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70-638: Arroyo Valle was also once known as Arroyo De Los Taunamines (Stream of the Taunamines), for the Costanoan Taunamines people who lived there. In 1853 it was renamed Arroyo del Valle (Stream of the Valley). The Arroyo Valle watershed drains 147 square miles (380 km). The upper reaches of Arroyo Valle stretch into northeastern Santa Clara County where the mainstem is formed by the confluence of San Antonio Creek and Arroyo Bayo . San Antonio Creek's origin

140-574: A complex association of approximately 50 different "nations or tribes" with about 50 to 500 members each, with an average of 200. Over 50 distinct Ohlone tribes and villages have been recorded. The Ohlone villages interacted through trade, intermarriage and ceremonial events, as well as some internecine conflict. Cultural arts included basket-weaving skills, seasonal ceremonial dancing events, female tattoos , ear and nose piercings, and other ornamentation. The Ohlone subsisted mainly as hunter-gatherers and in some ways harvesters . "A rough husbandry of

210-488: A cultural group. Their religion is different depending on the band referred to, although they share components of their worldview. The pre-contact spiritual beliefs of the Ohlone were not recorded in detail by missionaries. The Ohlone probably practiced Kuksu , a form of shamanism shared by many Central and Northern California tribes. Although, it is also possible that the Ohlone people learned Kuksu from other tribes while at

280-401: A pavement" to the incoming Spanish. In general, along the bayshore and valleys, the Ohlone constructed dome-shaped houses of woven or bundled mats of tules, 6 to 20 feet (1.8 to 6 m) in diameter. In hills where redwood trees were accessible, they built conical houses from redwood bark attached to a frame of wood. Residents of Monterey recall Redwood houses. One of the main village buildings,

350-520: A single peak Pico Blanco near Big Sur (or Mount Diablo in the northern Ohlone's version) on which Coyote, Hummingbird, and Eagle stood. Humans were the descendants of Coyote. The predominant theory regarding the settlement of the Americas date the original migrations from Asia to around 20,000 years ago across the Bering Strait land bridge , but one anthropologist, Otto von Sadovszky , claims that

420-506: A single unified group. They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the typical ethnographic California pattern. The members of these various bands interacted freely with one another. The Ohlone people practiced the Kuksu religion. Prior to the Gold Rush , the northern California region was one of the most densely populated regions north of Mexico. However, the arrival of Spanish colonizers to

490-561: A task like hunting and spirit dancing. Today, there is a place located in Hollister called Indian Canyon , where a traditional sweat lodge, or Tupentak, has been built for the same ceremonial purposes. Along with the development of the sweat lodge in the early 1990s, the construction of an upen- tah-ruk, or round house/assembly house, was underway as well. These areas are meant to provide a gathering place for tribal meetings, traditional dances and ceremonies, and education activities. Indian Canyon

560-503: Is a site standing at over 60 feet (18 m) tall and 350 feet (105 m) in diameter, and was believed to be occupied between 400 and 2800 years ago. The Ohlone burial practices changed over time with cremation being preferred before the arrival of the Spanish. Once the cremation was complete the loved ones and friends would place ornaments as well as other valuables as an offering to the dead. Ohlone believed that this would give them good fortune in

630-842: Is an important place because it is open to all Native American groups in the United States and around the world as a place to hold traditional native practices without federal restrictions. Indian Canyon is also home to many Ohlone people, specifically of the Mutsun band, and serves as an educational, cultural, and spiritual environment for all visitors. Indian Canyon allows Natives to reclaim their heritage and implement their ancestral beliefs and practices into their lives. The storytelling of sacred narratives has been an important component of Ohlone indigenous culture for thousands of years, and continues to be of importance today. The narratives often teach specific moral or spiritual lessons, and are illustrative of

700-419: Is apparent that the pre-contact Ohlone had distinguished medicine persons among their tribe. Some of these people healed through the use of herbs, and some were shamans who were believed to heal through their ability to contact the spirit world. Some shamans typically engaged in more ritualistic healing in the form of dancing, ceremony, and singing. Some shamans were also believed to be able to tell and influence

