The Syrian Petroleum Company ( SPC , Arabic : شركة النفط السورية ) is a state-owned oil exploration and production company. The company was established in 1974.
70-651: SPC operated fields around Al-Sweidiyeh in the Al-Hasakah Governorate , including Al-Houla, Shadada, Jbeissa, Sweidiya and Rumailan . In March 2011, SPC produced about 55% of total oil produced in Syria. On 18 August 2011, SPC was put into the United States sanctions list due to the Syrian civil war . China ’s state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) has large stakes in one of Syria's biggest oil companies
140-658: A Kurdish-Assyrian autonomy movement emerged in Jazira. The demands of the movement were autonomous status similar to the Sanjak of Alexandretta , the protection of French troops, promotion of Kurdish language in schools and hiring of Kurdish officials. The movement was led by Michel Dome, mayor of Qamishli, Hanna Hebe, general vicar for the Syriac-Catholic Patriarch of Jazira, and the Kurdish notable Hajo Agha. Some Arab tribes supported
210-765: A ceremony in Beirut. Greater Lebanon was created by France to be a "safe haven" for the Maronite population of the mutasarrifia (Ottoman administrative unit) of Mount Lebanon . Mt. Lebanon, an area with a Maronite majority, had enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy during the Ottoman era. However, in addition to the Maronite Mutasarrifia other, mainly Muslim , regions were added, forming "Greater" Lebanon. Those regions correspond today to North Lebanon , South Lebanon , Biqa' valley , and Beirut . The capital of Greater Lebanon
280-624: A decade long history of farming. Already in 1921, the French wanted to develop the agricultural sector and over a feasibility study of the Union Economique de Syrie the region was seen profitable for the cotton production. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the agricultural expansion grew significantly. When the USA instated a control on cotton exports during the Korean War , the cotton production in
350-531: A feasibility study of the Union Economique de Syrie the North-East Syrian and the Alawite State were deemed profitable for the cotton cultivation. Investments began in 1924, but it took until the 1930s to produce more than the level reached in 1925. By 1933, Palestine was the largest importer of Syrian goods, while the French held a share of 7.5% of the imports. Between the two World Wars, France became
420-412: A majority of Sunni Muslims . It covered northern Syria in addition to the entire fertile basin of river Euphrates of eastern Syria. These regions represented much of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria. The autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta was added to the state of Aleppo in 1923. The capital was the northern city of Aleppo , which had large Christian and Jewish communities in addition to
490-470: A natural gas or petroleum-related company is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Syria -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Al-Hasakah Governorate Al-Hasakah Governorate ( Arabic : محافظة الحسكة , romanized : Muḥāfaẓat al-Ḥasakah ; Kurdish : Parêzgeha Hesekê ; Classical Syriac : ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܚܣܟܗ , romanized: Huparkiyo d'Ḥasake , also known as ܓܙܪܬܐ , Gozarto )
560-503: A new government headed by Hashim al-Atassi was formed on 7 May 1920. The new government decided to organize general conscription and began forming an army. These decisions provoked adverse reactions by France as well as by the Maronite patriarchate of Mount Lebanon, which denounced the decisions as a " coup d'état ". In Beirut , the Christian press expressed its hostility to the decisions of Faisal's government. Lebanese nationalists used
630-735: A new, mainly Christian, state of Greater Lebanon . A part of France's claim to these territories in the Levant was that France had been acknowledged as a protector of the minority Christian communities by the Ottoman Empire . In March 1920, the Congress in Damascus adopted a resolution rejecting the Faisal-Clemenceau accords. The congress declared the independence of Syria in her natural borders (including Southern Syria or Palestine), and proclaimed Faisal
700-638: A view to the formation of the territories of Greater Lebanon and the Ansarieh Mountains "; where the "Ansarieh Mountains" area was to become the Alawite State. On 31 August 1920, the same day that the decree creating Greater Lebanon was signed, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 319 delimiting the State of Alawites , and Arrêté 317 adding the caza of Massyaf (Omranie) into the new State. The State of Alawites (French: État des Alaouites , Arabic: دولة العلويين )
770-557: Is estimated that 25,000 Kurds fled at this time to Syria. The French official reports show the existence of at most 45 Kurdish villages in Jazira prior to 1927. A new wave of refugees arrived in 1929. The mandatory authorities continued to encourage Kurdish immigration into Syria, and by 1939, the villages numbered between 700 and 800. French authorities were not opposed to the streams of Assyrians, Armenians or Kurds who, for various reasons, had left their homes and had found refuge in Syria. The French authorities themselves generally organized
