáscar and Atahualpa were waging against each other. About

Atahualpa - Misplaced Pages Continue

5250-605: The Atlantic and going on to conquer much of Europe. Quechua language Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before the Incas , that previous expansion also meant that it was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish also tolerated its use until the Peruvian struggle for independence in the 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken today, being co-official in many regions and

5375-562: The Catholic religion but did not deliver the requerimiento , a speech requiring the listener to submit to the authority of the Spanish Crown and accept the Christian faith. At Atahualpa's request, Valverde gave him his breviary but, after a brief examination, the Inca threw it to the ground; Valverde hurried back toward Pizarro, calling on the Spaniards to attack. At that moment, Pizarro gave

5500-403: The Empire into Hanan saya ("high half") and Hurin saya ("low half"), of which they doubt it had more than one king. Pachacuti's mummy was transported on his own wishes to the palace of Patallacta , but was later found at Tococache . Pachacuti, considered the son of Inca Viracocha and Mama Runtu, was, according to most traditional lists of Inca rulers, the fourth ruler of a lineage from

5625-478: The Empire. After the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language." It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples. The clergy of the Catholic Church adopted Quechua to use as the language of evangelization . The oldest written records of

5750-528: The Inca Pachacuti. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "Son of the Sun". According to various historians and anthropologists, Pachacuti initiated the "Pax Incaica" or "Inca peace", notably by imposing peace to

5875-766: The Lupacas, the Pacasas and the Azangaros (previously a tributary chiefdom of the Collas). John Howland Rowe estimated the Inca Empire under Pachacuti to have reached the Desaguadero River near lake Titicaca, which marked the border between the conquered Lupaca chiefdom and the Pacasa chiefdom. However, in 1992, the Finnish ethno-historian Martti Pärssinen , pointing to local sources of the area of

6000-466: The Mercedarian friar and missionary Martin de Murúa abdicated in favor of his successor, Topa Inca, whose conquests in the northern Quito bassin would have happened before Pachacuti's death. Following these campaigns, Topa Inca's conquests were celebrated on his return to Cusco. In Andean cosmology and mythology, Pachacuti, along with the creator deity Viracocha and the mythical Inca Manco Cápac ,

6125-605: The Palta nation in southern Ecuador and northern Peru in a matter of months. However, the Inca army met fierce resistance from the defending Cañari , which left the Incas so impressed that after they were defeated the Cañari were recruited into the Inca army. In northern Ecuador the Inca army met fiercer resistance from an alliance between the Quitus and the Cañari. After defeating them in the battle of Atuntaqui , Tupac Yupanqui sent settlers to what

6250-492: The Shyris, making them recognize him as monarch, this marriage was the basis of the alliance that guaranteed the Inca power in the area. After Huayna Capac died in 1527, Atahualpa was appointed governor of Quito by his brother Huáscar . Huáscar saw Atahualpa as the greatest threat to his power, but did not dethrone him to respect the wishes of his late father. A tense five-year peace ensued, Huáscar took advantage of that time to get

6375-422: The Spanish camp, making an assessment of the Spaniards' weapons and horses. Atahualpa decided that the 168 Spaniards were not a threat to him and his 80,000 troops, so he sent word inviting them to visit Cajamarca and meet him, expecting to capture them. Pizarro and his men thus advanced unopposed through some very difficult terrain. They arrived at Cajamarca on 15 November 1532. Atahualpa and his army had camped on

SECTION 50

#1732851980056

6500-430: The accounts of the Spanish chroniclers, he was the son of the eighth ruler of Cusco, Inca Viracocha , whose lineage ( panaka ), however, was Sucsu Panaka . Analyzing the colonial writings, the historian and anthropologist María Rostworowski concluded that, based on Andean traditions of succession, which allowed for the "most capable" to take power, Pachacuti was not the son of Inca Viracocha, rendering him illegitimate in

6625-519: The administration and of Cusco and it's surroundings. Examining the dualist philosophy of the Andes ( yanantin ), Zuidema and Pierre Duviols came to the conclusion that the Inca Empire was a diarchy , Pachacuti having co-reigned according to them with the warrior chieftain Mayta Capac (the fourth ruler of Cusco in the traditional list), while Martti Pärssinen, examining Andean tripartite traditions, came to