770-727: Is dammed by the Del Valle Dam, which forms the reservoir Lake Del Valle in southeastern Alameda County . Downstream from the reservoir, Arroyo Valle drains much of the southern portion of the city of Livermore , and it also flows through and drains a considerable fraction of the city of Pleasanton , both in the Livermore Valley . The stream is a tributary to Arroyo de la Laguna , which is in turn tributary to Alameda Creek , which ultimately reaches San Francisco Bay at Fremont, California . Water quality measurements in Arroyo Valle in

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840-452: Is important because the Ohlone can further piece together a cultural identity of their past ancestors, and ultimately for themselves as well. Additionally, through knowing sacred narratives and sharing them with the public through live performances or storytelling, the Ohlone people are able to create an awareness that their cultural group is not extinct, but actually surviving and wanting recognition. Ohlone folklore and legend centered around

910-555: Is on the western slope of 3,804 feet (1,159 m) Mount Stakes , west of the Santa Clara- Stanislaus County border, about 32 miles (51 km) southeast of Livermore . San Antonio Creek traverses the San Antonio Valley as it heads west to Arroyo Valle. Arroyo Bayo also has its origin on Mount Stakes southwestern slope and traverses Upper San Antonio Valley as it also heads west to Arroyo Valle. Arroyo Valle

980-585: The Carmel Valley . To call attention to the plight of the California Indians, Indian Agent, reformer, and popular novelist Helen Hunt Jackson published accounts of her travels among the Mission Indians of California in 1883. Considered the last fluent speaker of an Ohlone language, Rumsien -speaker Isabel Meadows died in 1939. Descendants are reviving Rumsien, Mutsun, and Chochenyo. The arrival of

1050-1028: The Tamien Nation are direct lineal descendants from Tamien speaking villages of the Santa Clara Valley. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe has members from around the San Francisco Bay Area, and is composed of documented descendants of the Ohlones/Costanoans from the San Jose, Santa Clara, and San Francisco missions. The Ohlone/Costanoan Esselen Nation, consisting of descendants of intermarried Rumsen Costanoan and Esselen speakers of Mission San Carlos Borromeo, are centered at Monterey. The Amah Mutsun  [ Wikidata ] tribe are descendants of Mutsun Costanoan speakers of Mission San Juan Bautista, inland from Monterey Bay. Most members of another group of Rumsien language, descendants from Mission San Carlos,

1120-672: The sweat lodge was low into the ground, its walls made of earth and roof of earth and brush. They built boats of tule to navigate on the bays propelled by double-bladed paddles. Generally, men did not wear clothing in warm weather. In cold weather, they might don animal skin capes or feather capes. Women commonly wore deerskin aprons, tule skirts, or shredded bark skirts. On cool days, they also wore animal skin capes. Both wore ornamentation of necklaces, shell beads and abalone pendants, and bone wood earrings with shells and beads. The ornamentation often indicated status within their community. A full list of their ethnobotany can be found in

1190-427: The 1840s a wave of United States settlers encroached into the area, and California became annexed to the United States. The new settlers brought in new diseases to the Ohlone. The Ohlone lost the vast majority of their population between 1780 and 1850, because of an abysmal birth rate, high infant mortality rate, diseases and social upheaval associated with European immigration into California. Peter Hardeman Burnett ,

1260-598: The Arroyo del Valle flows down the moderately sloping hills to enter gravel pits, where extraction (but not processing) has historically been conducted by Lone Star Industries . Historically, Arroyo Valle was connected to Tulare Lake , a lagoon in the Livermore-Amador Valley, and thus to the Alameda Creek watershed. There are historical records of steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in Arroyo Valle although now

