The American Polygraph Association ( APA ) is a professional association of polygraph examiners. It was established in 1966. It has about 2,800 members.
69-472: The organization offers its members publications and conferences related to polygraphy, as well as employment services and public referrals for its members. It lobbies to promote its members' interests at the local, state, and federal levels. It also establishes minimum standards for the education and training of polygraphers, and offers accreditation to programs that meet those standards. The association does not accredit or certify individuals. The stated goals of
138-573: A UV-B photoreceptor, and protochlorophyllide a . The first two of these, phytochrome and cryptochrome, are photoreceptor proteins , complex molecular structures formed by joining a protein with a light-sensitive pigment. Cryptochrome is also known as the UV-A photoreceptor, because it absorbs ultraviolet light in the long wave "A" region. The UV-B receptor is one or more compounds not yet identified with certainty, though some evidence suggests carotene or riboflavin as candidates. Protochlorophyllide
207-671: A and chlorophyll b . Kelps , diatoms , and other photosynthetic heterokonts contain chlorophyll c instead of b , red algae possess chlorophyll a . All chlorophylls serve as the primary means plants use to intercept light to fuel photosynthesis . Carotenoids are red, orange, or yellow tetraterpenoids . They function as accessory pigments in plants, helping to fuel photosynthesis by gathering wavelengths of light not readily absorbed by chlorophyll. The most familiar carotenoids are carotene (an orange pigment found in carrots ), lutein (a yellow pigment found in fruits and vegetables), and lycopene (the red pigment responsible for
276-418: A , as its name suggests, is a chemical precursor of chlorophyll . The most studied of the photoreceptors in plants is phytochrome . It is sensitive to light in the red and far-red region of the visible spectrum . Many flowering plants use it to regulate the time of flowering based on the length of day and night ( photoperiodism ) and to set circadian rhythms. It also regulates other responses including
345-649: A bell and visual stimuli. In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard 's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as " homeostasis " by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon in 1929. By homeostasis, Cannon meant "the maintenance of steady states in
414-425: A certain minimum length of daylight to start flowering, so these plants flower in the spring or summer. Conversely, short day plants flower when the length of daylight falls below a certain critical level. Day neutral plants do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism, though some may use temperature sensitivity ( vernalization ) instead. Although a short day plant cannot flower during the long days of summer, it
483-419: A chemical compound that interacts with light in a way that enables plants to manufacture their own nutrients rather than consuming other living things as animals do. Thirdly, plant physiology deals with interactions between cells, tissues , and organs within a plant. Different cells and tissues are physically and chemically specialized to perform different functions. Roots and rhizoids function to anchor
552-837: A discipline may be divided into several major areas of research. First, the study of phytochemistry (plant chemistry) is included within the domain of plant physiology. To function and survive, plants produce a wide array of chemical compounds not found in other organisms. Photosynthesis requires a large array of pigments , enzymes , and other compounds to function. Because they cannot move, plants must also defend themselves chemically from herbivores , pathogens and competition from other plants. They do this by producing toxins and foul-tasting or smelling chemicals. Other compounds defend plants against disease, permit survival during drought, and prepare plants for dormancy, while other compounds are used to attract pollinators or herbivores to spread ripe seeds. Secondly, plant physiology includes
621-497: A distinct subdiscipline. In 1920, August Krogh won the Nobel Prize for discovering how, in capillaries, blood flow is regulated. In 1954, Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley, alongside their research team, discovered the sliding filaments in skeletal muscle , known today as the sliding filament theory. Recently, there have been intense debates about the vitality of physiology as a discipline (Is it dead or alive?). If physiology
690-488: A hobby. In horticulture and agriculture along with food science , plant physiology is an important topic relating to fruits , vegetables , and other consumable parts of plants. Topics studied include: climatic requirements, fruit drop, nutrition, ripening , fruit set. The production of food crops also hinges on the study of plant physiology covering such topics as optimal planting and harvesting times and post harvest storage of plant products for human consumption and
