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41-457: In 1886, 43,643 people lived in Ardahan Vilayet of which 46.6% was Turkish, 16% was Kurdish, 14.3% Karapapakh , 12.9% Greek, 7.2% Turkmen, 2.4% Russian and 0.6% Armenian. The town of Ardahan had a population of 778 of which 51.8% was Turkish, 22.1% Russian, 18.1% Armenian and 6.2% Greek. In the 1897 Russian Empire Census , Ardahan okrug had a population of 65,763 of which 42.6%

82-624: A Turkic people, who originally spoke the Karapapakh language, a western Oghuz language closely related to Azerbaijani and Turkish . Nowadays, the Karapapakh language has been largely supplanted by Azerbaijani and Turkish. After moving into Western Asia in the Middle Ages together with other Turkic speakers and Mongol nomads, the Karapapakhs settled along the Debed river in eastern Georgia (along

123-634: A Turkoman group. George Bournoutian referred to them as "Turkicized Kazakhs (Qazzaqs)." They had moved into Western Asia in the Middle Ages together with other Turkic-speaking and Mongol nomads, where some had become peasants. The Karapapakh fought on the Iranian side against the Russians in the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 . Following the Russian victory in the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 and

164-570: A minority being Shia. The Karapapakhs were listed as a separate group in the 1926 Soviet census. During the Soviet Union's existence however the Karapapakhs were culturally and linguistically assimilated by the Azerbaijanis . They were counted as "Azerbaijanis" in the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses . In 1944, the Karapapakhs in the Soviet Union were deported en masse to Soviet Central Asia , along with Meskhetian Turks , Kurds and others of

205-680: Is a geographical region of Turkey . The most populous province in the region is Van Province . Other populous provinces are Malatya , Erzurum and Elazığ . It is bordered by the Black Sea Region and Georgia in the north, the Central Anatolia Region in the west, the Mediterranean Region in the southwest, the Southeastern Anatolia Region and Iraq in the south, and Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Iran in

246-577: Is a unique natural incident, between mid of June and mid July during sunset, depending on angles of the sunrays. An image resembling the silhouette of Atatürk 's face can be seen as a shadow on the hillside. It was first seen by a shepherd who was with his herd over the hill. 41°06′47″N 42°49′15″E  /  41.11306°N 42.82083°E  / 41.11306; 42.82083 Karapapakhs The Karapapakhs ( Azerbaijani : Qarapapaqlar ; Turkish : Karapapaklar ), or Terekeme (Azerbaijani: Tərəkəmələr ; Turkish: Terekemeler ), are

287-469: Is attractive open countryside which however spends many months of the year under snow. At this altitude temperatures on average reach −20 °C (−4 °F) and can drop below freezing all year round, including summer months. The local economy depends on farming and raising livestock. Until 1993 Ardahan was a district of the province of Kars , becoming a province in its own right has meant more investment in infrastructure There are two crossing points into

328-780: Is attributed to Strabo , who calls it Gogarene ( Gugark ) and mentions that it was a part of the Kingdom of Armenia , taken away from the Kingdom of Iberia . In the Middle Ages Ardahan served as an important transit point for goods arriving from the Abbasid Caliphate and departing to the regions around the Black Sea . During the 8th to 10th centuries the region was in hands of the Bagrationi princes of Tao-Klarjeti , and later part of Kingdom of Georgia between 11th to 15th centuries. It

369-609: Is closely related to Azerbaijani and Turkish . In the Georgian SSR of the Soviet Union, this language was often confused with Azerbaijani. Bearing similarities to the process of assimilation in the Soviet Union, in Turkey, the Karapapakhs no longer speak their Turkic language and have completely switched to Turkish. Brent Brendemoen notes in Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects that

410-535: The Ali-Illahism syncretic religion. They also explain that due to the religious practices of the Karapapakh, "there has traditionally been an element of secretiveness and fanaticism to Karapapakh religion". Bennigsen likewise stated that "a certain number of the Karapapakhs are Ali Ilahis, which somewhat hinders their assimilation by the Azeris". Olson et al. lastly added that there were more than 10,000 Karapapakhs in

