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47-559: The Aqaba Thermal Power Station was established in 1986 as an oil-fueled power station. After construction of the Arab Gas Pipeline , the power station was switched to use natural gas. This article about a power station is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a building or structure in Jordan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Arab Gas Pipeline The Arab Gas Pipeline

94-666: A diameter of 12 inches (300 mm) would connect the pipeline with the Turkish grid thus allowing the Turkish grid to be supplied via the Syrian grid even before completing the Homs–Aleppo segment. In September 2004, Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon agreed to connect the Arab Gas Pipeline with Iraq 's gas grid to allow Iraq to export gas to Europe. The Arish– Ashkelon pipeline is a 90-kilometre (56 mi) long submarine gas pipeline with

141-425: A diameter of 26 inches (660 mm), connecting the Arab Gas Pipeline with Israel. The physical capacity of the pipeline is 7 billion cubic metres (250 billion cubic feet) of gas per year, although technical upgrades can increase its capacity to a total of 9 billion cubic metres (320 billion cubic feet) per year. While it is not officially a part of the Arab Gas Pipeline project, it branches off from

188-458: A firm representing non-governmental, industrial and commercial consumers in Egypt. In November 2015 a preliminary agreement for the export of up to 4 billion cubic metres per annum (140 billion cubic feet per annum) of natural gas from Israel's Leviathan gas field to Dolphinus via the pipeline was also announced. The cost of rehabilitating the pipeline and converting it to allow for flow in

235-723: A fiscal metering station with a capacity of 1.1 billion cubic metres (39 billion cubic feet), and it supplies Tishreen and Deir Ali power stations. The section was completed in February 2008, and it was built by the Syrian Petroleum Company and Stroytransgaz , a subsidiary of Gazprom . The Homs–Tripoli connection runs from the Al Rayan compressor station to Baniyas in Syria and then via 32-kilometre (20 mi) long stretch to Tripoli, Lebanon . The agreement to start supplies

282-559: A metering station, is a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long onshore connection to the Aqaba Thermal Power Station . The $ 220 million Arish–Aqaba section was completed in July 2003. The diameter of the pipeline is 36 inches (910 mm) and has a capacity of 10.3 billion cubic metres (360 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per year. The Egyptian consortium that developed this section included EGAS , ENPPI, PETROGET and

329-600: A minority partner in Nippon Jordan Ferilizers Company. In 1999, the Kamira Arab Potash Company (KEPACO) was formed as a joint venture between Arab Potash and Finnish company Kemira Agro . KEPACO was inaugurated by King Abdullah II in 2003. By the end of the year, the company began supplying Potassium nitrate to the local market. In 2000, the government of Jordan signed deals to export its potash production to France and Egypt . In 2001,

376-522: A rate substantially below the contracted amount. Since then the pipeline was targeted by militants several more times. In the mid-2010s the pipeline did not export Egyptian gas due to domestic gas shortages which forced Egypt to stop exporting gas to all countries. Exports were resumed in 2018 as gas supply in Egypt was increased (thanks mainly to the Zohr gas field coming online). In 2020 the pipeline began distributing gas originating from Israel to Jordan through

423-472: A section of the pipeline north of Damascus caused widespread power outages in Syria. On 8 September 2021 it was announced that Egypt agreed to assist Lebanon during its ongoing economic and energy crisis by attempting to resume exports of gas to Lebanon through the section of pipeline that reaches Tripoli. This section however has not been operative since the early 2010s and may require significant repairs. Arab Potash The Arab Potash Company ( APC )

470-578: Is a Jordanian company that is primarily involved in harvesting minerals from the Dead Sea . It is the eighth largest potash producer worldwide by volume of production and the sole Arab producer of potash. The company was formed in 1956 in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan as a pan-Arab business venture and it has a 100-year concession (1958-2058) from the government of Jordan that grants it exclusive rights to extract, manufacture and market minerals from

517-797: Is a natural gas pipeline in the Middle East . It originates near Arish in the Sinai Peninsula and was built to export Egyptian natural gas to Jordan , Syria , and Lebanon , with branch underwater and overland pipelines to and from Israel . It has a total length of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), constructed at a cost of US$ 1.2 billion. The pipeline has been used intermittently since its inauguration. Egyptian gas exports were reduced dramatically in 2011 – initially due to sabotage (mostly to its feeder pipeline in Sinai), followed by natural gas shortages in Egypt which forced it to discontinue gas exports by

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564-448: Is born out of political developments". However, Shaul Mofaz said that the cancellation was "a new low in the relations between the countries and a clear violation of the peace treaty". Eventually, gas shortages forced Egypt to cancel most of its export agreements to all countries it previously sold gas to in order to meet internal demand. The Egyptian state entities supplying the pipeline attempted to declare force majeure in cancelling

