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50-629: Tarikh-i Dost Sultan (named for Dost Sultan, son of Bujugha khan, who briefly ruled the Khanate of Khiva in 1557-1558, apparently the patron of the work) is a work of Ötemish Hajji bin Mawlana Muhammad Dosti  [ ru ] , an historian of Khwarezm . It is a narrative account of the history of the Ulus of Jochi , including the conversion of Uzbeg Khan , leader of the Golden Horde , to Islam in

100-558: A bread factory, a farmer's market, cultural, trade, and service establishments are operational. There are branches of Urgench University specializing in agro-management, the Uzbek Academy of Sciences Khorezm Mamun Academy, the Qoraqum Scientific Research Station, pedagogical, medical, and tourism colleges, vocational lyceums, a gymnasium, 15 general education schools, a house of culture, 2 special boarding schools,

150-475: A few surviving to tell the tale. In 1801 an army was sent toward Khiva but was recalled when Paul I was murdered. In the Khivan campaign of 1839 Perovsky tried an attack from Orenburg . The weather was unusually cold and he was forced to turn back after losing many men and most of his camels. Khiva was finally conquered by the Khivan campaign of 1873 . The Russians installed Sayyid Muhammad Rahim Bahadur Khan II as

200-490: A peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate . The conquest ended the Khivan slave trade . After the conquest of what is now Turkmenistan (1884) the protectorates of Khiva and Bukhara were surrounded by Russian territory. The first significant settlement of Europeans in the Khanate was a group of Mennonites who migrated to Khiva in 1882. The German-speaking Mennonites had come from

250-464: A regional puppet theater, an art school, 2 libraries and their branches, and cultural and recreational gardens. The central hospital, polyclinic, maternity hospital, children's hospital, dental treatment center, central pharmacy, specialized clinics, and other medical facilities are available in the district. Historical and architectural sites in the area include : the Sayd Alauddin mausoleum,

300-589: A short-lived (1920-1924) Khorezm People's Soviet Republic formed out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before its incorporation into the USSR in 1924. The city of Khiva became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Khiva is split into two parts. The outer town, called Dichan Kala, was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates. The inner town, or Itchan Kala , is encircled by brick walls, whose foundations are believed to have been laid in

350-508: Is also known as Persian : خیوه , Xīveh ; alternative or historical names include Orgunje , Kheeva , Khorasam , Khoresm , Khwarezm , Khwarizm , Khwarazm , Chorezm , Arabic : خوارزم and Persian : خوارزم . In the early part of its history, the Aryan inhabitants spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian . Turks replaced the Iranian ruling class in the 10th century AD, and

400-409: Is amazing in its beauty. On the entrance doors the date of construction - 1778-1782 years is preserved. But 210 columns of the mosque , supporting the roof , are much older - from XII to XV centuries. The columns are remarkable for their amazing slenderness, rich ornamental carving. They were brought here from other ancient buildings, so many columns are unique and do not resemble each other. At

450-519: Is limited to Togan's own publications, and publications such scholars as have consulted the manuscript in Togan's library. Khanate of Khiva The Khanate of Khiva ( Chagatay : خیوه خانلیگی , romanized:  Khivâ Khânligi , Persian : خانات خیوه , romanized :  Khânât-e Khiveh , Uzbek : Xiva xonligi , Хива хонлиги , Turkmen : Hywa hanlygy , Russian : Хивинское ханство , romanized :  Khivinskoye khanstvo )

500-550: Is said to have been the last proper Arabshahid. Khan Ilbars (1728–40) was a Shibanid ruler, son of Shakhniyaz khan who unwisely killed some Persian ambassadors. In a repeat of the Shah Ismail story, Nadir Shah conquered Khiva, beheaded Ilbars and freed some 12,000–20,000 slaves. Next year the Persian garrison was slaughtered, but the rebellion was quickly suppressed. Persian pretensions ended with Nadir's murder in 1747. After 1746,

550-487: Is the twin hudjras - cells for living of students . Belts of colored brick sets and majolica facings decorate the building wonderfully. On the territory of Konya Ark (Old Fortress ) there is the palace of Muhammad Rahimxon I with rich and unusual interior decoration . The walls of the hall are decorated with ganch carving with coloring. The neighboring two-storied building is a harem . There are many rich chambers, living rooms. The Juma Mosque (X century, 1788)

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600-504: The Kalmyks , who left laden with plunder. Disorder was ended by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663) who twice defeated the Kalmyks and wrote a history of Central Asia. His son Anusha (1663–1685) presided over a period of urban growth until he was deposed and blinded. From 1695, Khiva was for some years a vassal of Bukhara which appointed two khans. Shir Gazi Khan (1714–1727), who was killed by slaves,