1330-577: The Californian culture heroes of the Coyote trickster spirit, as well as Eagle and Hummingbird (and in the Chochenyo region, a falcon-like being named Kaknu). The Coyote spirit was clever, wily, lustful, greedy, and irresponsible. He often competed with Hummingbird, who despite his small size regularly got the better of him. Ohlone creation stories mention that the world was covered entirely in water, apart from

1400-500: The Costanoan Rumsien Carmel Tribe of Pomona/Chino, now live in southern California. These groups and others with smaller memberships ( See groups listed under " Present day " below ) are separately petitioning the federal government for tribal recognition. British ethnologist Robert Gordon Latham originally used the term "Costanoan" to refer to the linguistically similar but ethnically diverse Native American tribes in

1470-513: The East Bay to Mission San Francisco. In March 1795, this migration was followed almost immediately by the worst-seen epidemic, as well as food shortages, resulting in alarming statistics of death and escapes from the missions. In pursuing the runaways, the Franciscans sent neophytes first and (as a last resort) soldiers to go round up the runaway "Christians" from their relatives, and bring them back to

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1540-613: The Esselen in the south represent a remnant. Datings of ancient shell mounds in Emeryville and in Newark and suggest the villages at those locations were established about 4000 BCE. Through shell mound dating, scholars noted three periods of ancient Bay Area history, as described by F.M. Stanger in La Peninsula : "Careful study of artifacts found in central California mounds has resulted in

1610-428: The Franciscans on missionary outreach daytrips but declined to camp overnight. For the first twenty years, the missions accepted a few converts at a time, slowly gaining population. Between November 1794 and May 1795, a large wave of Bay Area Native Americans were baptized and moved into Mission Santa Clara and Mission San Francisco, including 360 people to Mission Santa Clara and the entire Huichun village populations of

1680-472: The Indians had no natural immunity. Other causes were a drastic diet change from hunter and gatherer fare to a diet high in carbohydrates and low in vegetables and animal protein, harsh lifestyle changes, and unsanitary living conditions. Under Spanish rule, the intent for the future of the mission properties is difficult to ascertain. Property disputes arose over who owned the mission (and adjacent) lands, between

1750-531: The Kuksu/Guksu in Pomo dance ceremonies was often considered the medicine man , and dressed as him when attending the sick. A ceremony dance was named after him. He also appeared in costume at most ceremonies briefly in order to take away the villager's illnesses. All males were expected to join a ceremonial society; some of their dances were private or secret from women and children. Scholars differ in their opinions of

1820-522: The Lake Del Valle Dam is an impassable barrier to spawning runs. Costanoan The Ohlone ( / oʊ ˈ l oʊ n i / oh- LOH -nee ), formerly known as Costanoans (from Spanish costeño meaning 'coast dweller'), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited

1890-467: The Livermore Valley indicate a pH level of 7.0, or neutral with respect to acidity ; phosphate levels were not detectable. In the middle reaches of Arroyo Valle south of Livermore, there has been considerable historic grazing use. Depth to groundwater in this reach of the watershed typically ranges from 50 feet (15 m) to 100 feet (30 m) and flows to the west. Subsequent to this reach,

1960-673: The Missions. Many Ohlone bands refer to anthropologic records to reconstruct their sacred narratives because some Ohlone people living in the missions acted as "professional consultants" for anthropologic research, and therefore told their past stories. The problem with this type of recording is that the stories are not always complete due to translation differences where meaning can be easily misunderstood. Therefore, many Ohlone bands today feel responsible for re-adopting these narratives and discussing them with cultural representatives and other Ohlone people to decide what their meanings are. This process

2030-598: The Native American Ethnobiology Database They use the roots of many species of Carex for basketry. Researchers are sensitive to limitations in historical knowledge, and careful not to place the spiritual and religious beliefs of all Ohlone people into a single unified worldview. Due to the displacement of Indian people in the Missions between 1769 and 1833, cultural groups are working as ethnographers to discover for themselves their ancestral history, and what that information tells about them as