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#1732854963838840-492: Is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria . It is located in the far north-east corner of Syria and distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, natural environment, and more than one hundred archaeological sites. It was formerly known as Al-Jazira Province . Prior to the Syrian Civil War nearly half of Syria's oil was extracted from the region. It is the lower part of Upper Mesopotamia . Most of
910-480: The Balfour Declaration , and their demand for a unified Greater Syria encompassing Palestine. The conclusions of the commission were ignored by both Britain and France. Unrest erupted in Syria when Faisal accepted a compromise with French Prime Minister Clemenceau . Anti- Hashemite demonstrations broke out, and Muslim inhabitants in and around Mount Lebanon revolted in fear of being incorporated into
980-522: The Golan Region , there was a sizeable Circassian community. For the same reasons as their Assyrian, Kurdish and Bedouin counterparts in Al-Jazira province in 1936–1937, several Circassian leaders wanted a special autonomy status for their region in 1938, as they feared the prospect of living in an independent Syrian republic under a nationalist Arab government hostile towards the minorities. They also wanted
1050-621: The Hatay State became a Turkish province. On 24 October 1922, Arrêté 1641 established the " État autonome du Djebel druze " (" Autonomous State of Jabal Druze ") It was created for the Druze population of southern Syria . It had a population of some 50,000 and its capital in As-Suwayda . In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria. In 1936–1937, there
1120-539: The Lebanese Republic . Most Muslims in Greater Lebanon rejected the new state upon its creation. Some believe that the continuous Muslim demand for reunification with Syria eventually brought about an armed conflict between Muslims and Christians in 1958 when Lebanese Muslims wanted to join the newly proclaimed United Arab Republic , while Lebanese Christians were strongly opposed. However, most members of
1190-572: The Levant States ; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , concerning Syria and Lebanon . The mandate system was supposed to differ from colonialism , with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for self-government . At that point,
1260-543: The Ottoman Empire , large Kurdish-speaking tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from Anatolia . The largest of these tribal groups was the Reshwan confederation, which was initially based in Adıyaman Province but eventually also settled throughout Anatolia. The Milli confederation, mentioned in 1518 onward, was the most powerful group and dominated the entire northern Syrian steppe in
1330-577: The 1920s was estimated at 20,000 people. Starting in 1926, the region witnessed another huge immigration wave of Kurds following the failure of the Sheikh Said rebellion against the Turkish authorities . Tens of thousands of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syria, and as usual, were granted citizenship by the French mandate authorities. This large influx of Kurds moved to Syria 's Jazira province. It
1400-695: The 37% stake of PetroCanada in the Syrian Al Furat Petroleum Company. The conflict and subsequent sanctions have slowed ONGC's operations in Syria. The Syrian Petroleum Company owns 50% stake in Syria's main oil producer, Al-Furat Petroleum Company. Other shareholders of the Al-Furat Petroleum Company are Royal Dutch Shell , India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation , and the China National Petroleum Corporation . Other subsidiaries are: This article about
1470-551: The Al-Furat Petroleum Company, as well as in a number of Syrian oil fields. India has made two significant investments in Syria in the oil sector in the pre-conflict days. First, an agreement was signed in January 2004 between Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and IPR International for exploration of oil and natural gas in Block 24 near Deir ez-Zor in northern Syria. Second, investments by India's ONGC and China's CNPC to jointly acquire
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#17328549638381540-772: The Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria. On 1 September 1920, the day after the creation of Greater Lebanon and the Alawite State, Arrêté 330 separated out of the previous "Gouvernement de Damas" ("Government of Damascus") an independent government known as the "Gouvernement d'Alep" ("Government of Aleppo"), including the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta, which retained its administrative autonomy. The terms "Gouvernement d'Alep" "Gouvernement de Damas" were used interchangeably with "l'État d'Alep" and "l'État de Damas" – for example, Arrete 279 1 October 1920 stated in its preamble: "Vu l'arrêté No 330 du 1er Septembre 1920 créant l'État d'Alep". The State of Aleppo (1920–1925, French: État d'Alep , Arabic: دولة حلب ) included
1610-492: The American King–Crane Commission arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. The commission's remit extended from Aleppo to Beersheba . They visited 36 major cities, met with more than 2,000 delegations from more than 300 villages, and received more than 3,000 petitions. Their conclusions confirmed the opposition of Syrians to the mandate in their country as well as to