6750-503: The appointed co-ruler and heir to the throne, lacked. Similarly, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. The generals of Viracocha started fomenting conspiracies to overthrow and replace Inca Urco. In the early 15th century, the Cusco confederation , stretching 40 kilometers around the city of Cusco, faced an invasion by the Chankas , the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies. Multiple versions of

6875-447: The archeologist Franck Garcia, the story of Pachacuti's reign was mainly symbolical and served to set philosophical principles, Inca history having the structural elements of a myth. John Howland Rowe analyzed and compared various colonial sources and came to the conclusion that there existed a state-sanctioned "standard history", believing Pachacuti's victory over the Chanka people to be

7000-682: The basis for the second Biggles book, The Cruise of the Condor . Atahualpa Inca's conflict with Pizarro was dramatized by Peter Shaffer in his play The Royal Hunt of the Sun , first staged by the National Theatre in 1964 at the Chichester Festival , then in London at the Old Vic . The role of Atahualpa was played by Robert Stephens and by David Carradine , who received a Theatre World Award in

7125-454: The battle of Yahuar Pampa, the Inka army won a decisive victory over the Chankas and asserted it's dominance. Cusi Yupanqui captured many Chanka leaders, who he presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Yupanqui that the honor of the ritual belonged to the designated heir, Urco. Yupanqui protested and said that he had not won

7250-464: The border with the Colla chiefdom, before joining his forces not long after. The Colla king or Colla Capac, informed of this, gathered his forces and awaited the Inca at the town of Ayaviri. During the ensuing battle, the Incas forced the Colla army to retreat, capturing the king, Colla Capac. Following the victory, Pachacuti occupied the principal city, Hatunqulla , and from there he received the submission of

7375-437: The cause of imperial expansion. In 1953, María Rostworowski published her biography of Pachacuti, the first modern biography of an exclusively pre-Columbian figure, and supported Rowe's conclusion of late imperial expansion under Pachacuti. The Dutch structuralist anthropologist Reiner Tom Zuidema criticized Rowe and Rostworowski for methodological practices, and studied the symbolical cosmological territorial organization of

7500-464: The city, leaving it in the ruined state recorded by the Spaniards in early 1532. From Cuzco the Huascarites, led by the armies of general Atoc , defeated Atahualpa in the battle of Chillopampa . The Atahualapite generals responded quickly; they gathered together their scattered troops, counter-attacked and forcefully defeated Atoc in Mulliambato. They captured Atoc and later tortured and killed him. The Atahualapite forces continued to be victorious, as

7625-468: The conclusion that the internal organization of the capital, Cusco , had three rulers, the co-rulers of Pachacuti being Capac Yupanqui and Mayta Capac, while the state-wide imperial administration had only one. In 1945, Rowe devised an imperial chronology, stating Pachacuti reigned from 1438 to 1471, while archeological data suggests the early 15th century to be the beginning of Pachacuti's reign. The former minister of culture Juan Ossio Acuña supported

SECTION 60

#1732851980056

7750-400: The construction of hatuncancha (administrative centers). Pachacuti occasionally elevated individuals from the class of yanakunas , who left the system of kinship groups ( ayllus and panakas ) and weren't obligated or entitled to the obligations and rights of reciprocal exchange, to rulers of local chiefdoms who had rebelled or refused Inca domination. His first military campaign, led by

7875-911: The cosmological concepts and meanings decipherable from it, and the lack of physical representations as well archeological evidence occasionally refuting the history of his reign as presented by colonial sources contradicted his historical image and made some scholars come to the conclusion that Pachacuti was an Incan ideological and cosmological concept. The linguists, anthropologists, archeologists, ethnologists and historians Martti Pärssinen, Catherine Julien, Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino , Alfred Métraux , Brian S. Bauer, John Howland Rowe , Franck Salomon, Waldemar Espinoza Soriano, José Antonio del Busto Duthurburu , Gary Urton , and María Rostworowski consider Pachacuti to be historical, while others, such as Pierre Duviols , Juan Ossio Acuña , Reiner Tom Zuidema , Franck Garcia, and Carmen Bernand consider Pachacuti to be mythological or mytho-historical. According to

