70-531: Arend may refer to: Arend (locomotive) , one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands Arend, Iran , a village Arendsee (lake) or Lake Arend, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany 50P/Arend or Comet Arend, a periodic comet De Arend (disambiguation) , the name of various Dutch windmills Arend (given name) Arend (surname) See also [ edit ] Arent (disambiguation) Arends ,
140-663: A 1,664 mm ( 5 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) gauge of five Portuguese feet – close enough to allow interoperability in practice. The new high-speed network in Spain and Portugal uses standard gauge. The dual-gauge high-speed train RENFE Class 130 can change gauge at low speed without stopping. The 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) gauge was first used in Great Britain in Scotland for two short, isolated lines,
210-410: A Dutch surname Arents , a Dutch and German surname Arent Arentsz (1585–1631), Dutch painter Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), German-American philosopher and political theorist Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Arend . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
280-678: A century about the practicability of third rail operation, and numerous devices have been promoted to overcome the problem, especially at turnouts, including the "Brennan Switch". This gauge was once used by the United Railways and Electric Company and the MTA Maryland and is now used only by the Baltimore Streetcar Museum . As finally established, the Iberian gauge of 1,668 mm ( 5 ft 5 + 21 ⁄ 32 in )
350-616: A gauge of 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) but Luas , the Dublin light rail system, is built to standard gauge. Russia and the other former Soviet Republics use a 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) (originally 5 ft ( 1,524 mm )) gauge while Finland continues to use the 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) gauge inherited from the Russian Empire (the two standards are close enough to allow full interoperability between Finland and Russia). Portugal and
420-460: A law stating "The width of the track or gauge of all roads under this act, shall be four feet ten inches between the rails." When American railroads' track extended to the point that they began to interconnect, it became clear that a single nationwide gauge was desirable. Six-foot-gauge railroads ( 6 ft [ 1,829 mm ]) had developed a large regional following in New York State in
490-523: A modified Siemens Velaro High Speed Train on its flagship St Petersburg to Moscow service at 250 km/h (160 mph) and can run at 350 km/h (220 mph) on dedicated track. The country is planning to build its portion of the Beijing to Moscow high speed railway in broad gauge. Finland uses a modified Alstom pendolino on the Allegro service to Helsinki at 220 km/h (140 mph). Uzbekistan uses
560-626: A modified Talgo 250 on the Tashkent–Bukhara high-speed rail line at 250 km/h (160 mph). South Asia primarily uses the broad gauge for its passenger rail services and the fastest broad gauge train presently in the region is the Indian Railways' Vande Bharat Express (a.k.a. Train 18) . During one of the trial runs, the Vande Bharat Express achieved a peak speed of 180 km/h (110 mph). The sustained speeds of this train
630-567: A period of 36 hours, tens of thousands of workers pulled the spikes from the west rail of all the broad-gauge lines in the South, moved them 3 in (76 mm) east and spiked them back in place. The new gauge was close enough that standard-gauge equipment could run on it without difficulty. By June 1886, all major railroads in North America were using approximately the same gauge. The final conversion to true standard gauge took place gradually as track
700-634: A piece of 1945 mm broad gauge track for the locomotive De Arend on the premises of the Railway Museum . As part of the 175th anniversary of the railways in the Netherlands, this broad gauge track was extended at the railway yard on 19 July 2014. This broad gauge track was largely constructed as a three-rail track and allows for the running of the existing broad gauge rolling stock on special occasions. The De Arend has been at its permanent location since 2005, with two of its carriages (8 and 10), part of
770-418: Is a compromise between the similar, but slightly different, gauges first adopted as respective national standards in Spain and Portugal in the mid-19th century. The main railway networks of Spain were initially constructed to a 1,672 mm ( 5 ft 5 + 13 ⁄ 16 in ) gauge of six Castilian feet. Those of Portugal were initially built in standard gauge, but by 1864 were all converted to
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#1732852033301840-455: Is considerably lower, with a peak operational speed of 160 km/h and an average speed of 95 km/h, due to track limitations. Indian Railways has plans to introduce a higher speed Vande Bharat sleeper train that is capable of 200 km/h, but the project has encountered delays stemming from bids for rolling-stocks with poor local sourcing. A number of semi high speed railway projects using broad gauge tracks are being planned or built in