650-572: The Khorezm SSR ) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924, with the former khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan respectively. Today, the area that was the khanate has a mixed population of Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , Turkmens , and Kazakhs . Data on

700-639: The Pahlavon Mahmud Complex , the Juma Mosque , the Old Ark , Oqshayx Bobo's Palace, Toshhovli Palace , Nurullabai Palace , Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah , Muhammad Rahimxon Madrasah , Islamkhodja Madrasah and Minaret, Olloqulixon Madrasah , Qutlughmurad Inoq Madrasah , Olloqulixon Caravanserai and its market, Anushakhan Bathhouse, Oq Mosque , Polvon Gate , Ota Gate , Bogcha Gate , Tosh Gate , Hazorasp Gate, Kush Gate , and more. The town publishes

750-564: The Qongrat tribe became increasingly powerful and appointed puppet khans. Their power was formalized as the Qongrat dynasty by Iltuzar Khan in 1804. Khiva flourished under Muhammad Rahim Khan (1806–1825) and Allah Quli Khan (1825–1840) and then declined. After Muhammad Amin Khan was killed trying to retake Sarakhs on March 19, 1855, there was a long Turkmen rebellion (1855–1867). In the first two years of

800-737: The Russian conquest at the second half of the 19th century. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was greatly reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate . The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara . Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 , Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic . In 1924,

850-553: The Syr Darya . The Empire's military superiority was such that Khiva and the other Central Asian principalities, Bukhara and Kokand , had no chance of repelling the Russian advance, despite years of fighting. In 1873, after Russia conquered the great cities of Tashkent and Samarkand , General Von Kaufman launched an attack on Khiva consisting of 13,000 infantry and cavalry. The city of Khiva fell on 10 June 1873 and, on 12 August 1873,

900-575: The Volga region and the Molotschna colony under the leadership of Claas Epp Jr. The Mennonites played an important role in modernizing the Khanate in the decades prior to the October Revolution by introducing photography, resulting in the development of Uzbek photography and filmmaking, more efficient methods for cotton harvesting, electrical generators, and other technological innovations. After

950-434: The throne room decorated with silver chasing on a red background. The building has a beautiful iwan with columns. The palace is also remarkable for its rich majolica wall lining with intricate ornaments . The Pahlavon Mahmud Memorial Complex was built in memory of the revered Khiva poet , who after his death was canonized as the patron saint of the city. Nearby is the 45-meter high Islomxo‘ja minaret topped with

1000-783: The vassal ruler of the region. The conquest of Khiva was part of the Russian conquest of Turkestan . British attempts to deal with this were called the Great Game . One of the reasons for the 1839 attack was the increasing number of Russian slaves held at Khiva. To remove this pretext Britain launched its own effort to free the slaves. Major Todd, the senior British political officer stationed in Herat (in Afghanistan ) dispatched Captain James Abbott , disguised as an Afghan, on 24 December 1839, for Khiva. Abbott arrived in late January 1840 and, although

1050-600: The "Khiva-Sharq Gavhari" magazine (since 2001) and the "Khiva Tongi" district newspaper. The town is a prominent center for global tourism, attracting over 200,000 tourists every year, including nearly 7,000 international visitors. "O'zbekTurizm" national company operates in the town, and several private guesthouses are in operation. A trolleybus line was established from Khiva to Urgench in 1997. Bus and minibus routes connect Khiva to Tashkent , Bukhara , Navoi , Samarkand , Urgench , Qo'shko'pir , Yangiariq , Bog'ot , Hazorasp , and other major cities and population centers in

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1100-415: The 10th century. Present-day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters. Kalta Minor, the large blue tower in the central city square, was supposed to be a minaret. It was built in 1851 by Mohammed Amin Khan , but the Khan died and the succeeding Khan did not complete it. The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses, mostly dating from

1150-406: The 18th or 19th centuries. Djuma Mosque, for instance, was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788–89, although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures. Khiva was home to a number of madrassahs (educational establishments), one of which, Sherghazi Khan madrassah, still stands today. It was built in the 18th century by slaves and is one of

1200-507: The 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution , anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. By early February 1920, the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Kungrad khan, Sayid Abdullah , abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later

1250-547: The Khan was suspicious of his identity, he succeeded in talking the Khan into allowing him to carry a letter for the Tsar regarding the slaves. He left on 7 March 1840, for Fort Alexandrovsk , and was subsequently betrayed by his guide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the origin and destination of his letter. His superiors in Herat , not knowing of his fate, sent another officer, Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear , after him. Shakespear had more success than Abbott: he convinced