8000-460: The costal lowlands ( yungas ), forcing the Chimú ruler, Minchançaman , to surrender by cutting the irrigation canals of the Moche River leading to the Chimú capital of Chan Chan . Other campaigns were led against the Chachapoya , the Quitu , the Cañari , and various chiefdoms in modern-day Ecuador . Martti Pärssinen noted that the territories north of Tomebamba and Cañar were potentially conquered after Pachacuti's reign, who according to

8125-637: The countries are having their children study in Spanish for social advancement. Radio Nacional del Perú broadcasts news and agrarian programs in Quechua for periods in the mornings. Quechua and Spanish are now heavily intermixed in much of the Andean region, with many hundreds of Spanish loanwords in Quechua. Similarly, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as wawa (infant), misi (cat), waska (strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas. Quechua has also had

8250-431: The cult of the Andean creator deity Viracocha , whose priests had supported the previous ruler Viracocha Inca, was possibly replaced by the Inti Sun cult. The first months of his reign were spent putting down revolts by surrounding chiefs in the Cusco valley and consolidating the territorial base of the polity, confronting the Ayarmacas , the Ollantaytambo , the Huacara, and the Toguaro. Pachacuti conquered lands along

8375-491: The daughter of Cacha Duchicela, would have married Huayna Cápac, and from that union Atahualpa would have been born as a legitimate son. Several historians, such as the Peruvian Raúl Porras Barrenechea and the Ecuadorian Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño , have rejected this version for lack of historical and archaeological foundation. Most Peruvian historians maintain that, according to the most reliable chronicles (Cieza, Sarmiento and Betanzos, who took their reports firsthand), Atahualpa

8500-405: The development of Cusco". Instituting the system of reciprocity (a socio-economic principle regulating relations, based on obligatory and institutional mutual, "give and take", assistance) to assert his authority, Pachacuti summoned the surrounding kurakas (chiefs) to Cusco, and prepared "lavish feasts and ceremonies", tactically displaying much generosity and sharing gifts, including the booty of

8625-460: The dialects is the basic criterion that defines Quechua not as a single language, but as a language family. The complex and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly impossible to differentiate discrete varieties; Ethnologue lists 45 varieties which are then divided into two groups; Central and Peripheral. Due to the non-intelligibility between the two groups, they are all classified as separate languages. As

8750-492: The early colonial chronicles and documents of the 16th century . This written form can be reconstructed into Quechua as Pacha Kutiy . The form ⟨Pachacútec⟩ (contemporary quechua spelling: Pachakutiq ) was introduced by the writer Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in his Comentarios Reales de los Incas published in 1609. Before the coronation, Pachacuti was referred to as Inga Yupangui, with the Spanish navigator Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa additionally claiming Pachcuti's first name

8875-516: The emperor and his general Apo Mayta, was set against the Chankas' allies and confederates, and the chiefdoms surrounding Cusco. Pachacuti conquered the Soras and Rucanas, the Vilcas, the Lucanas, the Chalcas, and the Cotabambas. The conquest of the chiefdom of Chincha , and the neighboring valley of Pisco , on the south-central coast, also happened during the reign of Pachacuti. The general, and possibly "co-king" or huauque (lit. "brother" in quechua ), Capac Yupanqui led an army to Chincha, gaining

9000-674: The empire by winning enough support from the apos , priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." Pachacuti initially nominated his son Amaru Topa Inca to be co-ruler and heir to

9125-453: The empire. Atahualpa's leading generals were Quizquiz, Chalcuchímac and Rumiñawi . In April 1532, Quizquiz and his companions led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato , Chimborazo and Quipaipán. The Battle of Quipaipán was the final one between the warring brothers. Quizquiz and Chalcuchimac defeated Huáscar's army, captured him, killed his family and seized the capital, Cuzco . Atahualpa had remained behind in

9250-447: The encounter exist, the most accepted one being supported by the majority of reliable Spanish sources. The ruler, Inca Viracocha, and his co-ruler Urco, fled the scene, while Cusi Yupanqui rallied the army, accompanied by four of Viracocha's generals, and prepared the defense of the city. During the subsequent assault on Cusco, the Chankas were repelled, so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Yupanqui's side. At