910-756: Is still used on the streetcars in New Orleans , and the Pittsburgh Light Rail system. This gauge was also used for the now defunct Pittsburgh Railways , West Penn Railways , and trams in Cincinnati . Similar 5 ft 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 1,581 mm ) gauge is used in Philadelphia on SEPTA routes, 15 , the Media–Sharon Hill Line , the Subway–Surface Trolleys and
980-669: Is the dominant track gauge in Spain and Portugal . Broad gauge of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ), commonly known as Indian gauge , is the dominant track gauge in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Argentina , Chile , and on BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay Area . This is the widest gauge in common use anywhere in the world. It is possible for trains on both Iberian gauge and Indian gauge to travel on each other's tracks with no modifications in
1050-820: Is the dominant track gauge in former Soviet Union countries ( CIS states , Baltic states , Georgia , Ukraine ) and Mongolia . Broad gauge of 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ), commonly known as Five foot gauge , is mainly used in Finland . Broad gauge of 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ), commonly known as Irish gauge , is the dominant track gauge in Ireland , the Australian state of Victoria and Adelaide in South Australia and passenger trains of Brazil . Broad gauge of 1,668 mm ( 5 ft 5 + 21 ⁄ 32 in ), commonly known as Iberian gauge ,
1120-497: Is the second most widely used gauge in the world, and spans the whole of the former Soviet Union/ CIS bloc including the Baltic states and Mongolia. Finland uses 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ). The difference is clearly lower than the tolerance margin, so through running is feasible. Care must be taken when servicing international trains because the wear profile of the wheels differs from that of trains that run on domestic tracks only. When
1190-629: The Nederlands Spoorwegmuseum (Dutch Railway Museum) in Utrecht. These replicas were built for the 100th anniversary of the Dutch Railways in 1938–39. The erstwhile Great Indian Peninsula Railway introduced a broad gauge of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) for the first passenger railway line in India, between Bori Bunder and Thane . This was later adopted as the standard throughout
1260-522: The 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) broad gauge was officially adopted as the standard gauge for the Province of Canada , becoming known as the Provincial gauge and government subsidies were unavailable for railways that chose other gauges. This caused problems in interchanging freight cars with northern United States railroads, most of which were built to standard gauge or a gauge similar to it. In
1330-568: The Dundee and Arbroath Railway (1836-1847) and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway (1838- ). Both the lines were subsequently converted to standard gauge and connected to the Scottish rail network. Later this gauge was adopted as a standard for many British colonies such as Province of Canada and British India . In 1851, the 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) broad gauge was officially adopted as
1400-527: The Market–Frankford Line . Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system in the San Francisco Bay Area was opened in 1972 with 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) gauge. The system has been extended multiple times since then, using new railcars custom built with this non-standard gauge. The use of a non-standard gauge precludes interoperability of rolling stock on railway networks. On
1470-599: The R.B. Longridge & Co works at Bedlington in July 1838, of the Stephenson patented Patentee type with the axle layout 1A1, which were named Snelheid , De Arend , Hoop and Leeuw . The De Arend and Leeuw were similar to each other, but differed from the Snelheid and Hoop in several respects. . In May 1839, the Snelheid was delivered first, after which the first trial runs were carried out with that machine. With
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#17328520333011540-800: The Utrechtse Jaarbeurs . The train then returned to the Railway Museum, Since 1989 it has been in service to run steam-powered rides on the museum grounds. From 22 August to 26 October 1997, the De Arend was visiting Switzerland due to the 150th anniversary of the Swiss Railways . From 18 June to 27 June 1999, the De Arend was a guest in the US at the 1999 Railfair at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. On 20 September 2014,
1610-504: The eagle ) was one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands . It was a 2-2-2 Patentee type built in England by R. B. Longridge and Company of Bedlington , Northumberland to run on the then standard Dutch track gauge of 1,945 mm ( 6 ft 4 + 9 ⁄ 16 in ). On 20 September 1839, together with the Snelheid (Dutch for speed ), it hauled
1680-418: The 1870s (mainly between 1872 and 1874), Canadian broad-gauge lines were changed to standard gauge to facilitate interchange and the exchange of rolling stock with American railroads. Today, almost all Canadian railways are standard-gauge. In the early days of rail transport in the US, railways tended to be built out from coastal cities into the hinterland , and systems did not initially connect. Each builder