611-593: The Dead Sea . It is headquartered in Amman and has its main plants at Ghor Al Safi. The company's stock is listed on the Amman Stock Exchange 's ASE Weighted Index . Although the Dead Sea had long been known to have large amounts of mineral deposits – including potash, the earliest efforts to produce potash dates back only to the 1920s, when Moshe Novomeysky built a potash and bromine production site in Kalil . By

658-486: The Egyptian Natural Gas Company (GASCO) . The second section extended the pipeline in Jordan from Aqaba through Amman to El Rehab , (24 kilometres (15 mi) from the Syrian border). The length of this section is 390 kilometres (240 mi) and it cost $ 300 million. The second section was commissioned in 2005. As of 2018, a 65 km, 36 inches (910 mm) pipeline is under construction from

705-717: The Jordan River near kibbutz Neve Ur on the Israel-Jordan border that will connect to the Arab Gas Pipeline near Mafraq in northern Jordan. Inside Israel the pipeline extends 23 km from the border with Jordan to near kibbutz Dovrat in the Jezreel Valley where it connects to the existing Israeli domestic natural gas distribution network. The pipeline is expected to be completed in mid-2019 and will supply Jordan with 3 BCM of natural gas per year starting in 2020. A 12 inches (300 mm) gas pipeline from Israel also supplies

752-454: The 28% stake owned by Canadian company Nutrien in Arab Potash for $ 502 million. In 2019, Arab Potash produced Red Potash for the first time and exported its first shipment to Brazil . The company achieved JD 125 million in net profits in 2018. In 2019, its net profit increased to JD152 million, while in 2020, it generated JD127 million. Jamal Al Sarayrah – who served as the chairman of

799-400: The Arab Gas Pipeline and the pipeline to Israel. The attacks have been carried out by Bedouin complaining of economic neglect and discrimination by the central Cairo government. By spring 2013 the pipeline returned to continuous operation, however, due to persistent natural gas shortages in Egypt, the gas supply to Israel was suspended indefinitely while the supply to Jordan was resumed, but at

846-586: The Arab Gas Pipeline outside Egypt that was in operation. It transported gas domestically within Jordan, mostly from an LNG reception terminal in Aqaba built after the discontinuation of gas imports from Egypt. Starting in 2015 Egypt also occasionally used the Aqaba LNG terminal to import gas which was transported to Egypt in the reverse direction through the Arish–Aqaba section. In 2018, Egypt resumed gas exports through

893-502: The Dead Sea, of which the government of Jordan kept the majority of the stake. One year later, the government of Jordan granted the company the exclusive rights for all mining operations at the Dead Sea for 100 years. However, the APC took over two decades to begin to launch its first production facility. In 1983, the company shipped its first commercial shipments of potash. In 1992, the APC became

940-458: The Egyptian revolution, Egypt has been experiencing significant domestic shortages of natural gas, causing disruptions and financial losses to various Egyptian businesses who rely on it, as well as curtailing exports of natural gas from Egypt through the Arab Gas Pipeline (even during periods when it has been available for operation) and via LNG export terminals located in Egypt. This situation raised

987-567: The IEC for unilaterally cancelling the contract. Egypt then appealed the panel's decision to the Swiss courts, who also ruled against Egypt in 2017. Eventually, a settlement over the fine was reached in 2019 underwhich Egypt will pay the IEC US$ 500 million over the course of 8.5 years as compensation for halting the gas supplies. The settlement clears the way for gas exports from Israel to Egypt to begin. Since

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1034-598: The Israel–Jordan pipeline connection in northern Jordan. With the reversing of the Arish–Ashkelon pipeline in Sinai and the northern Jordan connection it is now feasible to supply natural gas from Israel into the pipeline at two separate points which should make it more resilient to supply disruptions. As of 2022, Egypt and Israel are also discussing the possibility of constructing a 70 km-long overland pipeline connecting from

1081-744: The Jordanian Arab Potash factories near the Dead Sea , however it is located far from the Arab Gas Pipeline and is not connected to it. The third section has a total length of 319 kilometres (198 mi) from Jordan to Syria. A 90 kilometres (56 mi) stretch runs from the Jordan–Syrian border to the Deir Ali power station. From there the pipeline runs through Damascus to the Al Rayan gas compressor station near Homs . This sections includes four launching/receiving stations, 12 valve stations and

