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72-428: The Khanate of Khiva ( Chagatay : خیوه خانلیگی , romanized:  Khivâ Khânligi , Persian : خانات خیوه , romanized :  Khânât-e Khiveh , Uzbek : Xiva xonligi , Хива хонлиги , Turkmen : Hywa hanlygy , Russian : Хивинское ханство , romanized :  Khivinskoye khanstvo ) was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarazm from 1511 to 1920, except for

144-905: A Russian protectorate . The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara . Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 , Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic . In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today it is largely a part of Karakalpakstan , Xorazm Region in Uzbekistan , and Daşoguz Region of Turkmenistan . The terms "Khanate of Khiva" and "Khivan Khanate", by which

216-456: A 1995 reform, and brought the orthography closer to that of Turkish and also of Turkmen , Karakalpak , Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani . In 2021, it was proposed to change "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" to "ş", "ç", "ō" and "ḡ". These proposals were not implemented. In the western Chinese region of Xinjiang , in northern Afghanistan and in Pakistan , where there is an Uzbek minority,

288-475: A Turkic language, Uzbek is null subject , agglutinative and has no noun classes (gender or otherwise). Although Uzbek has no definite articles , it has indefinite articles bir and bitta . The word order is subject–object–verb (SOV). In Uzbek, there are two main categories of words: nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs) and verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs). Plurals are formed by suffix -lar ـلر. Nouns take

360-591: A detailed comparison of the Chagatai and Persian languages. Here, Nava’i argued for the superiority of the former for literary purposes. His fame is attested by the fact that Chagatai is sometimes called "Nava'i's language". Among prose works, Timur 's biography is written in Chagatai, as is the famous Baburnama (or Tuska Babure ) of Babur , the Timurid founder of the Mughal Empire . A Divan attributed to Kamran Mirza

432-492: A few Russian and Turkic slaves. Before and during this period, the settled area was increasingly infiltrated by Uzbeks from the north, with their Turkic dialects evolving into what is now the Uzbek language , while the original Iranian Khwarezmian language died out. The swampy area of the lower delta was increasingly populated by Karakalpaks and there were Kazakh nomads on the northern border. The Turkmen nomads paid taxes to

504-573: A highly Oghuz-influenced variety of Karluk. All three dialects continue to exist within modern spoken Uzbek. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the Uzbek government opted to reform Northern Uzbek by changing its alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin in an attempt to stimulate the growth of Uzbek in a new, independent state. However, the reform never went into full application, and As of 2024 both alphabets are widely used, from daily uses to government publications and TV news. Uzbek language hasn't eclipsed Russian in

576-580: A history of the Golden Horde entitled the Tarikh-i Dost Sultan in Khwarazm . In terms of literary production, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are often seen as a period of decay. It is a period in which Chagatai lost ground to Persian. Important writings in Chagatai from the period between the 17th and 18th centuries include those of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur : Shajara-i Tarākima (Genealogy of

648-459: A large but short-lived empire in southern Central Asia , taking Khwarazm in 1505. At nearly the same time, Shah Ismail I was building a powerful Shiite state in Persia . The two consequently clashed in 1510 near Merv with Muhammad killed in the battle and Khwarazm shortly occupied. The Shah's religion provoked resistance and in 1511 his garrison was expelled and power passed to Ilbars, who founded

720-505: A martyr, God be thanked I am become a ghazi. Uzbek ruler Muhammad Shaybani Khan wrote a prose essay called Risale-yi maarif-i Shaybāni in Chagatai in 1507, shortly after his capture of Greater Khorasan , and dedicated it to his son, Muhammad Timur. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, "Bahr ul-Khuda", written in 1508, is located in London Ötemish Hajji wrote

792-518: A modern borrowed pronunciation from Tatar that is not consistent with historic Kazakh and Kyrgyz treatments of these letters Many orthographies, particularly that of Turkic languages, are based on Kona Yëziq. Examples include the alphabets of South Azerbaijani , Qashqai , Chaharmahali , Khorasani , Uyghur , Äynu , and Khalaj . Virtually all other Turkic languages have a history of being written with an alphabet descended from Kona Yëziq, however, due to various writing reforms conducted by Turkey and