1680-456: The Arabs and Kurds in the region are Sunni Muslim. Between 20 and 30% of the people of Al-Hasakeh city are Christians of various churches and denominations (majority Syriac Orthodox ). Until the beginning of the 20th century, al-Hasakah Governorate (then called Jazira province) was a “no man’s land” primarily reserved for the grazing land of nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes. During the late days of
1750-560: The Christian movement in many towns and villages. Local Kurdish tribes who were allies of Shammar tribe sacked and burned the Assyrian (Syriac) town of Amuda. In 1941, the Assyrian (Syriac) community of al-Malikiyah was subjected to a vicious assault. Even though the assault failed, Assyrians (Syriacs) felt threatened and left in large numbers, and the immigration of Kurds from Turkey to the area converted al-Malikiya, al-Darbasiyah and Amuda to Kurdish-majority cities. Between 1932 and 1939,
1820-567: The European powers decided to renege on the promises made to the Arabs. In May 1919, elections were held for the Syrian National Congress , which convened in Damascus. 80% of seats went to conservatives. However, the minority included dynamic Arab nationalist figures such as Jamil Mardam Bey , Shukri al-Kuwatli , Ahmad al-Qadri , Ibrahim Hanano , and Riyad as-Solh . The head was moderate nationalist Hashim al-Atassi . In June 1919,
1890-549: The French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including Lebanon , Alexandretta , and portions of Cilicia ). In the early 1920s, British and French control of these territories became formalized by the League of Nations ' mandate system. And on 29 September 1923 France was assigned the League of Nations mandate of Syria, which included the territory of present-day Lebanon and Alexandretta in addition to modern Syria. The administration of
1960-546: The French, leaving the Arab government to face France. Faisal had travelled several times to Europe since November 1918, trying to convince France and Britain to change their positions, but without success. France's determination to intervene in Syria was shown by the naming of General Henri Gouraud as high commissioner in Syria and Cilicia . At the Paris Peace Conference , Faisal found himself in an even weaker position when
2030-513: The French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on 4 July 1938. On 2 September 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State . The republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name Hatay itself was proposed by Atatürk and the government was under Turkish control. In 1939, following a popular referendum,
2100-680: The Golan region to become a national homeland for Circassian refugees from the Caucasus. A Circassian battalion served in the French Army of the Levant and had helped it against the Arab nationalist uprisings. As in Al-Jazira Province, the French authorities refused to grant any autonomy status to the Golan Circassians. Already in 1921, the French wanted to develop the agricultural sector and over
2170-502: The Lebanese Muslim communities and their political elites were committed to the idea of being Lebanese citizens by the late 1930s, even though they also tended to nurture Arab nationalist sentiments. On 19 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 314 which added to the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta the cazas of Jisr el-Choughour, the madriyehs of Baher and Bujack (caza of Latakia), the moudiriyeh of Kinsaba (caza of Sahyoun) "with
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2240-507: The State of Damascus and the State of the Alawis. However, two and a half years later on 5 December 1924, Arrêté 2979 and Arrêté 2980 established the Alawite State as an independent state with Latakia as its capital, and separately unified the States of Aleppo and Damascus into a single State called "État de Syrie" ("State of Syria"), formally established on 1 January 1925. In 1936, both Jebel Druze and
2310-496: The Sunni Muslims. The state also incorporated minorities of Shiites and Alawites. Ethnic Kurds and Assyrians inhabited the eastern regions alongside the Arabs. The General Governors of the state were Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi (1920–1922) Mustafa Bey Barmada (1923) and Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah (1924-1925). The State of Damascus was a French mandate from 1920 to 1925. The capital was Damascus. The primarily Sunni population of
2380-505: The Syrian Jazira. The Kurdish tribes gradually settled in villages and cities and are still present in the modern governorate). The demographics of northern Syria saw a huge shift in the early part of the 20th century when the Ottoman Empire ( Turks ) conducted ethnic cleansing of its Armenian and Assyrian Christian populations and some Kurdish tribes joined in the atrocities committed against them. Many Assyrians fled to Syria during
2450-724: The Syrian police and the supporters of the movement. As a result, the governor and a significant portion of the police force fled the region and the rebels established local autonomous administration in Jazira. In August 1937 a number of Assyrians in Amuda were killed by a pro-Damascus Kurdish chief. In September 1938, Hajo Agha chaired a general conference in Jazira and appealed to France for self-government. The new French High Commissioner, Gabriel Puaux, dissolved parliament and created autonomous administrations for Jabal Druze, Latakia and Jazira on 8 July 1939 which lasted until 1943. The Governorate has