9375-519: The escaped Chanka forces, eventually arrived at the Cajamarca chiefdom , whose capital and supreme sub-chiefdom was Guzmango, in the Hanansaya ("high half/moiety") moiety . Capac Yupanqui, by invading the Cajamarca chiefdom, began tensions with the coastal ally of the Cajamarca chiefdom, the Chimú Empire , which spread from Tumbes in the north to Carabayllo in the south. According to John H. Rowe,

9500-511: The eyes of the Spaniards, who believed in European concepts of primogeniture . Cusi Yupanqui was born in Cusco , at the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Inticancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus . From a young age, he was admired by Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity his brother, Inca Urco ,

9625-500: The first country to recognize Quechua as one of its official languages. Ecuador conferred official status on the language in its 2006 constitution, and in 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that recognized Quechua and several other indigenous languages as official languages of the country. The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines. The Bible has been translated into Quechua and

9750-507: The first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez at Pablo de Olavide University ( Sevilla ). The same year Pablo Landeo wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation. A Peruvian student, Roxana Quispe Collantes of the University of San Marcos , completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned

9875-452: The following day. Meanwhile, Pizarro was preparing an ambush to trap the Inca: while the Spanish cavalry and infantry were occupying three long buildings around the square, some musketeers and four pieces of artillery were located in a stone structure in the middle of the square. The plan was to persuade Atahualpa to submit to the authority of the Spaniards and, if this failed, there were two options:

10000-403: The form of mnemonic songs sung at important celebrations, and quipus , which contained simple and stereotyped information according to colour , order and number , decipherable by Quipucamayocs , represented official and state-sanctioned pre-imperial history. Despite Pachacuti's prestige following the victory over the Chankas, he had "little effective power and a meager work force to undertake

10125-518: The help of many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Andes. Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be the first historical emperor of the Incas, and by others to be a mythological and cosmological representation of the beginning of the era of Inca imperial expansion. The compound Pachacuti referred to an ancient Andean cosmological concept, representing cataclysmic change of era-worlds. The anthroponym appeared written as ⟨Pachacuti⟩ or ⟨Pachacute⟩ in

10250-472: The incaic cultural model and associated pantheon to the various ethnic groups of the Andes. Pachacuti built irrigation networks, cultivated terraces, roads and hospices. The "Road of the Inca" ( Qhapaq Ñan ) stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists, called mitimaes , represented

10375-462: The initial campaign was a raid . Pachacuti started the practice of forced migrations , sending mitimaes (colonists) of loyal areas to unstable provinces, or alternatively placing loyal peoples to strategic positions in the Empire. As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of

10500-571: The language are by missionary Domingo de Santo Tomás , who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú (Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560. Given its use by the Catholic missionaries, the range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. In

10625-533: The late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the Túpac Amaru II rebellion of indigenous peoples. The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales . Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after the Latin American nations achieved independence in

10750-458: The lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any recorded dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, even though some colonial sources hint at Pachacuti's abdication prior to his death. But in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of

10875-403: The metals were delivered. After several months in fear of an imminent attack from general Rumiñawi , the outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to be too much of a liability and decided to execute him. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahualpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish, practicing idolatry and murdering Huáscar , his brother. Atahualpa was sentenced to death by burning at

11000-592: The military chief or sinchi Anco Huallu . The Inca armies occupied the fortress of Urcocollac, advanced through various territories of the central Andes, including those of the Huanca , the Yauyos and the Atavillos. At Huaylas, Capac Yupanqui established the military center of Maraycalle, from where the Inca forces conquered the confederated chiefdoms of Huaylas, Piscopampas, Pincos, Huaris and Conchucos. The Inca armies, in chasing

11125-458: The most spoken language lineage in Peru , after Spanish. The Quechua linguistic homeland may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in the Chavín and Wari civilizations. Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the Inca Empire . The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke

11250-523: The name as "happy rooster" or "bird of fortune". Considering such species was new in the Andes , contemporary scholars believe the etymological direction was the inverse: the bird species may have been named after the monarch, as already said by Blas Valera in the XVIth century. It has been proposed that this person name may have been a compound of two Puquina roots , * ata-w 'appointed, chosen' and * wallpa 'diligent or courageous'. However, this analysis

11375-405: The nations surrounding the kingdom of Cusco , retiring to concentrate on administrative reform and the embellishment of Cusco, and left the military command of subsequent campaigns to his generals. The military commander Capac Yupanqui was sent, together with the captains Huayna Yupanqui and Yamqui Yupanqui, to the northern regions of Chinchaysuyu , accompanied by the Chanka contingent led by