1128-454: The Leviathan field comes online in late 2019 at which point more substantial amounts could be supplied. The Egyptian pipelines carrying natural gas to Israel and Jordan stopped operating following at least 26 insurgent attacks since the start of the uprising in early 2011 until October 2014. These attacks have mostly taken place on GASCO 's pipeline in northern Sinai to El-Arish which feeds

1175-511: The Syria-Turkey connection of the Arab Gas Pipeline and Stroytransgaz signed a US$ 71 million contract for the construction of this section. However, this contract was annulled at the beginning of 2009 and re-tendered. This section was awarded to PLYNOSTAV Pardubice Holding, a Czech Contracting Company, who finished the project in May 2011. From Kilis, a 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) long pipeline with

1222-468: The attack. On 14 October 2014, an explosion targeted the pipeline for the 26th time near Al-Qurayaa region south east of El-Arish city. On 31 May 2015, the pipeline was targeted by unknown attackers for the 29th time. It was targeted by unknown assailants again on 7 January 2016, and Wilayat Sinai claimed responsibility. Between 2013 and 2018, the Aqaba–El Rehab section was the only section of

1269-464: The board of directors since June 2012, resigned on December 18, 2020. He was succeeded by Shehadah Abu Hdaib. The Arab Potash Company is located 110 km (68 mi) south of Amman and 200 km (120 mi) north of Aqaba . The site is basically a solar evaporation pond system of an area of 112 m (1,210 sq ft) and processing plants. APC produces four grades of potash: standard, fine, granular and industrial grade potash through

1316-559: The end of the 1930s, his company added another facility. However, the Kalil facility was destroyed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , while the other facility halted its production, which put an end to the project. In 1956, the government of Jordan collaborated with some Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Iraq , and Libya to establish the Arab Potash Company, in order to extract and produce potash and other minerals from

1363-563: The existing Israeli gas grid at Ne'ot Hovav south of Beersheba to the Nitzana Border Crossing and from there to the Arish–Aqaba section in Sinai. On 5 February 2011, amidst the 2011 Egyptian protests an explosion was reported at the pipeline near the El Arish natural gas compressor station, which supplies pipelines to Israel and Jordan. As a result, supplies to Israel and Jordan were halted. On 27 April 2011, an explosion at

1410-673: The gas agreement with EMG and the Israel Electric Corporation, while the latter contented the cancellation amounted to a unilateral breach of contract . The matter was referred to the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce in Geneva. After four years of proceedings the arbitration panel ruled against Egypt and ordered it to pay approximately US$ 2 billion in fines and damages to EMG and

1457-551: The gas shortages in Egypt have raised the possibility of operating the pipeline in the opposite direction, i.e., from Israel to Egypt beginning in 2019. Egypt and Israel had originally agreed to supply through the pipeline 1.7 billion cubic metres (60 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per year for use by the Israel Electric Corporation . This amount was later raised to 2.1 billion cubic metres (74 billion cubic feet) per year to be delivered through

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1504-464: The global rates, however the provision was denied by Mubarak regime for unknown reasons. In 2011, after the Egyptian revolution against Mubarak regime , many Egyptians called for stopping the gas project with Israel due to low prices. After a fifth bombing of the pipeline, flow had to be stopped for repair. Following the removal of Hosni Mubarak as head of state, and a perceived souring of ties between

1551-585: The government announced it will sell its 52.9% stake in the APC. It received offers from German company Kali und Salz , Japanese company Mitsubishi , and Canadian company PotashCorp . By the end of 2003, PotashCorp purchased 28% of the government's stake in the company. In 2007, the APC's net profit reached a record JD 150 million. In February 2014, Arab Potash signed a 15-year deal with US-based Noble Energy to provide Arab Potash, through its Israeli affiliates, with two billion cubic metres of natural gas. In 2018, China's SDIC Mining Investment Co. purchased

1598-441: The mid-2010s. Sections of the pipeline continued to operate in Jordan to facilitate domestic transport of gas. The pipeline was reversed to flow gas from Jordan to Egypt from 2015 to 2018 (fed by imported LNG through Jordan's Aqaba LNG reception terminal). The recovery in Egyptian gas production has enabled gas to flow to Jordan through the link from 2018. In 2020 the pipeline also began distributing gas from Israel inside Jordan, while

1645-622: The number of compressor stations (to every 100 km). The first section of pipeline runs from Arish in Egypt to Aqaba in Jordan. It has three segments. The first 250 kilometres (160 mi) long overland segment links Al-Arish to Taba on the Red Sea . It also consists of a compressor station in Arish and a metering station in Taba. The second segment is a 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long subsea segment from Taba to Aqaba. The third segment, which also includes