2520-527: The Syrian states. The Maronite Christians of Mount Lebanon , on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French. Therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception among the newly formed states. It took France three years from 1920 to 1923 to gain full control over Syria and to quell all the insurgencies that broke out, notably in the Alawite territories, Mount Druze and Aleppo . Although there were uprisings in
2590-451: The Turkish military went into the Syrian province and expelled most of its Alawite Arab and Armenian inhabitants. Before this, Alawi Arabs and Armenians were the majority of Alexandretta's population. The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision. The assembly was appointed in the summer of 1938, and
2660-609: The aforementioned ethnicities. Today, Arabs comprise the largest demographic group and mostly live in the city of al-Hasaka and its south and east countryside, with smaller presence in the north and west countryside. Kurds are the second largest group, with thousands living in villages and towns in the north, northeast, and northwest countryside. Assyrians live mostly in the north and northeast regions of al-Hasaka, especially in Tell Tamer but also in Qamishli and al-Malikiyah . In 2013 there
2730-500: The authority to independently decide policy. The small amount of power that local leaders had could easily be overruled by French officials. The French did everything in their power to prevent people in the Levant from developing self-sufficient governing bodies. On 3 August 1920, Arrêté 299 of the Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban linked the cazas of Hasbaya, Rachaya, Maallaka and Baalbeck to what
2800-472: The autonomists while others sided with the central government. In the legislative elections of 1936, autonomist candidates won all the parliamentary seats in Jazira and Jarabulus, while the nationalist Arab movement known as the National Bloc won the elections in the rest of Syria. After victory, the National Bloc pursued an aggressive policy toward the autonomists. In July 1937, armed conflict broke out between
2870-419: The autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921, modern-day Hatay ), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which became later the modern country of Lebanon. The borders of these states were based in part on the sectarian geography in Syria. Many of the different Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created, as shown by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of
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2940-671: The birth of some of the earliest civilizations in the world, including those of Akkad , Assyria , Aram , the Hurrians and Amorites . The most prominent archaeological sites are: Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306 The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon ( French : Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban ; Arabic : الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان , romanized : al-intidāb al-faransī ʻalā sūriyā wa-lubnān , also referred to as
3010-423: The border areas in al-Hasakah Governorate started to have a Kurdish majority, while Arabs remained the majority in river plains and elsewhere. In 1939, French mandate authorities reported the following population numbers for the different ethnic and religious groups in al-Hasakah governorate. The population of the governorate reached 155,643 in 1949, including about 60,000 Kurds. These continuous waves swelled
3080-488: The crisis against Faisal's government to convene a council of Christian figures in Baabda that proclaimed the independence of Lebanon on 22 March 1920. On 14 July 1920, General Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal, giving him the choice between submission or abdication. Realizing that the power balance was not in his favor, Faisal chose to cooperate. However, the young minister of war, Youssef al-Azmeh , refused to comply. In
3150-609: The defeat of the Ottomans in Syria, British troops, under General Sir Edmund Allenby , entered Damascus in 1918 accompanied by troops of the Arab Revolt led by Faisal , son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz . Faisal established the first new postwar Arab government in Damascus in October 1918, and named Ali Rikabi a military governor . The new Arab administration formed local governments in
3220-503: The different states, the French deliberately gave different ethnic and religious groups in the Levant their own lands in the hopes of prolonging their rule. The French hoped to fragment the various groups in the region, to mitigate support for the Syrian nationalist movement seeking to end colonial rule. The administration of the state governments was heavily dominated by the French. Local authorities were given very little power and did not have