451-472: The Ardahan sanjak as part of eyalet of Childir . In 1578 Ottomans appointed the former Georgian prince, Manuchar (who took the name of Mustafa after converting to Islam ) as the first governor. From 1625 onwards the entire eyalet was a hereditary possession of the now-Muslim atabegs of Samtskhe, which administered it as hereditary governors, with some exceptions, until the mid-18th century. In 1878, after

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492-481: The Azerbaijanis , and they were counted as "Azerbaijanis" in the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses . In 1944 the Karapapakh in the Soviet Union were deported en masse to Soviet Central Asia . The Karapapakhs have traditionally been Sunnis , Shias , and adherents of Ali-Illahism . According to the latest western ethnographic works that primarily dealt with the ethnography of the Soviet Union , most Karapapakhs in

533-578: The Georgian SSR . According to Olson et al. , which was published in 1994 and specifically deals with the ethnography of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, the Karapapakhs are described as a small ethnic group and a Turkmen tribe, who primarily live in and around Tashkent , the capital of the Uzbek SSR at the time of the book's publication. They add that the Karapapakhs are primarily adherents of

574-580: The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , the region was incorporated into the Russian Empire , and until 1918 was known as Kars Oblast . Northern part of the province is Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1919 to 1921 and southern part of the province is Democratic Republic of Armenia from 1919 to 1920, Ardahan was reclaimed by Turkey under the Treaty of Kars in 1921. Ardahan Province was created in 1992 from

615-515: The Samtskhe–Javakheti district of Georgia, one at Posof and the other (currently closed) at Çıldır . The Turkish military have a strong presence in this border district, another boost to the local economy. The predominant climate in the Ardahan province is humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc), with most large settlements in

656-575: The Solduz (present-day Naqadeh) district as a fief to 800 Karapapakh families and these new settlers, in return, had to have 400 horsemen ready for disposal for the government. Just prior to their arrival, there were 4–5,000 families in Solduz district consisting of Kurds and Turkics from the Muqaddam tribe. Gradually however, the land passed into the hands of the Karapapakh newcomers. In 19th-century Iran, as part of

697-758: The 1980s lived in Turkey , Iran , Soviet Central Asia (primarily the Uzbek SSR ) and the Soviet republics of the Caucasus (primarily the Georgian SSR and the Armenian SSR ). Karapapakh translates as "black hat" in Oghuz Turkic. The Karapapakhs are sometimes referred to as Terekeme or Tarakama (from Arabic : تراكمة , romanized :  Tarākameh , the broken plural for Turkmen —a term traditionally used for any Turkic nomadic people). The Karapapakhs were originally

738-464: The 2000 census. The population density (40 inhabitants per square kilometre (100/sq mi)) is lower than the average for Turkey (98/km (250/sq mi)). The region has the second most rural population in Turkey after the Black Sea region . Migration, especially to Marmara Region, is high. Migration to other regions and abroad is higher than the natural population increase. Until the Armenian genocide ,

779-667: The Armenian history of the region. Eastern Anatolia Region has four subdivisions: Provinces that are entirely in the Eastern Anatolia Region: Provinces that are mostly in the Eastern Anatolia Region: The Eastern Anatolia Region is located in the easternmost part of Turkey . It is bounded by Turkey's Central Anatolia Region to the west; Turkey's Black Sea Region to the north; Turkey's Southeast Anatolia Region and Iraq to

820-494: The Armenian history of the region. It has the highest average altitude, largest geographical area, and lowest population density of the seven Turkish regions . The English-language name Anatolia ( Turkish : Anadolu ) derives from the Greek Ἀνατολή ( Anatolḗ ) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. Traditionally, Anatolia