1750-584: The 1960s. Finland retained the original gauge with no re-standardisation. As part of the railway gauge standardisation considered by the United Kingdom Parliamentary Gauge Commission, Ireland was allocated its own gauge, Irish gauge. Ireland then had three gauges, and the new standard would be a fourth. The Irish gauge of 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) is used in Ireland and parts of Australia and Brazil. A problem with
1820-573: The British Great Western Railway the 7 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 2,140 mm ) gauge was supposed to allow high speed, but the company had difficulty with locomotive design in the early years, losing much of the advantage, and rapid advances in railway track and suspension technology allowed standard-gauge speeds to approach broad-gauge speeds within a decade or two. On the 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) and 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) gauges,
1890-467: The De Arend was used in front of Amsterdam Centraal station as part of the theatre show ‘Als de dag van Toen’, to mark the 175th anniversary of the railways in the Netherlands. The locomotive was not running at the time, but the effect was created with a moving canvas that showed a landscape. In 2016, the Municipality of Amsterdam bridge 1763 named after the locomotive Since 2005 there has also been
1960-649: The Dutch state, but soon by the Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij (NRS), for its Amsterdam–Utrecht–Arnhem line. But the neighbouring countries Prussia and Belgium already used standard gauge, so the two companies had to regauge their first lines. In 1855, NRS regauged its line and shortly afterwards connected to the Prussian railways. The HSM followed in 1866. There are replicas of one broad-gauge 2-2-2 locomotive ( De Arend ) and three carriages in
2030-881: The Erie. These included the Walkill Valley, the Albany and Susquehanna (later part of the Delaware and Hudson); the Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua (later the Northern Central, becoming part of the Pennsylvania Railroad); the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western mainline (which also had a significant amount of trackage in Pennsylvania); predecessor lines of the New York and Oswego Midland (later
2100-620: The Finnish rail network was founded in 1862, Finland was the Grand Duchy of Finland , an autonomic state ruled by the Imperial Russia . The first border crossing railway to Russia was opened in 1870, while the first to Sweden was not until 1919, so railways were built to the broad Russian track gauge of 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ). In Russia, this gauge was re-standardized to 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) during
2170-522: The Irish Gauge in Australia is that it is only 165 mm ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) wider than the standard gauge used in other parts of Australia, principally New South Wales . Therefore, it is not considered advisable to use a third rail to allow dual-gauge operation on mainline sections of track, because of the danger of material lodging between the two rails. There has been argument for well over
Arend - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-792: The New York and Erie would operate passenger cars up to 11 feet (3.4 m) wide. Building westward from the Hudson River, it eventually reached Lake Erie, establishing a mainline longer than 400 miles (640 km) providing a shortcut to the American Midwest region from the New York City vicinity, and helping spawn a regional network of six-foot-gauge railroads almost exclusively within New York State. Many early New York railways were Erie railroad-built branch lines, while others were independent railroads that wanted to partner and interchange with
2310-542: The New York, Ontario, and Western); and the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls (later becoming part of the New York Central railroad's Peanut Route along the shoreline of Lake Ontario). However, by the late 1870s, the trend was inevitable, and conversion to standard gauge began, some lines first becoming "dual gauged" with the addition of a third running rail. Between 1876 and 1880, most of the remaining six-foot gauge trackage
2380-684: The Spanish Renfe system use a gauge of 1,668 mm ( 5 ft 5 + 21 ⁄ 32 in ) called Ancho Ibérico in Spanish or Bitola Ibérica in Portuguese (see Iberian gauge ); though there are plans to convert to standard gauge . In Toronto , Canada, the gauge for TTC subways and streetcars was chosen in 1861. Toronto adopted a unique Toronto gauge of 4 ft 10 + 7 ⁄ 8 in ( 1,495 mm ), an "overgauge" originally stated to "allow horse-drawn wagons to use
2450-457: The additional costs of train procurement, due to the essential modifications of the rolling-stock for the broad gauge, from European rolling-stock manufacturers such as Alstom or Siemens would be softened through a large minimum order size of at least thirty train sets. A considerable debate has continued about the suitability of the high speed rail on standard gauge for the Indian travel demands and