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864-488: A peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate . The conquest ended the Khivan slave trade . After the conquest of what is now Turkmenistan (1884) the protectorates of Khiva and Bukhara were surrounded by Russian territory. The first significant settlement of Europeans in the Khanate was a group of Mennonites who migrated to Khiva in 1882. The German-speaking Mennonites had come from

936-585: A period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya , south of the Aral Sea , with the capital in the city of Khiva . It covered present-day western Uzbekistan , southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before the Russian conquest at the second half of the 19th century. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was greatly reduced in size and became

1008-656: A series of Uzbek dialects. Ethnologue records the use of the word "Chagatai" in Afghanistan to describe the "Tekke" dialect of Turkmen . Up to and including the eighteenth century, Chagatai was the main literary language in Turkmenistan and most of Central Asia. While it had some influence on Turkmen, the two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic language family. The most famous of Chagatai poets, Ali-Shir Nava'i, among other works wrote Muhakamat al-Lughatayn ,

1080-482: Is devoted to the description of diseases, their recognition and treatment. One of the manuscript lists is kept in the library in Budapest . Prominent 19th-century Khivan writers include Shermuhammad Munis and his nephew Muhammad Riza Agahi. Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva also wrote ghazals . Musa Sayrami 's Tārīkh-i amniyya , completed in 1903, and its revised version Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi , completed in 1908, represent

1152-514: Is no longer used in Uzbekistan except symbolically in limited texts or for the academic studies of Chagatai (Old Uzbek) . In 2019, an updated version of the Uzbek Latin alphabet was revealed by the Uzbek government, with five letters being updated; it was proposed to represent the sounds "ts", "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" by the letters "c", "ş", "ç", "ó" and "ǵ", respectively. This would've reversed

1224-413: Is taught in more than fifty higher education institutions around the world. Historically, the language under the name Uzbek referred to a totally different language of Kipchak origin. The language was generally similar to the neighbouring Kazakh , more or less identical lexically, phonetically and grammatically. It was dissimilar to the area's indigenous and native language, known as Turki , until it

1296-538: Is written in Persian and Chagatai, and one of Bairam Khan 's Divans was written in Chagatai. The following is a prime example of the 16th-century literary Chagatai Turkic, employed by Babur in one of his ruba'is . Islam ichin avara-i yazi buldim, Kuffar u hind harbsazi buldim Jazm aylab idim uzni shahid olmaqqa, Amminna' lillahi ki gazi buldim I am become a desert wanderer for Islam, Having joined battle with infidels and Hindus I readied myself to become

1368-493: The -ni ـنی suffix as a definite article; unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite. The dative case ending -ga ـگه changes to -ka ـکه when the noun ends in -k ـک, -g ـگ, or -qa ـقه when the noun ends in -q ـق, -gʻ ـغ (notice *tog‘qa → toqqa تاغقَّه). The possessive suffixes change the final consonants -k ـک and -q ـق to voiced -g ـگ and -gʻ ـغ, respectively ( yurak → yura g im یورک - یورگیم). Unlike neighbouring Turkmen and Kazakh languages, due to

1440-530: The Caspian Sea . After he won the battle, Shir Ghazi Khan (1715–1728) made a treaty and suggested that the Russians disperse so that they could be better fed. After they dispersed they were all killed or enslaved, only a few surviving to tell the tale. In 1801 an army was sent toward Khiva but was recalled when Paul I was murdered. In the Khivan campaign of 1839 Perovsky tried an attack from Orenburg . The weather

1512-716: The Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680s), a descendant empire of the Mongol Empire left to Genghis Khan 's second son, Chagatai Khan . Many of the Turkic peoples , who spoke this language claimed political descent from the Chagatai Khanate. As part of the preparation for the 1924 establishment of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan , Chagatai was officially renamed "Old Uzbek", which Edward A. Allworth argued "badly distorted