2100-500: The Natives in a petition against the San Jose settlers. The fathers mentioned the "Indians' crops" were being damaged by the San Jose settlers' livestock and also mentioned settlers "getting mixed up with the livestock belonging to the Indians from the mission." They also stated the Mission Indians had property and rights to defend it: "Indians are at liberty to slaughter such (San Jose pueblo) livestock as trespass unto their lands." "By law",

2170-588: The Ohlone and some other northern California tribes descend from Siberians who arrived in California by sea around 3,000 years ago. Some anthropologists think that these people migrated from the San Joaquin–Sacramento River system and arrived into the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Areas in about the 6th century CE, displacing or assimilating earlier Hokan -speaking populations of which

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2240-450: The Ohlone for thousands of years. These shellmounds are the direct result of village life. Archaeologists have examined the mounds and often refer to them as "middens," or "kitchen midden" meaning an accumulation of refuse. One theory is that the massive amount of shellfish remains represent Ohlone ritual behavior, whereas they would spend months mourning their dead and feasting on large amounts of shellfish which were disposed of ever growing

2310-516: The Ohlone region and brought most of the Ohlone into these missions to live and work. The missions erected within the Ohlone region were: Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo (founded in 1770), Mission San Francisco de Asís (founded in 1776), Mission Santa Clara de Asís (founded in 1777), Mission Santa Cruz (founded in 1791), Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (founded in 1791), Mission San José (founded in 1797), and Mission San Juan Bautista (founded in 1797). The Ohlone who went to live at

2380-681: The Ohlone, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the Maidu and groups in the Sacramento Valley ; he noted "if, as seems probable, the southerly Kuksu tribes (the Miwok, Costanoans, Esselen, and northernmost Yokuts) had no real society in connection with their Kuksu ceremonies." The conditions upon which the Ohlone joined the Spanish missions are subject to debate. Some have argued that they were forced to convert to Catholicism , while others have insisted that forced baptism

2450-776: The San Francisco Bay Area. The term was based on the name of a group of Ramaytush speakers in the area of Mission Dolores first mentioned in 1850 as " Olhones or Costanos ". Based on the former, American anthropologist Clinton Hart Merriam referred to the Costanoan groups as "Olhonean" in the early 20th century in his posthumously published field notes, and eventually, the term "Ohlone" has been adopted by most ethnographers, historians, and writers of popular literature. The Ohlone inhabited fixed village locations, moving temporarily to gather seasonal foodstuffs like acorns and berries. The Ohlone people lived in Northern California from

2520-658: The Spaniards in the 1770s." The arrival of missionaries and Spanish colonizers in the mid-1700s had a negative impact on the Ohlone people who inhabited Northern California. The Ohlone territory consisted of the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula down to Big Sur in the south. There were more than fifty Ohlone landholding groups prior to the arrival of the Spanish Missionaries. The Ohlone were able to thrive in this area by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in

2590-622: The Spanish crown, the Catholic Church, the Natives and the Spanish settlers of San Jose : There were "heated debates" between "the Spanish State and ecclesiastical bureaucracies" over the government authority of the missions. Setting the precedent in an interesting petition to the Governor in 1782, the Franciscan priests claimed the "Missions Indians" owned both land and cattle, and they represented

2660-537: The Spanish in the 1776 decelerated the culture, sovereignty, religion, and language of the Ohlone. Before the Spanish invasion, the Ohlone had an estimated 500 shellmounds lining the sea and shores of the San Francisco Bay. Shellmounds are essentially Ohlone habitation sites where peopled lived and died and often buried. The mounds consist predominately of molluscan shells, with lesser amounts mammal and fish bone, vegetal materials and other organic material deposited by

2730-400: The afterlife. Many of these artifacts have been found in and around the shellmounds. They often include a wide variety of shell beads and ornaments as well as frequently used everyday items such as stone and bone tools. These burials also showcase genealogies and territorial rights. The mounds were seen as a cultural statement because the villages on top were clearly visible and their sacred aura