11500-492: The plaza, as they were all inside the buildings. The only man to emerge was the Dominican friar Vincente de Valverde with an interpreter. Although there are different accounts as to what Valverde said, most agree that he invited the Inca to come inside to talk and dine with Pizarro. Atahualpa instead demanded the return of every thing the Spaniards had taken since they landed. According to eyewitness accounts, Valverde spoke about

11625-420: The position of Zuidema, who postulated that the Inca rulers before Topa Inca Yupanqui , including Pachacuti, weren't historical rulers but rather social groups or factions. Pachacuti's given name was Cusi Yupanqui, and he originated from the female lineage of Iñaca Panaka , in the moiety of Hanan Cusco ("high Cusco"), in complementary opposition to the moiety of Hurin Cusco ("low Cusco"). According to

11750-466: The recognition and submission of the local kings with the help of "reciprocal gifts", in exchange for which the Chincha allowed the construction of administrative centers, the usage of land cultivated by Aclla (women working for the state) and yanakuna servants, and recognized Pachacuti's superiority. However, in 1945, the historian John Howland Rowe attributed the conquest to later rulers, claiming that

11875-569: The regional chiefdoms that comprised the alliance of structures united around the figure of the Inca emperor called Tawantinsuyu, or Inca Empire. The Colla chiefdom and the Lupaca chiefdom of lake Titicaca , in the Altiplano (called "Collao"), were one of the first of Pachacuti's targets. Following the construction of the Qurikancha, the "temple of gold" dedicated to the sun, Pachacuti sent an army near

12000-501: The regions of Arequipa , Camana and Tarapacá . The conquest of these regions is also attributed to Amaru Topa Inca, during the subsequent revolt of the chiefdoms around lake Titicaca. During military expeditions in the eastern lowlands (" montaña ") and the Amazonian rainforest , the Colla, Lupaca and Azangaro revolted, led by one of the sons of the previous Colla ruler. According to Sarmiento de Gamboa , an army of around 200.000 men

12125-413: The rest of Inca territory and Cajamarca and disadvantaging supply lines. Pachacuti gave military command to his son and heir Topa Inca Yupanqui , who led military campaign in the northern reaches of the Empire, and consolidated the conquests made during the campaign of Capac Yupanqui. Establishing Cajamarca as a military base, he led an expedition against the Chimú Empire , from the mountains neighboring

12250-408: The road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties . Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha (previously Intikancha ), were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign. At the beginning of Pachacuti's reign,

12375-425: The semi- diarchy of the Inca, by the name of Yamqui Yupanqui. At the death of Pachacuti, instead of confirming his own power, Yamqui Yupanqui rather confirmed Tupac Inca Yupanqui as successor to his father. Some historians, however, doubt the internal organization of Cusco , separated into Hanan Cusco and Hurin Cusco moities, each of which potentially had two rulers, was identical to the state-wide organization of

12500-537: The signal; the Spanish infantry and cavalry came out of their hiding places and charged the unsuspecting Inca retinue, killing a great number while the rest fled in panic. Pizarro led the charge on Atahualpa, but captured him only after killing all those carrying him and turning over his litter. Not a single Spanish soldier was killed. On 17 November the Spaniards sacked the Inca army camp, in which they found great treasures of gold , silver and emeralds . Noticing their lust for precious metals, Atahualpa offered to fill

12625-412: The stake. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vincente de Valverde , who had earlier offered his breviary to Atahualpa, intervened, telling Atahualpa that, if he agreed to convert to Catholicism , the friar could convince Pizarro to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Catholic faith. He

12750-415: The stake. However, after his baptism in July 1533, he was garroted instead. A line of successors continued to claim the title of emperor, either as Spanish vassals or as rebel leaders, but none were able to hold comparable power. Although this monarch's name is written with some major discrepancies in early sources, most spellings seem to reflect /ataw waʎpa/ (which in contemporary Quechua orthography

12875-404: The support of skilled Inca generals, such as Chalcuchímac and Quizquiz . During this period he learned government tasks and gained prestige for the courage he displayed in war actions. The chroniclers described Atahualpa as someone of "lively reasoning and with great authority". Throughout the Inca Empire's history, each Sapa Inca worked to expand the territory of the empire. When Pachacuti ,