759-611: A living system. According to the classes of organisms , the field can be divided into medical physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , cell physiology , and comparative physiology . Central to physiological functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes, homeostatic control mechanisms, and communication between cells. Physiological state is the condition of normal function. In contrast, pathological state refers to abnormal conditions , including human diseases . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
SECTION 10
#1732858520182828-455: A medical field originates in classical Greece , at the time of Hippocrates (late 5th century BC). Outside of Western tradition, early forms of physiology or anatomy can be reconstructed as having been present at around the same time in China , India and elsewhere. Hippocrates incorporated the theory of humorism , which consisted of four basic substances: earth, water, air and fire. Each substance
897-453: A mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil are dissolved in water, plant roots absorb nutrients readily, soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive. This observation is the basis for hydroponics , the growing of plants in a water solution rather than soil, which has become a standard technique in biological research, teaching lab exercises, crop production and as
966-676: A physiological response in their tissues. They also produce compounds such as phytochrome that are sensitive to light and which serve to trigger growth or development in response to environmental signals. Plant hormones , known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) or phytohormones, are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. According to a standard animal definition, hormones are signal molecules produced at specific locations, that occur in very low concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other locations. Unlike animals, plants lack specific hormone-producing tissues or organs. Plant hormones are often not transported to other parts of
1035-430: A unified science of life based on the cell actions, later renamed in the 20th century as cell biology . In the 20th century, biologists became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology . Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew . Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become
1104-450: A vast array of chemical compounds with unique properties which they use to cope with their environment. Pigments are used by plants to absorb or detect light, and are extracted by humans for use in dyes . Other plant products may be used for the manufacture of commercially important rubber or biofuel . Perhaps the most celebrated compounds from plants are those with pharmacological activity, such as salicylic acid from which aspirin
1173-454: Is thigmonasty (response to touch) in the Venus fly trap , a carnivorous plant . The traps consist of modified leaf blades which bear sensitive trigger hairs. When the hairs are touched by an insect or other animal, the leaf folds shut. This mechanism allows the plant to trap and digest small insects for additional nutrients. Although the trap is rapidly shut by changes in internal cell pressures,
1242-554: Is a nastic movement. Tropisms in plants are the result of differential cell growth, in which the cells on one side of the plant elongates more than those on the other side, causing the part to bend toward the side with less growth. Among the common tropisms seen in plants is phototropism , the bending of the plant toward a source of light. Phototropism allows the plant to maximize light exposure in plants which require additional light for photosynthesis, or to minimize it in plants subjected to intense light and heat. Geotropism allows
1311-477: Is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology , of plants . Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis , respiration , plant nutrition , plant hormone functions, tropisms , nastic movements , photoperiodism , photomorphogenesis , circadian rhythms , environmental stress physiology, seed germination , dormancy and stomata function and transpiration . Plant physiology interacts with
1380-482: Is absorbed may be used by the plant to power chemical reactions , while the reflected wavelengths of light determine the color the pigment appears to the eye. Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants; it is a porphyrin that absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green . It is the presence and relative abundance of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and green algae possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll
1449-427: Is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical. Changes in physiology can impact the mental functions of individuals. Examples of this would be the effects of certain medications or toxic levels of substances. Change in behavior as a result of these substances is often used to assess the health of individuals. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology
SECTION 20
#17328585201821518-474: Is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine . Because physiology focuses on the functions and mechanisms of living organisms at all levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the level of whole organisms and populations, its foundations span a range of key disciplines: There are many ways to categorize