1692-411: The other half being supplied from domestic resources. With the capacity to supply 7 billion cubic metres (250 billion cubic feet) per year, it made Israel one of Egypt's most important natural gas export markets. In 2010 some Egyptian activists appealed for a legal provision against governmental authorities to stop gas flow to Israel according to the obscure contract and very low price compared to

1739-543: The pipeline near Al-Sabil village in the El-Arish region halted natural gas supplies to Israel and Jordan. According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources unidentified saboteurs blew up a monitoring room of the pipeline. On 4 July 2011, an explosion at the pipeline near Nagah in the Sinai Peninsula halted natural gas supplies to Israel and Jordan. An official said that armed men with machine guns forced guards at

1786-408: The pipeline would have been connected to the proposed Nabucco Pipeline for the delivery of gas to Europe. Turkey forecasted buying up to 4 billion cubic metres per annum (140 billion cubic feet per annum) of natural gas from the Arab Gas Pipeline. In 2008 Turkey and Syria signed an agreement to construct a 63 kilometres (39 mi) pipeline between Aleppo and Kilis as a first segment of

1833-417: The pipeline. In 2020, exports of gas from Israel to Jordan through the Israel-Jordan pipeline connection in northern Jordan commenced. An agreement was also reached to allow gas from Israel to flow to Egypt over the Arab Gas Pipeline fed by the Israel-Jordan connection via Jordan and Sinai. Exports of gas from Israel to Egypt through the Arish–Ashkelon pipeline began in 2020. On 24 August 2020, an attack on

1880-474: The possibility of using the Arish-Ashkelon Pipeline to send natural gas in the reverse mode. In March 2015, the consortium operating Israel's Tamar gas field announced it reached an agreement, subject to regulatory approvals in both countries, for the sale of at least 5 billion cubic metres (180 billion cubic feet) of natural gas over three years through the pipeline to Dolphinus Holdings –

1927-612: The reverse direction is estimated at US$ 30 million. In September 2018 it was announced that the consortium operating the Tamar and Leviathan fields and an Egyptian partner will spend US$ 518 million to buy a 39% stake in EMG in anticipation of beginning gas exports from Israel to Egypt through the Arish–Ashkelon pipeline. Test flows through the pipeline from Israel to Egypt are expected to begin in summer 2019. If tests are successful, small amounts of gas will be exported on an interruptible basis until after

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1974-706: The same pipeline in Egypt. The pipeline is built and operated by the East Mediterranean Gas Company (EMG), a joint company of Mediterranean Gas Pipeline Ltd (28%), the Israeli company Merhav (25%), PTT (25%), EMI-EGI LP (12%), and Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (10%). The pipeline became operational in February 2008, at a cost of $ 180–$ 550 million (the exact figure is disputed). It has since ceased operation due to sabotage of its feeder pipeline in Sinai and gas shortages in Egypt. However, although originally intended for transporting gas from Egypt to Israel,

2021-486: The station to leave before planting an explosive charge there. An overnight explosion on 26–27 September 2011 caused extensive damage to the pipeline at a location 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Egypt's border with Israel. As the pipeline had not been supplying gas to Israel since an earlier explosion in July, it did not affect Israel's natural gas supply. According to Egyptian authorities, local Bedouin Islamists were behind

2068-469: The two states, the standing agreement fell into disarray. According to Mohamed Shoeb, the head of the state-owned EGAS , the "decision we took was economic and not politically motivated. We canceled the gas agreement with Israel because they have failed to meet payment deadlines in recent months". Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also said that according to him the cancellation was not "something that

2115-405: The underwater branch to Israel was reversed to allow gas from Israel to flow to Egypt. The main section of the pipeline through Egypt and Jordan is 36 inches (910 mm) in diameter, with compressor stations located approximately every 200 km – providing for a maximum annual gas discharge of 10.3 billion cubic meters (BCM). The pipeline's capacity could be increased by 50% by roughly doubling

2162-451: The year 2028. In addition, by late 2009, EMG signed contracts to supply through the pipeline an additional 2 billion cubic metres (71 billion cubic feet) per year to private electricity generators and various industrial concerns in Israel and negotiations with other potential buyers were ongoing. In 2010, the pipeline supplied approximately half of the natural gas consumed in Israel, with

2209-468: Was signed on 2 September 2009 and test run started on 8 September 2009. Regular gas supplies started on 19 October 2009 and gas is delivered to the Deir Ammar power station . There is a proposal to extend the branch from Banias to Cyprus . In 2006 Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Turkey , Lebanon, and Romania reached an agreement to build the pipeline's extension through Syria to the Turkish border. From there,

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