3290-523: The genocide and settled mainly in the Jazira area. During WWI and subsequent years, thousands of Assyrians fled their homes in Anatolia after massacres. After that, massive waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey due to conflict with Kemalist authorities and settled in Syria, where they were granted citizenship by the French Mandate authorities . The number of Kurds settled in the Jazira province during
3360-749: The interior regions of Syria (the eastern zone). Palestine (the southern zone) was reserved for the British. On 8 October, French troops disembarked in Beirut and occupied the Lebanese coastal region south to Naqoura (the western zone), replacing British troops there. The French immediately dissolved the local Arab governments in the region. France demanded full implementation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, with Syria under its control. On 26 November 1919, British forces withdrew from Damascus to avoid confrontation with
3430-574: The king of all Arabs. Faisal invited Ali Rikabi to form a government. The congress also proclaimed political and economic union with neighboring Iraq and demanded its independence as well. On 25 April, the supreme inter-Allied council, which was formulating the Treaty of Sèvres , granted France the mandate of Syria (including Lebanon), and granted Britain the Mandate of Palestine (with Trans-Jordan later), and Iraq. Syrians reacted with violent demonstrations, and
3500-613: The larger groups being Arabs and Kurds in addition to a significant large number of Assyrians and a smaller number of Armenians . The population of the governorate, according to the country's official census, was 1,275,118, and was estimated to be 1,377,000 in 2007, and 1,512,000 in 2011. According to the National Association of Arab Youth, there are 1717 villages in Al-Hasakah province: 1161 Arab villages, 453 Kurdish villages, 98 Assyrian villages and 53 with mixed populations from
3570-492: The late 1930s a small but vigorous separatist movement emerged in Qamishli. With some support from French Mandate authorities, the movement actively lobbied for autonomy directly under French rule and its separation from Syria on the ground that the majority of the inhabitants were not Arabs. Syrian nationalists saw the movement as a profound threat to their eventual rule. The Syrian nationalists allied with local Arab Shammar tribal leader and Kurdish tribes. They together attacked
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#17328549638383640-414: The major Syrian cities, and the pan-Arab flag was raised all over Syria. The Arabs hoped, with faith in earlier British promises, that the new Arab state would include all the Arab lands stretching from Aleppo in northern Syria to Aden in southern Yemen . However, in accordance with the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement between Britain and France, General Allenby assigned to the Arab administration only
3710-519: The mandate would terminate and a sovereign state would be born. During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918—and in accordance with the Sykes–Picot Agreement signed by the United Kingdom and French Third Republic during the war—the British held control of most of Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq ) and the southern part of Ottoman Syria ( Palestine and Transjordan ), while
3780-558: The number of Kurds in the area who represented 30% of the Jazira population in a 1939 French authorities census. In 1953, French geographers Fevret and Gibert estimated that out of the total 146,000 inhabitants of Jazira, agriculturalist Kurds made up 60,000 (41%), semi-sedentary and nomad Arabs 50,000 (34%), and a quarter of the population were Christians. Among the Sunni Muslims, mostly Kurds and Arabs, there were about 1,500 Circassians in 1938. The inhabitants of al-Hasakah governorate are composed of different ethnic and cultural groups,
3850-555: The province increased eightfold. By 1960s, the province had the second largest amount of cultivated land in Syria per capita, but was still the lowest in terms of cultivable land per capita. Other economic branches are wheat and oil. Before the eruption of the Syrian Civil the province accounted for about half of the Syrian oil production. Al-Hasakah Governorate's ethnic groups include Kurds , Arabs , Syriac-Aramaic Christians ( Assyrians ), Armenians and Yazidis . The majority of
3920-532: The region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–1924), the State of Syria (1925–1930) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946) , as well as smaller states: Greater Lebanon , the Alawite State , and the Jabal Druze State . Hatay State was annexed by Turkey in 1939. The French mandate lasted until 1946, when French troops eventually left Syria and Lebanon, which had both declared independence during World War II . With
3990-489: The remaining troops possibly defected. General Goybet captured Damascus with little resistance on 24 July 1920, and the mandate was written in London two years later on 24 July 1922. Arriving in Lebanon , the French were received as liberators by the Christian community, but in the rest of Syria, they faced strong resistance. The mandate region was subdivided into six states. They were the states of Damascus (1920), Aleppo (1920), Alawites (1920), Jabal Druze (1921),