1587-484: Is considered the Father of Plant Physiology for the many experiments in the 1727 book, Vegetable Staticks ; though Julius von Sachs unified the pieces of plant physiology and put them together as a discipline. His Lehrbuch der Botanik was the plant physiology bible of its time. Researchers discovered in the 1800s that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as
1656-400: Is essential for diagnosing and treating health conditions and promoting overall wellbeing. It seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning, through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at
1725-547: Is found only in the Caryophyllales (including cactus and amaranth ), and never co-occur in plants with anthocyanins. Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of beets , and are used commercially as food-coloring agents. Plant physiologists are uncertain of the function that betalains have in plants which possess them, but there is some preliminary evidence that they may have fungicidal properties. Plants produce hormones and other growth regulators which act to signal
1794-476: Is important for photosynthesis in plants, few realize that plant sensitivity to light plays a role in the control of plant structural development ( morphogenesis ). The use of light to control structural development is called photomorphogenesis , and is dependent upon the presence of specialized photoreceptors , which are chemical pigments capable of absorbing specific wavelengths of light. Plants use four kinds of photoreceptors: phytochrome , cryptochrome ,
1863-462: Is known for having a corresponding humor: black bile, phlegm, blood, and yellow bile, respectively. Hippocrates also noted some emotional connections to the four humors, on which Galen would later expand. The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece . Like Hippocrates , Aristotle took to
1932-602: Is made, morphine , and digoxin . Drug companies spend billions of dollars each year researching plant compounds for potential medicinal benefits. Plants require some nutrients , such as carbon and nitrogen , in large quantities to survive. Some nutrients are termed macronutrients , where the prefix macro- (large) refers to the quantity needed, not the size of the nutrient particles themselves. Other nutrients, called micronutrients , are required only in trace amounts for plants to remain healthy. Such micronutrients are usually absorbed as ions dissolved in water taken from
2001-420: Is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering. Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin. It has been determined experimentally that a short day plant (long night) does not flower if a flash of phytochrome activating light is used on the plant during the night. Plants make use of
2070-580: Is perhaps less visible nowadays than during the golden age of the 19th century, it is in large part because the field has given birth to some of the most active domains of today's biological sciences, such as neuroscience , endocrinology , and immunology . Furthermore, physiology is still often seen as an integrative discipline, which can put together into a coherent framework data coming from various different domains. Initially, women were largely excluded from official involvement in any physiological society. The American Physiological Society , for example,
2139-425: Is that, unlike the members of the animal kingdom whose evolutionary successes and failures are shaped by suffering, the evolution of plants are simply shaped by life and death. Plants may respond both to directional and non-directional stimuli . A response to a directional stimulus, such as gravity or sun light , is called a tropism. A response to a nondirectional stimulus, such as temperature or humidity ,
American Polygraph Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
2208-441: Is the preferred name of the subdiscipline among plant physiologists, but it goes by a number of other names in the applied sciences. It is roughly synonymous with ecophysiology , crop ecology, horticulture and agronomy . The particular name applied to the subdiscipline is specific to the viewpoint and goals of research. Whatever name is applied, it deals with the ways in which plants respond to their environment and so overlaps with
2277-589: The animal kingdom do simply because of the lack of any pain receptors , nerves , or a brain , and, by extension, lack of consciousness . Many plants are known to perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli at a cellular level, and some plants such as the venus flytrap or touch-me-not , are known for their "obvious sensory abilities". Nevertheless, the plant kingdom as a whole do not feel pain notwithstanding their abilities to respond to sunlight, gravity, wind, and any external stimuli such as insect bites, since they lack any nervous system. The primary reason for this
2346-609: The petals of flowers, where they may make up as much as 30% of the dry weight of the tissue. They are also responsible for the purple color seen on the underside of tropical shade plants such as Tradescantia zebrina . In these plants, the anthocyanin catches light that has passed through the leaf and reflects it back towards regions bearing chlorophyll, in order to maximize the use of available light Betalains are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are indole -derived compounds synthesized from tyrosine . This class of pigments