2800-571: The area along the coast from San Francisco Bay through Monterey Bay to the lower Salinas Valley . At that time they spoke a variety of related languages. The Ohlone languages make up a sub-family of the Utian language family. Older proposals place Utian within the Penutian language phylum, while newer proposals group it as Yok-Utian . In pre-colonial times, the Ohlone lived in more than 50 distinct landholding groups , and did not view themselves as

2870-463: The area in 1769 vastly changed tribal life forever. The Spanish constructed missions along the California coast with the objective of Christianizing the native people and culture. Between the years 1769 and 1834, the number of Indigenous Californians dropped from 300,000 to 250,000. After California entered into the Union in 1850, the state government perpetrated massacres against the Ohlone people. Many of

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2940-623: The arriving European settlers. The religious belief system was held by several tribes in Central California and Northern California , from the Sacramento Valley west to the Pacific Ocean . The practice of Kuksu religion included elaborate narrative ceremonial dances and specific regalia. The men of the tribe practiced rituals to ensure good health, bountiful harvests, hunts, fertility, and good weather. Ceremonies included an annual mourning ceremony, rites of passage , and intervention with

3010-426: The cultural, spiritual, and religious beliefs of the tribe. Because not all the Ohlone bands shared a unified identity, and therefore have varying religious and spiritual beliefs, the stories are unique to the tribe. Today, sacred narratives are still an important part of the Ohlone culture. Only a minimal number of sacred stories have survived Spanish colonization during the 1700s and 1800s due to ethnographic efforts in

3080-522: The death of ninety percent of the population, and forcing cultural assimilation with military fortification and Catholic reform. After the arrival of the Americans, many land grants were contested in court. Preserving their burial sites is a way to gain acknowledgment as a cultural group. Kuksu (religion) Kuksu was a religion in Northern California practiced by members within several Indigenous peoples of California before and during contact with

3150-514: The discovery of three distinguishable epochs or cultural 'horizons' in their history. In terms of our time-counting system, the first or 'Early Horizon' extends from about 4000 BCE to 1000 BCE in the Bay Area and to about 2000 BCE in the Central Valley. The second or Middle Horizon was from these dates to 700 CE, while the third or Late Horizon, was from 700 CE to the coming of

3220-525: The first Ohlone people to be encountered and documented in Spanish records when, in 1602, explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno reached and named the area that is now Monterey in December of that year. Despite Vizcaíno's positive reports, nothing further happened for more than 160 years. It was not until 1769 that the next Spanish expedition arrived in Monterey, led by Gaspar de Portolà . This time, the military expedition

3290-436: The future, therefore they were equally able to bring about fortune and misfortune among the community. Additionally, some Ohlone bands built prayer houses, also called sweat lodges , for ceremonial and spiritual purification purposes. These lodges were built near stream banks because water was believed to be capable of great healing. Men and women would gather in the sweat lodges to "cleanse, purify, and empower themselves" for

3360-527: The girth and height of the mound. Shellmounds were once found all over the San Francisco Bay area near marshlands, creeks, wetlands, and rivers. San Bruno Mountain is home to the nation's largest intact shellmound. These mounds are also thought to have served a practical purpose as well, since these shellmounds were usually near waterways or the ocean, they protected the village from high tide as well as to provide high ground for line of sight navigation for watercraft on San Francisco Bay. The Emeryville Shellmound

3430-469: The government for redistribution. At this point, the Ohlone were supposed to receive land grants and property rights, but few did and most of the mission lands went to the secular administrators. In the end, even attempts by mission leaders to restore native lands were in vain. Before this time, 73 Spanish land grants had already been deeded in all of Alta California , but with the new régime most lands were turned into Mexican-owned rancherias. The Ohlone became

3500-724: The laborers and vaqueros (cowboys) of Mexican-owned rancherias. The Ohlone eventually regathered in multi-ethnic rancherias, along with other Mission Indians from families that spoke the Coast Miwok , Bay Miwok , Plains Miwok , Patwin , Yokuts , and Esselen languages. Many of the Ohlone that had survived the experience at Mission San Jose went to work at Alisal Rancheria in Pleasanton , and El Molino in Niles . Communities of mission survivors also formed in Sunol , Monterey and San Juan Bautista . In