2520-413: The attraction ‘’ The Great Discovery ‘ Since 2005 there has also been a piece of 1945 mm broad gauge track for the locomotive De Arend on the premises of the Railway Museum . As part of the 175th anniversary of the railways in the Netherlands, this broad gauge track was extended at the railway yard on 19 July 2014. This broad gauge track was largely constructed as a three-rail track and allows for
2590-618: The condition of the Hoop had become poor, and it was suggested that this locomotive be used as a supplier of spare parts ('pick loco') for the Snelheid . A similar plan was also drawn up for the R3 Arend and the Leeuw . Due to the bad experiences with the Leiden locomotive and the cancellation of two locomotives similar to it, there would be no replacement locomotives for the pick locomotives to be set aside. It
2660-553: The cost of construction led to the adoption of 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) gauge and then 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) and 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauges for many secondary and branch lines. In the later part of the 20th century, due to interchangeability and maintenance issue, the railways in each of the countries in the Indian Subcontinent began to convert all metre-gauge and narrow-gauge lines to this gauge. Today,
2730-487: The country, as it was thought to be safer in areas prone to cyclones and flooding. The 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) gauge is now commonly referred to as Indian gauge . While some initial freight railway lines in India were built using standard gauge , most of the standard and narrow gauge railways have since been dismantled and relaid in broad gauge. Ireland and some states in Australia and Brazil have
2800-509: The delivery of the De Arend in early September 1839, train service could be started. The opening runs took place on 20 and 21 September 1839, with regular service commencing on 24 September 1839. The Lion was delivered as the fourth locomotive on 26 December 1839. The De Arend and Leeuw served the entire HSM broad gauge line, which was extended to Leiden in 1842, to The Hague in 1843 and to Rotterdam in 1847. In 1848, it appeared that
2870-457: The extra width allowed bigger inside cylinders and greater power, a problem solvable by using outside cylinders and higher steam pressure on standard gauge. In the end, the most powerful engines on standard gauge in North America and Scandinavia far exceeded the power of any early broad-gauge locomotive, but then met limits set by other factors such as the capacity of manual stoking, the axle (and total) locomotive weight that would trigger upgrades to
Arend - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-544: The first part of the 19th century, due to the influence of the New York and Erie , one of the early pioneering railroads in America, chartered in 1832, with its first section opening in 1841. The builders and promoters decided that a six-foot track gauge would be needed for locomotives to be larger and more powerful than were in general use at the time, for pulling very large trains. Also the six-foot gauge provided greater stability, and
3010-621: The first train of the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij between Amsterdam and Haarlem . It was withdrawn in 1857. In 1939 a replica of the De Arend was constructed for the 100th anniversary of the Dutch railways. It is displayed at the Nederlands Spoorwegmuseum (Dutch Railway Museum) in Utrecht . The Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HSM), founded in 1837, ordered four locomotives from
3080-464: The gauge with the greatest mileage. Railways which had already received their enabling Act would continue at the 7 ft gauge. Ireland, using the same criteria, was allocated a different standard gauge, the Irish gauge , of 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) which is also used in the Australian states of South Australia and Victoria. Broad-gauge lines in Britain were gradually converted to dual gauge or standard gauge from 1864 and finally
3150-463: The high speed rail on the standard gauge over the broad gauge, for cost sensitive rail markets in South Asia, especially in India. This gauge is used by the Toronto streetcar system and the Toronto subway This gauge was first used in the United Kingdom and the United States before it became the standard gauge for most railways in the former Soviet Union. Russian gauge or CIS gauge 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in )
3220-399: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arend&oldid=983420382 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arend (locomotive) De Arend ( Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈʔaːrənt] ;
3290-415: The last of Brunel's broad gauge was converted over a weekend in 1892. In 1839, the Netherlands started its railway system with two broad-gauge railways. The chosen gauge of 1,945 mm ( 6 ft 4 + 9 ⁄ 16 in ) was applied between 1839 and 1866 by the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HSM) for its Amsterdam–The Hague–Rotterdam line and between 1842 and 1855, firstly by