1300-467: The Khivan Khans is sparse and sometimes contradictory, especially for the minor khans. Names and dates from Bregel/Muniz which probably gives the best modern scholarship. Short biographies are from Howarth's 1880 book which is old but has biographies of most of the khans. According to Howorth, the ancestors of Ilbars were Arabshah, Haji Tuli, Timur Sheikh, Yadigar Khan, Bereke, Ilbars. Arabshah's brother

1350-536: The area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today it is largely a part of Karakalpakstan , Xorazm Region in Uzbekistan , and Daşoguz Region of Turkmenistan . The terms "Khanate of Khiva" and "Khivan Khanate", by which the polity is commonly known in Western scholarship, are a calque that derive from the Russian exonym : Хивинское ханство , romanized :  Khivinskoe khanstvo . The term

1400-589: The capital to be moved south to Khiva from Konye-Urgench . Although based in the Oxus delta, the Khanate usually controlled most of what is now Turkmenistan . The population consisted of agriculturalists along the river, the Turkic Sarts , and nomads or semi-nomads away from the river. It is arbitrary to anachronistically project modern ethnic and national identifications, largely based on Soviet national delimitation policies, on pre-modern societies. The settled population

1450-560: The city of Khiva appear in Muslim travel accounts from the 10th century although archaeological evidence indicates habitation in the 6th century; by the early 17th century, Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva. The khanate was ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans , a Genghisid dynasty. In the 17th century, Khiva began to develop as a slave market . For several centuries, the cities of Bukhara and Khiva were known as major centers of

1500-520: The collective name for its inhabitants. See Khwarazm , the local name of the region. After the capital was moved to Khiva , Khwarazm came to be called the Khanate of Khiva (the state had always referred to itself as Khwarazm, the Khanate of Khiva as a name was popularized by Russian historians in honor of its capital, Khiva). Some time around 1600, the Daryaliq or west branch of the Oxus dried up causing

1550-625: The course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia , in 1873 the Russian General Konstantin von Kaufman launched an attack on the city of Khiva, which fell on 28 May 1873. Although the Russian Empire controlled the Khanate, it allowed Khiva to remain as a nominally quasi-independent protectorate . Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917,

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1600-462: The early 14th century. The "Tarikh-i Dost Sultan" also served as the foundation for the early historical sections of 'Abdulgaffar Qirimi's Umdet üt-tevärih , a history of the Crimean Tatar people written in 1744. The work survives only in a single complete manuscript, formerly owned by Turkologist and Bashkir nationalist Zeki Velidi Togan (d. 1970). It has not been edited, and scholarly discussion

1650-417: The gates of Polvon darvoza there is a whole ensemble of buildings. The main palace of Khiva khans Toshhovli occupies a special place here. The architecture of its numerous apartments and decorative furnishings are unique. There are ornamental wood carvings , majolica facings and figurative cartouches . The palace of Kurnysh-khan was intended for lavish receptions. Once there was a wooden throne in

1700-518: The khan to free all Russian subjects under his control, and also to make the ownership of Russian slaves a crime punishable by death. The freed slaves and Shakespear arrived in Fort Alexandrovsk on 15 August 1840, and Russia lost its primary motive for the conquest of Khiva, for the time being. A permanent Russian presence on the Aral Sea began in 1848 with the building of Fort Aralsk at the mouth of

1750-545: The lower delta was increasingly populated by Karakalpaks and there were Kazakh nomads on the northern border. The Turkmen nomads paid taxes to the Khan and were a large part of his army, but often revolted. Since the heart of the Khanate was surrounded by semi-desert the only easy military approach was along the Oxus . This led to many wars with the Khanate of Bukhara further up the river (1538–40, 1593, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1684, 1689, 1694, 1806, and others). Before 1505, Khwarazm

1800-646: The oldest buildings in Ichan-Kala, which is the center of present-day Khiva. Among the renowned students of the madrassah were the Uzbek poet Raunaq, the Qaraqalpaq poet Kasybayuly, the Turkmen poet and sufi Magtymguly . In the town, activities such as the "KhivaCarpet" joint-stock company, cotton cleaning, ginning factories, carpet weaving, the "Khiva Gilami" joint-stock company, and other carpet weaving enterprises, as well as

1850-518: The period of Khiva Khanate of the late XVIII - early XX centuries. But archaeological excavations underway here show that at the base of a number of relatively "young" remains of buildings are ancient layers dating back to the III and even earlier centuries BC. Most of Khiva's architectural masterpieces are concentrated in its urban core - Itchan Kala . It is a "city within a city" surrounded by powerful fortress walls with four gates on each side of