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1584-769: The Karluk or "Southeastern" branch of Turkic. External influences on Uzbek include Arabic , Persian , and Russian . One of the most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel / ɑ / to / ɒ / under the influence of Persian . Unlike other Turkic languages, vowel harmony is almost completely lost in modern Standard Uzbek, though it is still observed to some degree in its dialects, as well as in Uyghur. Different dialects of Uzbek show varying degrees of influence from other languages such as Kipchak and Oghuz Turkic (for example, in grammar) as well as Persian (in phonology), which gives literary Uzbek

1656-458: The Karluk branch of the Turkic language family. It is descended from Middle Turkic , which served as a lingua franca in Central Asia, with a strong infusion of Arabic and Persian words and turns of phrase. Mehmet Fuat Köprülü divides Chagatay into the following periods: The first period is a transitional phase characterized by the retention of archaic forms; the second phase began with

1728-697: The Khan and were a large part of his army, but often revolted. Since the heart of the Khanate was surrounded by semi-desert the only easy military approach was along the Oxus . This led to many wars with the Khanate of Bukhara further up the river (1538–40, 1593, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1684, 1689, 1694, 1806, and others). Before 1505, Khwarazm was nominally dependent on the Timurid Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara based in Khorasan . From 1488 Muhammad Shaybani built

1800-518: The Khorezm SSR ) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924, with the former khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan respectively. Today, the area that was the khanate has a mixed population of Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , Turkmens , and Kazakhs . Data on

1872-411: The Mughal Empire ). Chagatai contained large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords . By the 19th century, it was rarely used for literary composition and disappeared only in the early 20th century. Muhammad Shaybani ( c.  1451 – 2 December 1510), the first Khan of Bukhara , wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". A collection of Chagatai poems by Muhammad Shaybani is currently kept in

1944-559: The Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan (and mothertongue of the city Osh ), like the rest of Eastern, Southern and South-Eastern Kyrgyzstan ( Jalal-Abad Region ), the ethnic Kyrgyzes are, too, exposed to Uzbek, and some speak it fluently. This is a common situation in the rest of Central Asian republics, including: the Turkistan region of Kazakhstan , northern Daşoguz Welaýat of Turkmenistan , Sughd region and other regions of Tajikistan . This puts

2016-592: The Perso-Arabic alphabet . This variation is known as Kona Yëziq, ( transl.  old script ). It saw usage for Kazakh , Kyrgyz , Uyghur , and Uzbek . А а Ә ә U u, Oʻ oʻ Ұ ұ, Ү ү О о, Ө ө О о, Ө ө ئۆ/ئو, ئۈ/ئۇ Ө ө, У у, Ү ү Ө ө, У у, Ү ү A a Э э, е Э э, е ئە/ئا Ә ә Ә ә Е e, I i Ы ы, І і Ы ы, И и ئى، ئې The letters ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء are only used in loanwords and do not represent any additional phonemes. For Kazakh and Kyrgyz, letters in parentheses () indicate

2088-610: The Soviet Union , many of these languages now are written in either the Latin script or the Cyrillic script . The Qing dynasty commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki, such as the Pentaglot Dictionary . The basic word order of Chagatai is SOV. Chagatai is a head-final language where the adjectives come before nouns. Other words such as those denoting location, time, etc. usually appear in

2160-552: The Syr Darya . The Empire's military superiority was such that Khiva and the other Central Asian principalities, Bukhara and Kokand , had no chance of repelling the Russian advance, despite years of fighting. In 1873, after Russia conquered the great cities of Tashkent and Samarkand , General Von Kaufman launched an attack on Khiva consisting of 13,000 infantry and cavalry. The city of Khiva fell on 10 June 1873 and, on 12 August 1873,

2232-584: The Topkapı Palace Museum manuscript collection in Istanbul . The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, Bahr al-Khudā , written in 1508, is located in London. Shaybani's nephew Ubaydullah Khan (1486-1540) skillfully recited the Quran and provided it with commentaries in Chagatai. Ubaydulla himself wrote poetry in Chagatai, Classical Persian, and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. For

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2304-574: The Volga region and the Molotschna colony under the leadership of Claas Epp Jr. The Mennonites played an important role in modernizing the Khanate in the decades prior to the October Revolution by introducing photography, resulting in the development of Uzbek photography and filmmaking, more efficient methods for cotton harvesting, electrical generators, and other technological innovations. After