3360-400: The locomotive was used in filming for the film ‘’100 years of railways in the Netherlands‘’ at Hoofddorp Station . In the summer of 1939, the Arend drove around the exhibition grounds set up for the celebration of the centenary of the railways at Frederiksplein in Amsterdam . For ten cents, people could ride along for two rounds. At least 100,000 people took advantage of this opportunity;
3430-436: The locomotive wore out in 1913. The gauge initially proposed by Brunel was 7 ft ( 2,134 mm ) exactly but this was soon increased by 1 ⁄ 4 in (6 mm) to 7 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 2,140 mm ) to accommodate clearance problems identified during early testing. George Stephenson was to add an extra half inch to his original 4 ft 8 in ( 1,422 mm ) gauge for
3500-552: The locomotive‘’, a keystone for the Weesperpoortbrug in Amsterdam. In 1938, the Central Workshop in Zwolle built a replica on the occasion of the centenary of the railways in the Netherlands. Of twin locomotive the ‘’Lion‘’, the original drawings had survived, with which a replica was made of the ‘’Arend‘’, which had been delivered to the HSM as the second locomotive. Together with three also reconstructed matching passenger carriages (3rd class no. 10 ‘’waggon‘’, 2nd class no. 8 ‘’ char à bancs ‘’ and 1st class no. 4 ‘’diligence‘’),
3570-472: The nationwide rail network in Pakistan , Sri Lanka and Nepal is entirely on this gauge, whereas India , under Project Unigauge , and Bangladesh are still undergoing gauge conversion. This gauge is the widest gauge in regular passenger use in the world. Some railways in the United States were laid with a gauge of 6 ft ( 1,829 mm ). The Gualala River Railroad operated 5 feet 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (1,740 mm) tracks for
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#17328520333013640-400: The period 1854-1855, the HSM tried to take over some of the younger broad gauge locomotives that had become redundant at the NRS, to replace the oldest of its own locomotives. However, the NRS had already sold them to the dealer B.J. Nijkerk in Amsterdam. With this trader, the HSM agreed to swap twelve locomotives with an additional payment of 2,000 guilders per locomotive. In 1856, the ‘’Leeuw‘’
3710-471: The possible exclusion of the existing rail network in India. The recent discussions around the Kerala semi-high speed rail has highlighted the limitations of high speed rail on broad gauge. Since most of the global high speed rail infrastructure is built using the standard gauge, the cost benefits of using off-the-shelf rolling-stocks with minimal customizations and the availability of extensive, well proven technical know-how, are significant factors in favor of
3780-600: The rails and bridges, the maximum wheelbase and/or boiler length compatible with an individual route's curves. In the 1930s German engineering studies focused on a Breitspurbahn system of railways of 3 meter gauge to serve Hitler's future German Empire. Spain uses standard gauge track for its high speed railways in order to provide cross-border services with France and the rest of Western Europe, but runs high speed trains on its legacy broad gauge network at 200 km/h (120 mph) and are developing trains to travel at speeds in excess of 250 km/h (160 mph). Russia uses
3850-445: The rails" on the horse-drawn streetcar lines of the day but with the practical effect of precluding the use of standard-gauge equipment in the street. The Toronto Transit Commission still operates the Toronto streetcar system and three heavy-rail subway lines using this unique gauge. The light metro Scarborough RT and two light rail lines under construction ( Eglinton Crosstown line and Finch West ) use standard gauge. In 1851,
3920-400: The region, with sustained speeds of 200 km/h with future-proofing for 250 km/h. India's current high speed railway project is being built on the standard gauge due to limitations imposed by the Japanese consortium funding the project, however the feasibility reports by both the French and German consultants preferred a broad gauge high speed railway. These European reports stated that
3990-574: The running of the existing broad gauge rolling stock on special occasions. The De Arend has been at its permanent location since 2005, with two of its carriages (8 and 10), part of the attraction ‘’ The Great Discovery ‘ Broad gauge A broad-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge (the distance between the rails) broader than the 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) used by standard-gauge railways . Broad gauge of 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ), more known as Russian gauge ,
4060-418: The same reason. While the parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was initially prepared to authorise lines built to the broad gauge of 7 ft ( 2,134 mm ), it was eventually rejected by the Gauge Commission in favour of all new railways in England, Wales and Scotland being built to standard gauge of 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1,435 mm ), this being