861-703: The Iranian irregular army, the Karapapakh tribe was one of the twenty-two units ( dastehs ) of provincial militia from the province of Azerbaijan . Several years after the Russian conquest of Kars , the Tsarist government conducted a population counting of the newly acquired province. In this 1883 population counting of the Kars Oblast , the Karapapakhs (in Russian , Карапапахи ) numbered 21,652, of whom 11,721 were Sunnis and 9,931 were Shias . The Tsarist authorities also regarded

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902-707: The Kars district, 29 in Ardahan , and 7 in Kağızman . During the Ottoman occupation of Iran's Naqadeh from 1908 to 1912, the Karapapakh population suffered considerably as they were seen as Iranian agents by the Ottomans. In the early 20th century, the Karapapakh in Naqadeh district shared eleven villages with Sunni Kurds . According to the 1926 Soviet census , the number of Karapapakhs had drastically declined to only 6,315, which reflected

943-585: The Soviet Union at the time, with most of them localized in Soviet Central Asia; small numbers of Karapapakhs had been able however to return to southern Georgia and northern Armenia in the 1980s. Some 30,000 and 60,000 Karapapakhs were reportedly living in Iran and Turkey respectively at the time. Groups of Karapapakh still live around Ardahan, Kars and Iğdır to this present day. The Karapapakhs originally mainly spoke their own western Oghuz language , which

984-896: The Terekeme tribe of the Dagestan Oblast as part of the Karapapakh tribe. The 1886–1892 Tsarist population figures counted 8,893 Terekeme in the Dagestan Oblast and counted them as part of the total Karapapakh population within the empire. According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, there were 29,879 Karapapakhs in the entire Russian Empire. According to the 1910 publication of the Caucasian Calendar , Karapapakhs reportedly numbered some 39,000 and were distributed in 99 villages in Kars Oblast. 63 of these villages were located in

1025-419: The east. The region encompasses most of Western Armenia and had a large population of indigenous Armenians until the Armenian genocide . The Anatolia peninsula historically never encompassed what is now called "Eastern Anatolia" which was, instead, referred to as the Armenian highlands . It was renamed by the newly founded Turkish Republic in the 1920s. This has been seen as an attempt by Turkey to erase

1066-549: The first Turkish census taking place in 1927, Ardahan District had a population of 88,989 of which 85.8% spoke Turkish as first language , while 13.8% spoke Kurdish . 98.8% of the Kurdish-speaking population lived in Göle sub-district . In the same census, almost 100% of the population was Muslim . 14 Christians lived in the district. The district had a population of 104,911 in 1935. The first surviving record about this region

1107-530: The loss of Kars Oblast to the newly established Republic of Turkey following World War I . Mid-1920 figures showed that 70% of all Karapapakhs lived in Iran and 30% in the Soviet Union; the Karapapakhs in Turkey were most likely considered simply as Turks by that time, and thus no figures for Turkey were reported. According to Shirin Akiner 's Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union , first published in 1983 and dealing with

1148-468: The migration of the Karapapakhs (and Terekeme, amongst others) in modern times from Turkey's east has been responsible for bringing Arabic loanwords with Persian vocalism to isolated areas as far west as Kangal in Sivas . The Karapapkhs were traditionally involved in sheep-rearing and a bit of agriculture. Eastern Anatolia The Eastern Anatolia region ( Turkish : Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi )

1189-528: The northern part of Kars Province . The construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline gave the local economy a brief boost from 2000 onwards. Ardahan province is located in the far north east of Turkey, where the eastern extremity of the high plateau of Eastern Anatolia converges with the Lesser Caucasus mountain range. It is consequently an area of very high altitude and severe winters. This

1230-458: The present-day Georgian-Armenian border ). They moved to Qajar Iran , and the Ottoman Empire after the Treaty of Turkmenchay was concluded between Iran and Russia in 1828. The Karapapakhs who remained within the Russian Empire were counted as a separate group in Tsarist population figures. During the Soviet Union 's existence, the Karapapakhs were culturally and linguistically assimilated by

1271-430: The province being located in lowest possible elevation areas, in attempt to avoid the year-round cold temperatures, thus staying just below the subarctic limit. Smaller locales, districts, villages and a significant portion of the landscape, exhibits a true subarctic climate (Dfc), being the second most widespread climate in the region. Ardahan province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold ): There