2376-486: The 17th/18th centuries, the polity was often called "Urgench" (or "Iurgench" in Russian sources). This name was also sometimes used in Iran and Bukhara, with the designation "Urganji" often being used as the collective name for its inhabitants. See Khwarazm , the local name of the region. After the capital was moved to Khiva , Khwarazm came to be called the Khanate of Khiva (the state had always referred to itself as Khwarazm,

2448-506: The 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution , anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. By early February 1920, the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Kungrad khan, Sayid Abdullah , abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later

2520-866: The Arabic-based script is still used. In the early 21st century, in Afghanistan, standardization, publication of dictionaries, and an increase in usage (for example in News agencies' website, such as that of the BBC ) has been taking place. Words are usually oxytones (i.e. the last syllable is stressed), but certain endings and suffixal particles are not stressed. Consonants in brackets are only attested in loanwords. Standard Uzbek has six vowel phonemes. Uzbek language has many dialects: contrary to many Turkic languages, Standard Uzbek no longer has vowel harmony , but other dialects (Kipchak Uzbek and Oghuz Uzbek) retain vowel harmony. As

2592-491: The Kazakh scholar Serali Lapin , who lived at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, "there is no special Sart language different from Uzbek. Russian researchers of the second half of the 19th century, like L. N. Sobolev, believed that "Sart is not a special tribe, as many tried to prove. Sart is indifferently called both Uzbek and Tajik, who live in the city and are engaged in trade. In Khanate of Khiva , Sarts spoke

2664-498: The Khanate of Khiva as a name was popularized by Russian historians in honor of its capital, Khiva). Some time around 1600, the Daryaliq or west branch of the Oxus dried up causing the capital to be moved south to Khiva from Konye-Urgench . Although based in the Oxus delta, the Khanate usually controlled most of what is now Turkmenistan . The population consisted of agriculturalists along

2736-465: The Khivan Khans is sparse and sometimes contradictory, especially for the minor khans. Names and dates from Bregel/Muniz which probably gives the best modern scholarship. Short biographies are from Howarth's 1880 book which is old but has biographies of most of the khans. According to Howorth, the ancestors of Ilbars were Arabshah, Haji Tuli, Timur Sheikh, Yadigar Khan, Bereke, Ilbars. Arabshah's brother

2808-529: The Russian Federation. According to Russian government statistics, 4.5 million workers from Uzbekistan, 2.4 million from Tajikistan , and 920,000 from Kyrgyzstan were working in Russia in 2021, with around 5 million being ethnic Uzbeks. Estimates of the number of native speakers of Uzbek vary widely, from 35 up to 40 million. Ethnologue estimates put the number of native speakers at 35 million across all

2880-507: The Turkmens) and Shajara-i Turk (Genealogy of the Turks). Abu al-Ghāzī is motivated by functional considerations and describes his choice of language and style in the sentence ‘I did not use one word of Chaghatay (!), Persian or Arabic’. As is clear from his actual language use, he aims at making himself understood to a broader readership by avoiding too ornate a style, notably saj’ , rhymed prose. In

2952-408: The Uzbek political elite of the 16th century, Chagatai was their native language. For example, the leader of the semi-nomadic Uzbeks, Sheibani Khan (1451–1510), wrote poems in Chagatai. The poet Turdiy (17th century) in his poems called for the unification of the divided Uzbek tribes: "Although our people are divided, but these are all Uzbeks of ninety-two tribes. We have different names – we all have

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3024-405: The ancestor of their own brand of Turkic. Thus, Old Uzbek, Old Uyghur, Old Tatar , Old Turkmen, and a Chaghatay-influenced layer in sixteenth-century Azerbaijanian have been studied separately from each other. There has been a tendency to disregard certain characteristics of Chaghatay itself, e.g. its complex syntax copied from Persian . Chagatai developed in the late 15th century. It belongs to