3570-633: The land was practiced, mainly by annually setting of fires to burn-off the old growth in order to get a better yield of seeds—or so the Ohlone told early explorers in San Mateo County ." Their staple diet consisted of crushed acorns, nuts , grass seeds, and berries, although other vegetation, hunted and trapped game, fish and seafood (including mussels and abalone from the San Francisco Bay and Pacific Ocean), were also important to their diet. These food sources were abundant in earlier times and maintained by careful work, and through active management of all

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3640-496: The leaders of these massacres were rewarded with positions in state and federal government. These massacres have been described as genocide . Many are now leading a push for cultural and historical recognition of their tribe and what they have gone through and had taken from them. The Ohlone living today belong to various geographically distinct groups, most of which are still in their original home territory, though not all; none are currently federally recognized tribes . Members of

3710-490: The location was a sacred site known as Sogorea Te', one of the last native village sites in the San Francisco Bay that had escaped urban development. Santa Cruz A 6,000-year-old grave site was found at a KB Home construction site in the city of Santa Cruz. Protestors have picketed at the front gate of the Branciforte Creek construction site, holding signs, handing out flyers and engaging passersby to call attention to

3780-517: The mission property was to pass to the Mission Indians after a period of about ten years, when they would become Spanish citizens. In the interim period, the Franciscans were mission administrators who held the land in trust for the Natives. In 1834, the Mexican government ordered all Californian missions to be secularized and all mission land and property (administered by the Franciscans) turned over to

3850-652: The missions were called Mission Indians , and also "neophytes." They were blended with other Native American ethnicities such as the Coast Miwok transported from the North Bay into the Mission San Francisco and Mission San José. Spanish military presence was established at two Presidios, the Presidio of Monterey , and the Presidio of San Francisco , and mission outposts, such as San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia founded in 1786. The Spanish soldiers traditionally escorted

3920-482: The missions. By running to tribes outside of the missions, escapees and those sent to bring them back to the mission spread illness outside of the missions. Indians did not thrive when the missions expanded both their populations and operations in their geographical areas. "A total of 81,000 Indians were baptized and 60,000 deaths were recorded". The cause of death varied, but most were the result of European diseases such as smallpox, measles, and diphtheria against which

3990-531: The missions. Kuksu included elaborate acting and dancing ceremonies in traditional costume, an annual mourning ceremony, puberty rites of passage , intervention with the spirit world and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms. Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the Miwok and Esselen , also Maidu , Pomo , and northernmost Yokuts . However Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony " in

4060-419: The natural resources at hand. Animals in their mild climate included the grizzly bear , elk ( Cervus elaphus ), pronghorn , and deer . The streams held salmon , trout, steelhead, perch , and stickleback . Birds included plentiful ducks , geese , quail , great horned owls , red-shafted flickers , downy woodpeckers , goldfinches , and yellow-billed magpies . Waterfowl were the most important birds in

4130-645: The northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula down to northern region of Big Sur , and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Diablo Range in the east. Their vast region included the San Francisco Peninsula, Santa Clara Valley , Santa Cruz Mountains , Monterey Bay area, as well as present-day Alameda County , Contra Costa County and the Salinas Valley. Prior to Spanish contact, the Ohlone formed

4200-427: The people's diet, which were captured with nets and decoys. The Chochenyo traditional narratives refer to ducks as food, and Juan Crespí observed in his journal that geese were stuffed and dried "to use as decoys in hunting others". Along the ocean shore and bays, there were also otters , whales , and at one time thousands of sea lions . In fact, there were so many sea lions that according to Crespi it "looked like