2415-467: The APA are: APA members are proponents of the control question technique of polygraph admission, which includes asking questions designed to gain a greater physiological response from innocent subjects being given a polygraph. About 10 years before the founding of the APA, a future president of the organization, Chris Gugas, demonstrated the polygraph before a national television audience with Groucho Marx on
2484-558: The biology of plants differs with animals, their symptoms and responses are quite different. In some cases, a plant can simply shed infected leaves or flowers to prevent the spread of disease, in a process called abscission. Most animals do not have this option as a means of controlling disease. Plant diseases organisms themselves also differ from those causing disease in animals because plants cannot usually spread infection through casual physical contact. Plant pathogens tend to spread via spores or are carried by animal vectors . One of
2553-418: The blood . Santorio Santorio in 1610s was the first to use a device to measure the pulse rate (the pulsilogium ), and a thermoscope to measure temperature. In 1791 Luigi Galvani described the role of electricity in the nerves of dissected frogs. In 1811, César Julien Jean Legallois studied respiration in animal dissection and lesions and found the center of respiration in the medulla oblongata . In
2622-421: The body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated." In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment. William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology. Nineteenth-century physiologists such as Michael Foster , Max Verworn , and Alfred Binet , based on Haeckel 's ideas, elaborated what came to be called "general physiology",
2691-467: The color of tomatoes ). Carotenoids have been shown to act as antioxidants and to promote healthy eyesight in humans. Anthocyanins (literally "flower blue") are water-soluble flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue, according to pH . They occur in all tissues of higher plants, providing color in leaves , stems , roots , flowers , and fruits , though not always in sufficient quantities to be noticeable. Anthocyanins are most visible in
2760-540: The comedian's show You Bet Your Life . Physiological Physiology ( / ˌ f ɪ z i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i / ; from Ancient Greek φύσις ( phúsis ) 'nature, origin' and -λογία ( -logía ) 'study of') is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system . As a subdiscipline of biology , physiology focuses on how organisms , organ systems , individual organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in
2829-538: The death rate from surgery by a substantial amount. The Physiological Society was founded in London in 1876 as a dining club. The American Physiological Society (APS) is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1887. The Society is, "devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences." In 1891, Ivan Pavlov performed research on "conditional responses" that involved dogs' saliva production in response to
American Polygraph Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
2898-444: The election of women was celebrated in 2015 with the publication of the book "Women Physiologists: Centenary Celebrations And Beyond For The Physiological Society." ( ISBN 978-0-9933410-0-7 ) Prominent women physiologists include: Human physiology Animal physiology Plant physiology Fungal physiology Protistan physiology Algal physiology Bacterial physiology Plant physiology Plant physiology
2967-894: The field of ecology . Environmental physiologists examine plant response to physical factors such as radiation (including light and ultraviolet radiation), temperature , fire , and wind . Of particular importance are water relations (which can be measured with the Pressure bomb ) and the stress of drought or inundation , exchange of gases with the atmosphere , as well as the cycling of nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon . Environmental physiologists also examine plant response to biological factors. This includes not only negative interactions, such as competition , herbivory , disease and parasitism , but also positive interactions, such as mutualism and pollination . While plants, as living beings, can perceive and communicate physical stimuli and damage, they do not feel pain as members of
3036-459: The fields of plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry ( biochemistry of plants), cell biology , genetics, biophysics and molecular biology . The field of plant physiology includes the study of all the internal activities of plants—those chemical and physical processes associated with life as they occur in plants. This includes study at many levels of scale of size and time. At
3105-747: The first plant physiology experiments in 1627 in the book, Sylva Sylvarum. Bacon grew several terrestrial plants, including a rose, in water and concluded that soil was only needed to keep the plant upright. Jan Baptist van Helmont published what is considered the first quantitative experiment in plant physiology in 1648. He grew a willow tree for five years in a pot containing 200 pounds of oven-dry soil. The soil lost just two ounces of dry weight and van Helmont concluded that plants get all their weight from water, not soil. In 1699, John Woodward published experiments on growth of spearmint in different sources of water. He found that plants grew much better in water with soil added than in distilled water. Stephen Hales