3096-510: The best sources on the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in Xinjiang . The following are books written on the Chagatai language by natives and westerners: Sounds /f, ʃ, χ, v, z, ɡ, ʁ, d͡ʒ, ʔ, l/ do not occur in initial position of words of Turkish origin. Vowel length is distributed among five vowels /iː, eː, ɑː, oː, uː/. Chagatai has been a literary language and is written with a variation of

3168-468: The closest to it. Uzbeks regard Chagatai as the origin of their language and Chagatai literature as part of their heritage. In 1921 in Uzbekistan , then a part of the Soviet Union , Chagatai was initially intended to be the national and governmental language of the Uzbek SSR . However, when it became evident that the language was too archaic for that purpose, it was replaced by a new literary language based on

3240-554: The eastern variant is Uyghur. Karluk is classified as a dialect continuum . Northern Uzbek was determined to be the most suitable variety to be understood by the most number of speakers of all Turkic languages despite it being heavily Persianized , excluding the Siberian Turkic languages . A high degree of mutual intelligibility found between certain specific Turkic languages has allowed Uzbek speakers to more easily comprehend various other distantly related languages. Uzbek, being

3312-444: The front vowel inflections; and, if the stem contains [q] or [ǧ], which are formed in the back of the mouth, back vowels are more likely in the inflection. These affect the suffixes that are applied to words. Uzbek language Uzbek is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks . It is the official and national language of Uzbekistan and formally succeeded Chagatai , an earlier Karluk language also known as Turki , as

3384-611: The government sector since Russian is used widely in sciences, politics, and by the upper class of the country. However, the Uzbek internet, including Uzbek Misplaced Pages , is growing rapidly. Uzbek has been written in a variety of scripts throughout history: Despite the official status of the Latin script in Uzbekistan, the use of Cyrillic is still widespread, especially in advertisements and signs. In newspapers, scripts may be mixed, with headlines in Latin and articles in Cyrillic. The Arabic script

3456-465: The impression of being a mixed language. In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin -based alphabet by 1 January 2023. Similar deadlines had been extended several times. As of 2024, most institutions still use both alphabets. Uzbek is the western member of the Karluk languages, a subgroup of Turkic;

3528-468: The khan to free all Russian subjects under his control, and also to make the ownership of Russian slaves a crime punishable by death. The freed slaves and Shakespear arrived in Fort Alexandrovsk on 15 August 1840, and Russia lost its primary motive for the conquest of Khiva, for the time being. A permanent Russian presence on the Aral Sea began in 1848 with the building of Fort Aralsk at the mouth of

3600-406: The literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity. It was also referred to as "Turki" or "Sart" in Russian colonial sources. In China, it is sometimes called "ancient Uyghur ". In the twentieth century, the study of Chaghatay suffered from nationalist bias. In the former Chaghatay area, separate republics have been claiming Chaghatay as

3672-598: The literary language of Uzbekistan in the 1920s. Uzbek is spoken as either a native or second language by around 32 million people around the world, making it the second-most widely spoken Turkic language after Turkish . There are two major variants of the Uzbek language: Northern Uzbek, or simply "Uzbek", spoken in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and China ; and Southern Uzbek , spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Both Northern and Southern Uzbek are divided into many dialects. Uzbek and Uyghur are sister languages and they constitute

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3744-557: The long-lived Arabshahid dynasty. Around 1540 and 1593, the Khans were driven out by the Bukharans. In both cases they fled to Persia and soon returned. In 1558, Anthony Jenkinson visited Old Urgench and was not impressed. Following Arap Muhammad (1602–23), who moved the capital to Khiva , there was a period of disorder, including an invasion by the Kalmyks , who left laden with plunder. Disorder

3816-958: The loss of "pronominal -n- " there is no irregularity in forming cases after possessive cases ( uyida "in his/her/its house", as opposed to Turkmen öýü n de , though saying uyi n da اویینده is also correct but such style is mainly used in literary contexts). Uzbek verbs are also inflected for number and person of the subject, and it has more periphrases . Uzbek uses some of the inflectional (simple) verbal tenses: -(a)ylik (biz) ـه‌یلیک (بیز) -∅ (sen) ـ (سین) -(i)ng (siz) ـینگ (سیز) -(i)nglar (sizlar) ـینگلر (سیزلر) -sin (u) ـسین (او) -sinlar (ular) ـسینلر (اولر) koʻr aylik ! کوره‌یلیک (1st person plural) koʻr ! کور (2nd person informal singular) koʻr ing ! کورینگ (2nd person formal singular/plural) koʻr inglar ! کورینگلر (2nd person formal plural) koʻr sin ! کورسین (3rd person singular) koʻr sinlar ! کورسینلر (3rd person plural) Vowels marked with parentheses in