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1312-409: The region also had a large population of indigenous Armenians , when it was also known as Western Armenia , and in addition had significant minorities of Georgians , Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks . The average altitude is 2,200 m (7,200 ft). Major geographic features include plains, plateaus and massifs. There is some volcanic activity today. Since most of the region is far from

1353-449: The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay , the Karapapakhs migrated from the area along the Debed river in eastern Georgia (along the present-day Georgian-Armenian border ), to the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran . They partly settled in the Ottoman region of Kars , where they formed 15% of the population, and partly in the Iranian region of Solduz (present-day Naqadeh ), south of Lake Urmia . Iranian crown prince Abbas Mirza handed over

1394-403: The sea, and has high altitude, it has a harsh continental climate with long winters and short summers. During the winter, it is very cold and snowy, during summer the weather is cool in the highlands and warm in the lowlands. The region's annual temperature difference is the highest in Turkey. Some areas in the region have different microclimates. As an example, Iğdır (near Mount Ararat ) has

1435-587: The situation in and around the 1926 Soviet census, the great majority of the Karapapakh lived outside of the Soviet Union at the time. Those within the Soviet Union, mainly lived in the southern part of the Azerbaijan SSR along the Aras River . Akiner added that even in 1926, barely any Karapapakh could converse in the original Karapapakh language. Most of the Soviet Karapapakhs at the time were Sunnis, with

1476-460: The south; and Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia to the east, where Eastern Anatolia overlaps and converges with the South Caucasus region and Lesser Caucasus mountain plateau. The area of the region is 164,330 km (63,450 sq mi), which comprises 20.9% of the total area of Turkey. The total population of the region is 5,966,101 (2019 estimate), down from 6,100,000 at

1517-511: The territory "Eastern Anatolia" as part of a wider policy of removing all non-Turkish names of places following the Armenian genocide . Beginning in 1880, the name Armenia was forbidden to be used in official documents of the Ottoman Empire , in an attempt to play down the role of Armenians in the region. The government of Sultan Abdul Hamid II replaced the name Armenia with such terms as "Kurdistan" or "Anatolia". The Sublime Porte believed there would be no Armenian question if there

1558-448: Was Turkish, 19.1% Kurdish, 12% Karapapakh, 11.9% Greek, 6.6% Turkmen and 2.9% Armenian. Slavs constituted 3.9% of the population. The town of Ardahan had a population of 4,142 of which 37.1% was Slavic, 31.7% Armenian, 18% Turkish and 2.6% Greek. In 1908, Ardahan sancak had a population of 71,469 of which 41.6% was Turkish, 18.1% was Kurdish, 15.4% Greek, 14.4% Karapapakh, 7.9% Turkmen, 2.2% Russian and 0.4% Armenian. In

1599-706: Was a theatre of war during the Byzantine-Georgian wars . According to the Arab historian Yahya of Antioch , the Byzantines razed Ardahan and slaughtered its population in 1021. The Mongols took hold of the region in the 1230s but the Georgian princes of Samtskhe were able to recapture it in 1266. As a result of Peace of Amasya , signed in 1555 with the Safavid Persia , Ardahan passed to Ottoman hands and reorganized into

1640-516: Was considered to be a peninsula the eastern boundary of which was a line from the Black Sea to the Gulf of Alexandretta , which is to the west of what is now the Eastern Anatolia Region. As a geographical term, this definition continues to be used. Historically, the region was referred to as the Armenian highlands or Western Armenia . In 1923, the newly founded Republic of Turkey renamed

1681-577: Was no Armenia. The process of "nationalization" of toponyms was continued and gained momentum under the Kemalists after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey . The region encompasses most of Western Armenia ( Armenian : Արեւմտյան Հայաստան ) and had a large population of indigenous Armenians until the Armenian genocide . The Anatolia peninsula never encompassed what is now called "Eastern Anatolia", which has been seen as an attempt by Turkey to erase

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