3174-598: The germination of seeds, elongation of seedlings, the size, shape and number of leaves, the synthesis of chlorophyll, and the straightening of the epicotyl or hypocotyl hook of dicot seedlings. Many flowering plants use the pigment phytochrome to sense seasonal changes in day length, which they take as signals to flower. This sensitivity to day length is termed photoperiodism . Broadly speaking, flowering plants can be classified as long day plants, short day plants, or day neutral plants, depending on their particular response to changes in day length. Long day plants require
3243-502: The humoral theory of disease, which also consisted of four primary qualities in life: hot, cold, wet and dry. Galen ( c. 130 –200 AD) was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body. Unlike Hippocrates, Galen argued that humoral imbalances can be located in specific organs, including the entire body. His modification of this theory better equipped doctors to make more precise diagnoses. Galen also played off of Hippocrates' idea that emotions were also tied to
3312-458: The humors, and added the notion of temperaments: sanguine corresponds with blood; phlegmatic is tied to phlegm; yellow bile is connected to choleric; and black bile corresponds with melancholy. Galen also saw the human body consisting of three connected systems: the brain and nerves, which are responsible for thoughts and sensations; the heart and arteries, which give life; and the liver and veins, which can be attributed to nutrition and growth. Galen
3381-410: The individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as appareils ). In 1858, Joseph Lister studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds. He later discovered and implemented antiseptics in the operating room, and as a result, decreased
3450-480: The leaf must grow slowly to reset for a second opportunity to trap insects. Economically, one of the most important areas of research in environmental physiology is that of phytopathology , the study of diseases in plants and the manner in which plants resist or cope with infection. Plant are susceptible to the same kinds of disease organisms as animals, including viruses , bacteria , and fungi , as well as physical invasion by insects and roundworms . Because
3519-402: The leaves, and growth of shoots towards light are examples of plant physiology. Human physiology is the study of how the human body's systems and functions work together to maintain a stable internal environment. It includes the study of the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, as well as cellular and exercise physiology. Understanding human physiology
SECTION 50
#17328585201823588-462: The length of the night, a phenomenon known as photoperiodism . The ripening of fruit and loss of leaves in the winter are controlled in part by the production of the gas ethylene by the plant. Finally, plant physiology includes the study of plant response to environmental conditions and their variation, a field known as environmental physiology . Stress from water loss, changes in air chemistry, or crowding by other plants can lead to changes in
3657-449: The level of organs and systems within systems. The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals. The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It
3726-448: The most important advances in the control of plant disease was the discovery of Bordeaux mixture in the nineteenth century. The mixture is the first known fungicide and is a combination of copper sulfate and lime . Application of the mixture served to inhibit the growth of downy mildew that threatened to seriously damage the French wine industry. Francis Bacon published one of
3795-409: The notion of physiological division of labor, which allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of Adam Smith , Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of
3864-416: The phytochrome system to sense day length or photoperiod. This fact is utilized by florists and greenhouse gardeners to control and even induce flowering out of season, such as the poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ). Paradoxically, the subdiscipline of environmental physiology is on the one hand a recent field of study in plant ecology and on the other hand one of the oldest. Environmental physiology
3933-406: The plant and acquire minerals in the soil. Leaves catch light in order to manufacture nutrients. For both of these organs to remain living, minerals that the roots acquire must be transported to the leaves, and the nutrients manufactured in the leaves must be transported to the roots. Plants have developed a number of ways to achieve this transport, such as vascular tissue , and the functioning of
4002-765: The plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plant hormones are chemicals that in small amounts promote and influence the growth , development and differentiation of cells and tissues. Hormones are vital to plant growth; affecting processes in plants from flowering to seed development, dormancy , and germination . They regulate which tissues grow upwards and which grow downwards, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, as well as leaf abscission and even plant death. The most important plant hormones are abscissic acid (ABA), auxins , ethylene , gibberellins , and cytokinins , though there are many other substances that serve to regulate plant physiology. While most people know that light