4270-549: The site. San Jose Ohlone remains were discovered in 1973 near Highway 87 during housing development. Some remains were removed during the construction of the highway. Mount Umunhum (Dove Mountain) is the physical foundation of Tamien Nation oral narrative of the Great Flood - Tamien Nation's most sacred landscape. Fremont Construction crews at a Van Daele Homes luxury housing development unearthed 32 sets of Ohlone remains in 2017. The remains were reburied on-site under

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4340-592: The societies' power in the tribe: "There was no secret society of importance as there was among the Maidu and presumedly among the neighboring Wintun , and no organized priesthood vested with control over ceremonies." In contrast, in 1925 a witness of the Clear Lake Pomo said: "The heart of religious activities lay in a secret society called kuhma , akin to that of the Patwin and Maidu and composed chiefly of men, which managed

4410-590: The spirit world. A male secret society met in underground dance rooms and danced in disguises at the public dances. Among the Patwin and Maidu , Hesi developed as a subdivision of Kuksu distinguished by its female participation. Kuksu has been identified archaeologically by the discovery of underground dance rooms and wooden dance drums. The Patwin culture of Northern California had comparatively strong and noticeable Kuksu systems and rituals. The Maidu culture of Northern California had comparatively strong and noticeable Kuksu systems and rituals. Kuksu

4480-483: The state's first governor, was an open advocate of exterminating local California Indian tribes. By all estimates, the Ohlone were reduced to less than ten percent of their original pre-mission era population. By 1852 the Ohlone population had shrunk to about 864–1,000, and was continuing to decline. By the early 1880s, the northern Ohlone were virtually entirely gone, and the southern Ohlone people were severely impacted and largely displaced from their communal land grant in

4550-484: The supervision of a native consultant. The determination and passion to preserve sacred ground is largely influenced by the desire to revive and preserve the Ohlone cultural heritage. Natives today are engaging in extensive cultural research to bring back knowledge, narratives, beliefs, and practices of the post-contact days with the Spanish. The Spanish eradicated and stripped the Ohlones of their cultural heritage by causing

4620-524: The typical pattern found in California coastal tribes. Each of the Ohlone villages interacted with each other through trade, intermarriage, and ceremonial events, as well as through occasional conflict. The Ohlone culture was relatively stable until the first Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived with the double-purpose of Christianizing the Native Americans by building a series of missions and of expanding Spanish territorial claims. The Rumsien were

4690-509: Was accompanied by Franciscan missionaries, whose purpose was to establish a chain of missions to bring Christianity to the native people. Under the leadership of Father Junípero Serra , the missions introduced Spanish religion and culture to the Ohlone. Spanish mission culture soon disrupted and undermined the Ohlone social structures and way of life. Under Father Serra's leadership, the Spanish Franciscans erected seven missions inside

4760-476: Was not recognized by the Catholic Church. All who have looked into the matter agree, however, that baptized Indians who tried to leave mission communities were forced to return. The first conversions to Catholicism were at Mission San Carlos Borromeo, alias Carmel, in 1771. In the San Francisco Bay area the first baptisms occurred at Mission San Francisco in 1777. Many first-generation Mission Era conversions to Catholicism were debatably incomplete and "external". It

4830-463: Was personified as a spirit being by the Pomo people . Their mythology and dance ceremonies were witnessed, including the spirit of Kuksu or Guksu, between 1892 and 1904. The Pomo used the name Kuksu or Guksu , depending on the dialect, as the name for a red-beaked supernatural being, that lived in a sweathouse at the southern end of the world. Healing was his province and specialty. The person who played

4900-650: Was very dominant. West Berkeley Shellmound The West Berkeley Shellmound , located in Berkeley, California, is thought to be the site of the earliest known habitation in the San Francisco Bay Area. It was mostly removed by the early 20th century, but human remains and artifacts are still found in the area during construction projects. Local Ohlone groups have fought to have a portion of it protected and returned to their use. Glen Cove (Sogorea Te') The City of Vallejo, California built Glen Cove Waterfront Park after years of protests from Ohlone people and their allies that

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