1900-553: The rebellion, two or three Khans were killed by Turkmens. Russians made five attacks on Khiva. Around 1602 some free Ural Cossacks unsuccessfully raided Khwarazm. In 1717 Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky attacked Khiva from the Caspian Sea . After he won the battle, Shir Ghazi Khan (1715–1728) made a treaty and suggested that the Russians disperse so that they could be better fed. After they dispersed they were all killed or enslaved, only

1950-478: The region gradually turned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers. Russia annexed some parts of the Khanate of Khiva in the 19th century, vassalising it into the Russian protectorate. The last khan from the ruling dynasty was liquidated a century later, in 1919. Thus Khiva became the capital city of the new Khorezm People's Soviet Republic . The Khorezm oasis was converted into a part of modern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in 1924. The earliest records of

2000-456: The region. Khwarazm occupies a special place in the list of values of universal importance as a major center of world civilization and one of the important centers on the Silk Road . The unique values of world significance include architectural monuments of Khiva, which has rightfully earned the title of "museum city". The image of modern Khiva is mainly formed by the architecture of

2050-502: The slave trade, and the Bukhara slave trade , alongside the neighboring slave trade in Khiva , has been referred to as the "slave capitals of the world". During the first half of the 19th century, around 30,000 Persians and an unknown number of Russians , were enslaved there before being sold. A large part of them were involved in the construction of buildings in the walled Itchan Kala . In

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2100-520: The world. One of the main highways runs from the western gate to the eastern gate, along which the main monumental buildings are concentrated. From the observation tower of Ak-Sheikh-bobo Itchan-Kala can be seen like in the palm of your hand. The unusual silhouette of the Kalta Minor minaret attracts attention, as if cut down to the middle. Its massive trunk, exquisitely decorated with wide and narrow belts of glazed brick , indicates that it

2150-419: Was Ibrahim Oghlan, ancestor of the khans of Bukhara. Khiva The origin of the name Khiva is unknown, but many contradictory stories have been told to explain it. A traditional story attributes the name to one of the sons of the prophet Noah : "It is said that Shem , after the flood, he found himself wandering in the desert alone. Having fallen asleep, he dreamt of 300 burning torches. On waking up, he

2200-413: Was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarazm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya , south of the Aral Sea , with the capital in the city of Khiva . It covered present-day western Uzbekistan , southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before

2250-431: Was composed of aristocrats and peasants bound to the land. During the mid-1600s many Persian slaves were captured by Turkmens and a few Russian and Turkic slaves. Before and during this period, the settled area was increasingly infiltrated by Uzbeks from the north, with their Turkic dialects evolving into what is now the Uzbek language , while the original Iranian Khwarezmian language died out. The swampy area of

2300-531: Was conceived as a grandiose, majestic structure , the main vertical of the city. But after the death of the khan , under whom the minaret was built, it remained unfinished, receiving the name of Kalta (short). Very close to the Kalta Minar is the Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah , the largest of the preserved buildings of higher theological educational institutions . The peculiarity of its architecture

2350-509: Was expelled and power passed to Ilbars, who founded the long-lived Arabshahid dynasty. Around 1540 and 1593, the Khans were driven out by the Bukharans. In both cases they fled to Persia and soon returned. In 1558, Anthony Jenkinson visited Old Urgench and was not impressed. Following Arap Muhammad (1602–23), who moved the capital to Khiva , there was a period of disorder, including an invasion by

2400-482: Was first used by the Russians in the second half of the 17th century, or in the 18th century. Locals of the polity did not use this term, and instead referred to it as the vilayet Khwārazm ("country of Khwārazm"). Prior to the 17th/18th centuries, the polity was often called "Urgench" (or "Iurgench" in Russian sources). This name was also sometimes used in Iran and Bukhara, with the designation "Urganji" often being used as

2450-662: Was nominally dependent on the Timurid Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara based in Khorasan . From 1488 Muhammad Shaybani built a large but short-lived empire in southern Central Asia , taking Khwarazm in 1505. At nearly the same time, Shah Ismail I was building a powerful Shiite state in Persia . The two consequently clashed in 1510 near Merv with Muhammad killed in the battle and Khwarazm shortly occupied. The Shah's religion provoked resistance and in 1511 his garrison

2500-536: Was pleased with this omen, he founded the city with outlines in the form of a ship mapped out according to the placement of the torches, about which he had dreamt. Then Shem dug the Kheyvak well, the water from which had a surprising taste. It is possible to see this well in Ichan-Kala (an internal town of Khiva City) even today." Another proposal is that the name comes from the word Khwarezm , altered by borrowing into Turkic as Khivarezem, then shortened to Khiva. The town

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