4071-410: The roots of a plant to determine the direction of gravity and grow downwards. Tropisms generally result from an interaction between the environment and production of one or more plant hormones. Nastic movements results from differential cell growth (e.g. epinasty and hiponasty), or from changes in turgor pressure within plant tissues (e.g., nyctinasty ), which may occur rapidly. A familiar example
4140-598: The same year, Charles Bell finished work on what would later become known as the Bell–Magendie law , which compared functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord . In 1824, François Magendie described the sensory roots and produced the first evidence of the cerebellum's role in equilibration to complete the Bell–Magendie law. In the 1820s, the French physiologist Henri Milne-Edwards introduced
4209-447: The smallest scale are molecular interactions of photosynthesis and internal diffusion of water, minerals, and nutrients. At the largest scale are the processes of plant development , seasonality , dormancy , and reproductive control. Major subdisciplines of plant physiology include phytochemistry (the study of the biochemistry of plants) and phytopathology (the study of disease in plants). The scope of plant physiology as
SECTION 60
#17328585201824278-524: The soil, though carnivorous plants acquire some of their micronutrients from captured prey. The following tables list element nutrients essential to plants. Uses within plants are generalized. Among the most important molecules for plant function are the pigments . Plant pigments include a variety of different kinds of molecules, including porphyrins , carotenoids , and anthocyanins . All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. The light that
4347-402: The study of biological and chemical processes of individual plant cells . Plant cells have a number of features that distinguish them from cells of animals , and which lead to major differences in the way that plant life behaves and responds differently from animal life. For example, plant cells have a cell wall which maintains the shape of plant cells. Plant cells also contain chlorophyll ,
4416-839: The subdisciplines of physiology: Although there are differences between animal , plant , and microbial cells, the basic physiological functions of cells can be divided into the processes of cell division , cell signaling , cell growth , and cell metabolism . Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology , plant ecology , phytochemistry , cell biology , genetics , biophysics , and molecular biology . Fundamental processes of plant physiology include photosynthesis , respiration , plant nutrition , tropisms , nastic movements , photoperiodism , photomorphogenesis , circadian rhythms , seed germination , dormancy , and stomata function and transpiration . Absorption of water by roots, production of food in
4485-431: The various modes of transport is studied by plant physiologists. Fourthly, plant physiologists study the ways that plants control or regulate internal functions. Like animals, plants produce chemicals called hormones which are produced in one part of the plant to signal cells in another part of the plant to respond. Many flowering plants bloom at the appropriate time because of light-sensitive compounds that respond to
4554-451: The way a plant functions. These changes may be affected by genetic, chemical, and physical factors. The chemical elements of which plants are constructed—principally carbon , oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , phosphorus , sulfur , etc.—are the same as for all other life forms: animals, fungi, bacteria and even viruses . Only the details of their individual molecular structures vary. Despite this underlying similarity, plants produce
4623-402: Was also the founder of experimental physiology. And for the next 1,400 years, Galenic physiology was a powerful and influential tool in medicine . Jean Fernel (1497–1558), a French physician, introduced the term "physiology". Galen, Ibn al-Nafis , Michael Servetus , Realdo Colombo , Amato Lusitano and William Harvey , are credited as making important discoveries in the circulation of
4692-923: Was founded in 1887 and included only men in its ranks. In 1902, the American Physiological Society elected Ida Hyde as the first female member of the society. Hyde, a representative of the American Association of University Women and a global advocate for gender equality in education, attempted to promote gender equality in every aspect of science and medicine. Soon thereafter, in 1913, J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society , which had been founded in 1876. On 3 July 1915, six women were officially admitted: Florence Buchanan , Winifred Cullis , Ruth Skelton , Sarah C. M. Sowton , Constance Leetham Terry , and Enid M. Tribe . The centenary of
4761-410: Was provided by animal experimentation . Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum. Involving evolutionary physiology and environmental physiology , comparative physiology considers the diversity of functional characteristics across organisms. The study of human physiology as
#181818