4130-427: The standard gauge for the Province of Canada , becoming known as the Provincial gauge , and government subsidies were unavailable for railways that chose other gauges. In the 1870s, mainly between 1872 and 1874, Canadian broad-gauge lines were changed to standard gauge to facilitate interchange and the exchange of rolling stock with American railways. Today, all Canadian railways are standard-gauge. In US, this gauge
4200-409: The train covered about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) on the grounds. Afterwards, the locomotive was stored in a shed near the workshop in Zwolle. There, the second ‘’Arend‘’ survived the destruction of Zwolle yard in 1945 by a German Sprengkommando . In 1948, the locomotive and carriages were brought to Delft for the 100-year anniversary of the Delftsch Studenten Corps . The student fraternity
4270-415: The train. After two years in the locomotive shed in Hoorn , the train was incorporated into the newly opened Nederlands Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht Maliebaan Station in 1953, where it has had its home base ever since. During the event ‘’ Treinen door de Tijd ‘’, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the railways in the Netherlands in 1989, the Dez Arend made its rounds on the exhibition grounds at
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#17328520333014340-430: The vast majority of cases. In Great Britain , broad gauge was first used in Scotland for the Dundee and Arbroath Railway (1836–1847) and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway (1838–1848). Both short and isolated lines, they were built in 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ). The lines were subsequently converted to standard gauge and connected to the emerging Scottish rail network. The Great Western Railway
4410-430: Was adopted for many lines, but soon fell out in favour of standard gauge. Today, only California's Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) uses this gauge. In British India , some standard gauge freight railways were built in initial period, though they were dismantled later. Later, in the 1850s, the gauge of 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) was adopted as standard for the nationwide network. Attempts to economize on
4480-407: Was converted. In 1886, the railways in the Southern United States agreed to coordinate changing gauge on all their tracks. After considerable debate and planning, most of the southern rail network was converted from 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) gauge to 4 ft 9 in ( 1,448 mm ) gauge, nearly the standard of the Pennsylvania Railroad , over two days beginning on 31 May 1886. Over
4550-443: Was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1838 with a gauge of 7 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 2,140 mm ), and retained this gauge until 1892. Some harbours also used railways of this gauge for construction and maintenance. These included Portland Harbour and Holyhead Breakwater, which used a locomotive for working sidings . As it was not connected to the national network, this broad-gauge operation continued until
4620-411: Was exchanged for the younger ex-NSR locomotive 16 ‘’Bromo‘’ . The ‘’Bromo‘’ was immediately rejected and delivered back to the contractor. In 1857, the ‘’De Arend‘’ was exchanged for the NRS 12 ‘’Vesusius‘’ , which served the HSM until 1863. All the aforementioned locomotives were subsequently scrapped . In 1939, Hildo Krop chiselled ‘’D'Arend‘’ out in granite for his sculpture ‘’The development of
4690-566: Was free to choose its own gauge, although the availability of British-built locomotives encouraged some railways to be built to standard gauge. As a general rule, southern railways were built to one or another broad gauge, mostly 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ), while northern railroads that were not standard gauge tended to be narrow gauge. Most of the original track in Ohio was built in 4 ft 10 in ( 1,473 mm ) Ohio gauge , and special "compromise cars" were able to run on both this track and standard gauge track. In 1848, Ohio passed
4760-402: Was located on the Phoenixstraat , where a third rail was installed alongside the track of the tramlijn Den Haag-Delft over a length of 950 metres (1,040 yd). 13,000 people took a ride for 15 cents. From 21 August to 1 September 1951, the train ran in Enschede , where the exhibition ‘’FF (fecerunt fortissimo)‘’ was held in the Volkspark . Of the 210,000 visitors, 20,000 took a ride on
4830-410: Was maintained. Some North American tram (streetcar) lines intentionally deviated from standard gauge. This may have been to make the tram companies less tempting targets for takeovers by the steam railways (or competing tram companies), which would be unable to run their trains over the tram tracks. Pennsylvania trolley gauge of 5 ft 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1,588 mm ),
4900-412: Was then decided to completely overhaul the four oldest locomotives. After overhauling the Speed and the Hoop in 1848 and 1849, the Leeuw and the Arend were overhauled in 1850 and 1851 respectively. After the railway of the Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij (NRS) had been converted from broad gauge to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge in
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