3888-527: The most widely spoken indigenous language in Central Asia , is as well spoken by smaller ethnic groups in Uzbekistan and in neighbouring countries. The language is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popularity of Uzbek media , including Uzbekfilm and RizanovaUz, has spread among the Post-soviet states , particularly in Central Asia in recent years. Since Uzbek is the dominant language in

3960-497: The number of L2 speakers of Uzbek at a varying 1–5 million speakers. The Uzbek language has a special status in countries that are common destination for immigration for Uzbekistani citizens. Other than Uzbekistan and other Central Asian Republics , the ethnic Uzbeks most commonly choose the Russian Federation in search of work. Most of them however, are seasonal workers, whose numbers vary greatly among residency within

4032-576: The order of emphasis put on them. Like other Turkic languages , Chagatai has vowel harmony (though Uzbek , despite being a direct descendant of Chaghatai, notably doesn't ever since the spelling changes under USSR; vowel harmony being present in the orthography of the Uzbek perso-arabic script). There are mainly eight vowels, and vowel harmony system works upon vowel backness . The vowels [i] and [e] are central or front-central/back-central and therefore are considered both. Usually these will follow two rules in inflection : [i] and [e] almost always follow

4104-464: The polity is commonly known in Western scholarship, are a calque that derive from the Russian exonym : Хивинское ханство , romanized :  Khivinskoe khanstvo . The term was first used by the Russians in the second half of the 17th century, or in the 18th century. Locals of the polity did not use this term, and instead referred to it as the vilayet Khwārazm ("country of Khwārazm"). Prior to

4176-403: The publication of Ali-Shir Nava'i 's first divan and is the highpoint of Chagatai literature, followed by the third phase, which is characterized by two bifurcating developments. One is preservation of the classical Chagatai language of Nava'i, the other the increasing influence of dialects of the local spoken languages. Uzbek and Uyghur , two modern languages descended from Chagatai, are

4248-554: The reasons for the 1839 attack was the increasing number of Russian slaves held at Khiva. To remove this pretext Britain launched its own effort to free the slaves. Major Todd, the senior British political officer stationed in Herat (in Afghanistan ) dispatched Captain James Abbott , disguised as an Afghan, on 24 December 1839, for Khiva. Abbott arrived in late January 1840 and, although the Khan

4320-868: The recognized dialects. The Swedish national encyclopedia, Nationalencyklopedin , estimates the number of native speakers to be 38 million, and the CIA World Factbook estimates 30 million. Other sources estimate the number of speakers of Uzbek to be 34 million in Uzbekistan, 4.5 million in Afghanistan, 1,630,000 in Pakistan, 1,500,000 in Tajikistan, about 1 million in Kyrgyzstan, 600,000 in Kazakhstan, 600,000 in Turkmenistan, and 300,000 in Russia. The Uzbek language

4392-521: The region was that of the Kara-Khanid Khanate from the 9th–12th centuries, a confederation of Karluks , Chigils , Yagma , and other tribes. Uzbek (along with Uyghur) can be considered the direct descendant of Chagatai, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan , Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurid dynasty (including the early Mughal rulers of

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4464-407: The river, the Turkic Sarts , and nomads or semi-nomads away from the river. It is arbitrary to anachronistically project modern ethnic and national identifications, largely based on Soviet national delimitation policies, on pre-modern societies. The settled population was composed of aristocrats and peasants bound to the land. During the mid-1600s many Persian slaves were captured by Turkmens and