13000-525: The support of the Cañari, a powerful ethnic group that dominated extensive territories of the north of the empire and maintained grudges against Atahualpa, who had fought them during his father's campaigns. By 1529 the relationship between both brothers had quite deteriorated. According to the chronicler Pedro Pizarro , Huáscar sent an army to the North, which ambushed Atahualpa in Tumebamba and defeated him. Atahualpa

13125-816: The tale being documented as far as among the Huilliche people of southern Chile . A rare version recorded by Tom Dillehay among the Mapuche of Araucanía tells of Atahualpa killing Pedro de Valdivia . The burial site of Atahualpa is unknown but historian Tamara Estupiñán argues it lies somewhere in modern-day Ecuador. She argues he was buried in Ecuador for safekeeping. The location is named Malqui-Machay, Quechua for ‘mummy’, and stone walls and trapezoidal underground water canals have been found in this location. More serious archaeological excavation needs to be done to confirm Estupiñán's beliefs. A treasure hunt for Atahualpa's gold forms

13250-411: The territories' annexed to the Empire reached until Chinchaycocha , near the centre of Bombón  [ es ] , the rest of the campaign merely raiding the territories up to the Cajamarca chiefdom. Other historians state the Cajamarca polity, whose later incaic capital was the Inca administrative center of Cajamarca , was conquered as were the territories around Cusco, leaving a great gap between

13375-460: The throne. However, due to the lack of military talent found in the joint prince, Pachacuti changed his decision and instead decided to name another of his sons, Tupac Inca Yupanqui , who in turn had a reputation as a talented general, as his co-ruler and successor. In his last years, the Inca government might have been de facto in the hands of his "helper" ( quechua : yanapac ), "compagnon" (quechua: yananti ), or "brother" (quechua: huauque ) in

13500-536: The time of the Spanish arrival . It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in Central Chile , with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century. Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced Chilean Spanish the most. Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara- Mapudungu toponymy can be found as far south as Osorno Province in Chile (latitude 41° S). In 2017

13625-510: The victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha tried to have the general assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination failed. Viracocha went into exile while Inca Yupanqui returned in triumph to Cusco, and, following a short civil war during which the co-ruler, Urco, died, was crowned Sapa Inca of Cusco, and renamed himself "Pachacuti" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). As ruler, Pachacuti married Mama Anawarkhi , of

13750-414: The war against the Chankas, before articulating gradually growing demands such as the construction of warehouses , the stocking of produce, the creation of an army, and the improvement of infrastructure. Using the means of reciprocity, Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on

13875-401: The word of 'he who goes around the world' required an additional morpheme altering the verbal valence . The form ⟨Pachacutec⟩ (*pacha kuti-q) reconstructed by Garcilaso was ungrammatical in Quechua, and the meaning of 'he who goes around the world' would have instead required an expression similar to *pacha kuti-chi-q. According to the oral tradition of Pachacuti's imperial lineage, the name

14000-523: The works of poet Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university. Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as Elva Ambía 's Quechua Collective of New York promote the language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities. In 1975, Peru became

14125-400: Was Cusi . The compound is not influenced by other languages such as Aymara or Puquina , and is considered purely Quechua. It is composed of the noun pacha , which means 'land, region, time, world' and represents an Andean concept associating time with the physical world , and the verb kuti- 'to change, turn, return to a starting point'. The apparent absence of a nominalization mark

14250-401: Was Tuto Palla or Túpac Palla (Quechua names), an 'India Quilaco' or 'native of Quilaco'. This demonym could allude to an ethnic group from the province of Quito and would imply that she was a second-class wife belonging to the regional elite. Cieza de León denied that Atahualpa was born in Quito or Caranqui and that his mother was the lady of Quito, as some at the time claimed, since Quito was

14375-451: Was acquired following the war against the Chankas , according to the chronicler Juan de Betanzos' version together with the names or epithets Cápac and Indichuri. Pachacuti is often considered the first historical Incan emperor, despite various mythological elements. Various historians associated Pachacuti with the rewriting of the previous Inca rulers' reigns, in order to justify Incan imperial expansion. The nature of Pachacuti's tale,