4060-411: The resulting Franco-Syrian War , Syrian troops under al-Azmeh, composed of the little remaining troops of the Arab army along with Bedouin horsemen and civilian volunteers, met the better trained 12,000-strong French forces under General Mariano Goybet at the Battle of Maysaloun . The French won the battle in less than a day and Azmeh died on the battlefield, along with many of the Syrian troops, while
4130-410: The second half of the 18th century. Danish writer C. Niebuhr who traveled to Jazira in 1764 recorded five nomadic Kurdish tribes (Dukurie, Kikie, Schechchanie, Mullie and Aschetie) and six Arab tribes (Tay, Kaab, Baggara, Geheish, Diabat and Sherabeh). According to Niebuhr, the Kurdish tribes were settled near Mardin in Turkey, and paid the governor of that city for the right to graze their herds in
4200-502: The settlement of the refugees. One of the most important of these plans was carried out in Upper Jazira in northeastern Syria where the French built new towns and villages (such as Qamishli) were built with the intention of housing the refugees considered to be “friendly”. This has encouraged the non-Turkish minorities that were under Turkish pressure to leave their ancestral homes and property, they could find refuge and rebuild their lives in relative safety in neighboring Syria. Consequently,
4270-416: The southern part of Upper Mesopotamia . Kurdistan did not include the lands of Syrian Jazira. The Treaty of Sèvres ' putative Kurdistan did not include any part of today's Syria. The French, following the Ottoman policies which encouraged the nomadic tribes to become sedentary, established several villages and towns since the beginning of their rule. Hasakah was founded in 1922, Qamishli in 1926. In
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#17328549638384340-597: The states of Aleppo and Damascus were strongly opposed to the division of Syria. This resulted in its quick end in 1925, when France united the states of Aleppo and Damascus into the State of Syria. The Sanjak of Alexandretta became an autonomous province of Syria under Article 7 of the French-Turkish treaty of 20 October 1921 : "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition". In 1923, Alexandretta
4410-444: The territory is controlled by the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), which as part of the ongoing Rojava conflict , on 21 January 2014 declared democratic autonomy on the area of Al-Hasakah Governorate as the Jazira Region , the largest of the three original regions of AANES. During the Abbasid era, the area that makes this province used to be part of the Diyar Rabi'a administrative unit, corresponding to
4480-406: Was Beirut. The new state was granted a flag, merging the French flag with the cedar of Lebanon . Maronites were the majority in Lebanon and managed to preserve its independence; an independence that created a unique precedent in the Arab world, as Lebanon was the first Arab country in which Christians were not a minority. The State of Greater Lebanon existed until 23 May 1926, after which it became
4550-431: Was attached to the State of Aleppo , and in 1925 it was directly attached to the French mandate of Syria, still with special administrative status. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters. In 1938,
4620-454: Was en estimated 200,000 Assyrians in Hasakah province This list includes all cities, towns and villages with more than 5,000 inhabitants. The population figures are given according to the 2004 official census: The governorate is divided into four districts ( manatiq ). The districts are further divided into 16 sub-districts ( nawahi ): The Khabur River , which flows through al-Hasakah for 440 kilometres (270 mi), witnessed
4690-403: Was located on the Syrian coast and incorporated a majority of Alawites , a branch of Shia Islam . The port city of Latakia was the capital of this state. Initially it was an autonomous territory under French rule known as the "Alawite Territories". It became part of the Syrian Federation in 1922, but left the federation again in 1924 and became the "State of Alawites". On 22 September 1930, it
4760-409: Was renamed the "Independent Government of Latakia ". The population at this time was 278,000. The government of Latakia finally joined the Syrian Republic on 5 December 1936. This state witnessed several rebellions against the French, including that of Salih al-Ali (1918–1920). On 28 June 1922, Arrêté 1459 created a " Federation of the Autonomous States of Syria " which included the State of Aleppo,
4830-447: Was some autonomist agitation among Assyrians and Kurds , supported by some Bedouins , in the province of Al-Jazira. Its partisans wanted the French troops to stay in the province in the event of a Syrian independence, as they feared the nationalist Damascus government would replace minority officials by Muslim Arabs from the capital. The French authorities refused to consider any new status of autonomy inside Syria. In Quneitra and
4900-420: Was then known as the Autonomous Territory of Lebanon. Then on 31 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 318 delimiting the State of Greater Lebanon, with explanatory notes stating that Lebanon would be treated separately from the rest of Syria. On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud publicly proclaimed the creation of the State of Greater Lebanon (French: État du Grand Liban , Arabic: دولة لبنان الكبير ) at
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