4536-534: The same blood. We are one people, and we should have one law. Floors, sleeves and collars – it's all – one robe, So the Uzbek people are united, may they be in peace." Sufi Allayar (1633–1721) was an outstanding theologian and one of the Sufi leaders of the Khanate of Bukhara. He showed his level of knowledge by writing a book called Sebâtü'l-Âcizîn . Sufi Allayar was often read and highly appreciated in Central Asia. The term Uzbek as applied to language has meant different things at different times. According to

4608-437: The second half of the 18th century, Turkmen poet Magtymguly Pyragy also introduced the use of classical Chagatai into Turkmen literature as a literary language, incorporating many Turkmen linguistic features . Bukharan ruler Subhan Quli Khan (1680–1702) was the author of a work on medicine, "Subkhankuli's revival of medicine" ("Ihya at-tibb Subhani") which was written in the Central Asian Turkic language (Chaghatay) and

4680-422: The suffixes are dropped if the verb root already ends on a vowel. (e.g. Qara قره + (i)ng ـینگ = Qarang! قره‌نگ; "Look!" ) Third person plural is commonly replaced by third person singular. In the simple past and conditional tenses, the possessive suffixes are used at the end of the verb. Otherwise, the full pronoun suffix is used, except in the imperative. The third person is usually not marked. Negative

4752-423: Was Ibrahim Oghlan, ancestor of the khans of Bukhara. Chagatay language Ali-Shir Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Chagatai literature is still studied in modern Uzbekistan , where the language is seen as the predecessor and the direct ancestor of modern Uzbek , and the literature is regarded as part of the national heritage of Uzbekistan. The word Chagatai relates to

4824-463: Was a Shibanid ruler, son of Shakhniyaz khan who unwisely killed some Persian ambassadors. In a repeat of the Shah Ismail story, Nadir Shah conquered Khiva, beheaded Ilbars and freed some 12,000–20,000 slaves. Next year the Persian garrison was slaughtered, but the rebellion was quickly suppressed. Persian pretensions ended with Nadir's murder in 1747. After 1746, the Qongrat tribe became increasingly powerful and appointed puppet khans. Their power

4896-467: Was changed to Chagatai by western scholars due to its origins from the Chagatai Khanate . The ethnonym of the language itself now means "a language spoken by the Uzbeks ." Turkic speakers probably settled the Amu Darya , Syr Darya and Zarafshon river basins from at least 600–650 AD, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of the Eastern Iranian languages who previously inhabited Sogdia , Bactria and Khwarazm . The first Turkic dynasty in

4968-423: Was ended by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663) who twice defeated the Kalmyks and wrote a history of Central Asia. His son Anusha (1663–1685) presided over a period of urban growth until he was deposed and blinded. From 1695, Khiva was for some years a vassal of Bukhara which appointed two khans. Shir Gazi Khan (1714–1727), who was killed by slaves, is said to have been the last proper Arabshahid. Khan Ilbars (1728–40)

5040-556: Was formalized as the Qongrat dynasty by Iltuzar Khan in 1804. Khiva flourished under Muhammad Rahim Khan (1806–1825) and Allah Quli Khan (1825–1840) and then declined. After Muhammad Amin Khan was killed trying to retake Sarakhs on March 19, 1855, there was a long Turkmen rebellion (1855–1867). In the first two years of the rebellion, two or three Khans were killed by Turkmens. Russians made five attacks on Khiva. Around 1602 some free Ural Cossacks unsuccessfully raided Khwarazm. In 1717 Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky attacked Khiva from

5112-491: Was suspicious of his identity, he succeeded in talking the Khan into allowing him to carry a letter for the Tsar regarding the slaves. He left on 7 March 1840, for Fort Alexandrovsk , and was subsequently betrayed by his guide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the origin and destination of his letter. His superiors in Herat , not knowing of his fate, sent another officer, Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear , after him. Shakespear had more success than Abbott: he convinced

5184-452: Was unusually cold and he was forced to turn back after losing many men and most of his camels. Khiva was finally conquered by the Khivan campaign of 1873 . The Russians installed Sayyid Muhammad Rahim Bahadur Khan II as the vassal ruler of the region. The conquest of Khiva was part of the Russian conquest of Turkestan . British attempts to deal with this were called the Great Game . One of

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