14500-538: Was assembled, commanded by Amaru Topa Inca, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, to put it down. After having put down the revolt, the Inca army continued passed Inca territory and conquered the nations of Sora, Caranga, Caracaras Quillaqua, Charca, Chui and Chicha, near and around lake Poopó , possibly united in an inter-provincial wider confederation of large polities (which were themselves composed of confederated "small chiefdoms", in turn composed of various ayllus ) or Hatun apocazgo . Pachacuti personally conquered

14625-409: Was associated with the Andean quest for continuous differentiation of complementary opposing forms, known as yanantin , seen more as factors of complementarity than rivalry , of peace , productivity, and by extension of progress and order. As such, Pachacuti's role was that of an archetype of the perfect Inca ruler according to the philosophical principles of the Inca ruling caste , and of spreading

14750-515: Was born in Cusco and his mother was a princess of Inca lineage. These historians consider that Huáscar's side invented the version of Atahualpa's Quito origin to show him to the Spanish as a usurper and bastard. They also believe that many chroniclers interpreted the division of the empire between the two sons of Huayna Cápac (Huáscar, the eldest son and legitimate heir; and Atahualpa, the bastard and usurper) according to their European or Western conception of political mores. According to Rostworowski this

14875-537: Was captured and imprisoned in a " tambo " (roadside shelters built for the Chasqui ) but succeeded in escaping. During his time in captivity he was cut and lost an ear. From then on he wore a headpiece that fastened under his chin to hide the injury. But the chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa said that this story of capture was improbable because if Atahualpa had been captured by Huáscar's forces they would have executed him immediately. Atahualpa returned to Quito and amassed

15000-426: Was caused by the Incas' storing of the agent nominalizer -q instead of the action nominalizer -y. In Quechua, the presence of an uvular consonant such as /q/ causes the vowel /ɪ/ to be pronounced as an /e/ in Spanish . However, Garcilaso's restitution contradicted early colonial documentation and was grammatically implausible, since the verb kuti- is an intransitive verb , and the chronicler's intended meaning for

15125-501: Was executed by strangling with a garrote on 26 July 1533. His clothes and some of his skin were burned and his remains were given a Christian burial. Atahualpa was succeeded by his brother Túpac Huallpa and, later, by another brother, Manco Inca . After the death of Pizarro, Inés Yupanqui , Atahualpa's favorite sister, who had been given to Pizarro in marriage by her brother, married a Spanish knight named Ampuero and left for Spain. They took her daughter by Pizarro with them and she

15250-463: Was given the name Francisco Atahualpa in honor of Francisco Pizarro . On the morning of his death, Atahualpa was interrogated by his Spanish captors about his birthplace. Atahualpa declared that his birthplace was in what the Incas called the Kingdom of Quito, in a place called Caranqui (today located 2 km southeast of Ibarra , Ecuador ). Most chroniclers agree, though other stories suggest various other birthplaces. In accordance with his request, he

15375-671: Was later legitimized by imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui married her uncle Hernando Pizarro in Spain, on 10 October 1537—they had a son, Francisco Pizarro y Pizarro. The Pizarro line survived Hernando's death, although it is extinct in the male line. Among Inés's direct descendants, having Inca royal ancestry, at least three governed Latin American nations during the 19th and early 20th centuries: Dominican President José Desiderio Valverde and Bolivian Presidents Pedro José Domingo de Guerra and Jose Gutierrez Guerra . Pizarro's third son, by

15500-585: Was maintained as the prestige dialect in the north. Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well. There are nonetheless significant local-level differences across each. ( Wanka Quechua , in particular, has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more challenging to understand, even for other Central Quechua speakers.) Speakers from different major regions, particularly Central or Southern Quechua, are not able to communicate effectively. The lack of mutual intelligibility among

15625-506: Was the co-ruler or Huauque (lit. "brother") of Pachacuti. Amaru Topa was originally chosen to be the co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not competent in military affairs. He was the first Inca ruler to abdicate. His lineage or panaqa of birth was Iñaka Panka, whose common ancestor was Mama Wako, the wife of Manco Capac , which he left to found his own lineage called Hatun Ayllu. He married Mama Anawarkhi or Anarwakhi (Coya Anahuarque), of

#55944