85-446: Finland Iceland Norway 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 The Altmark incident ( Norwegian : Altmark -affæren; German : Altmark-Zwischenfall ) was a naval incident of World War II between British destroyers and the German tanker Altmark , which happened on 16–17 February 1940. It took place in what were neutral Norwegian waters. On board
170-511: A more active role in pushing the Germans out of Lapland, thus intensifying hostilities. The Germans adopted a scorched-earth policy, and proceeded to lay waste to the entire northern half of the country as they retreated. Around 100,000 people lost their homes, adding to the burden of post-war reconstruction. The actual loss of life, however, was relatively light. Finland lost approximately 1,000 troops and Germany about 2,000. The Finnish army expelled
255-559: A name-based estimate of 74 Jews), most likely perished in Nazi concentration camps . During World War II , Finland was anomalous: It was the only European country bordering the Soviet Union in 1939 which was still unoccupied by 1945. It was a country which sided with Germany, but in which native Jews and almost all refugees were safe from persecution. It was the only country that fought alongside Nazi Germany which maintained democracy throughout
340-660: A part of Finland before. This resulted with Stalin asking Roosevelt for help in restoring peaceful relations between Finland and the Soviet Union on 4 August 1941. Finland's refusal of the Soviet offer of territorial concessions in exchange for a peace treaty would later cause Great Britain to declare war on Finland on 6 December (the US maintained diplomatic relations with Finland until the summer of 1944). The German and Finnish troops in Northern Finland were less successful, failing to take
425-664: A part of Finland. After the extinction of the Hohenzollern monarchy on 9 November 1918, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent, German troops left Finland, and British ships patrolled the Baltic Sea. Mannerheim was elected regent by the Eduskunta , and Finnish policy became pro-Entente as the western powers intervened in the Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – 16 June 1923). Mannerheim favoured intervention against
510-738: A poorly-designed new vessel for the navy. The responsibility and powers of the First Lord of the Admiralty were laid down by an Order in Council dated 14 January 1869, and a later Order (19 March 1872) made the First Lord responsible to the Sovereign and to Parliament for all the business of the Admiralty. However, by describing the Lords of the Admiralty as the "assistants" of the First Lord, and by specifically defining their duties, this had, in fact, partially disabled
595-627: A position. First Lord of the Admiralty The First Lord of the Admiralty , or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty , was the political head of the English and later British Royal Navy . He was the government's senior adviser on all naval affairs, responsible for the direction and control of the Admiralty , and also of general administration of the Naval Service of
680-610: The Altmark were roughly 300 Allied prisoners (officially internees), whose ships had been sunk by the pocket battleship Graf Spee in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. British naval forces cornered the tanker, and later the destroyer HMS Cossack boarded the Altmark near the Jøssingfjord and liberated all the prisoners. Eight German sailors were killed and ten wounded during hand-to-hand fighting , which took place during
765-453: The Jøssingfjord just after midnight on 17 February. The Norwegian escorts protested but did not intervene. The official explanation later given by the Norwegian government was that according to international treaty, a neutral country was not obliged to resist a vastly-superior force. The Norwegians were angered that their neutrality had been infringed, as they did not want to be dragged into
850-691: The Kingdom of England , Great Britain in the 18th century, and then the United Kingdom, including the Royal Navy, the Royal Marines , and other services. It was one of the earliest known permanent government posts. Apart from being the political head of the Naval Service the post holder was simultaneously the pre-eminent member of the Board of Admiralty . The office of First Lord of the Admiralty existed from 1628 until it
935-742: The League of Nations , and as a result, the Soviet Union was expelled from that body on 14 December. The aim of the invasion was to liberate the 'Red Finns' and eventually annex Finland to the Soviet Union . To this end, a puppet government, the Finnish Democratic Republic , was established in Terijoki under the leadership of the exiled O. W. Kuusinen . Strategic goals of the Red Army included cutting Finland in half and capturing Petsamo in
SECTION 10
#17328486813401020-616: The Paris Peace Treaty , Finland was classified as an ally of Nazi Germany, bearing its responsibility for the war. The treaty imposed heavy war reparations on Finland and stipulated the lease of the Porkkala area near the Finnish capital Helsinki as a military base for fifty years. The reparations were initially thought to be crippling for the economy, but a determined effort was made to pay them. The reparations were reduced by 25% in 1948 by
1105-515: The Red Army launched a major strategic offensive against Finland , attaining vast numerical superiority and surprising the Finnish army. This attack pushed the Finnish forces approximately to the same positions as they were holding at the end of the Winter War. Eventually, the Soviet offensive was fought to a standstill in the Battle of Tali–Ihantala , while still tens or hundreds of kilometres in front of
1190-523: The Second World War initially in a defensive war against the Soviet Union , followed by another, this time offensive, war against the Soviet Union acting in concert with Nazi Germany and then finally fighting alongside the Allies against Germany. The first two major conflicts in which Finland was directly involved were the defensive Winter War against an invasion by the Soviet Union in 1939, followed by
1275-633: The 17th century and the early 18th century, it was not invariable for the Admiralty to be in commission, so there are gaps in the list of First Lords, and a small number of First Lords were for a time Lord High Admiral. After the Revolution, in 1690, a declaratory Act was passed, during the reign of William and Mary. Parliament passed the Admiralty Act, vesting in the Commissioners the powers formerly held by
1360-482: The Admiralty comprised a number of "Lords Commissioners" headed by a First Lord. From the early 1800s the post was always held by a civilian (previously flag officers of the Royal Navy also held the post). In 1832 First Lord Sir James Graham instituted reforms and amalgamated the Board of Admiralty and the Navy Board . By the provisions of the Admiralty Act of 1832, two Lords in committee could legalise any action of
1445-469: The Board. In 1868 Prime Minister, William Gladstone appointed Hugh Childers First Lord, who would introduce a new system at the Admiralty. However these changes restricted communication between the board members who were affected by these new regulations, and the sittings of the Board were discontinued altogether. This situation described was further exacerbated by the disaster of HMS Captain in 1870,
1530-484: The Bolsheviks and Germany collapsed, German troops intervened in the country and occupied Helsinki and Finland. The Red faction was defeated and the survivors were subjected to a reign of terror, in which at least 12,000 people died. A new government, with Juho Kusti Paasikivi as prime minister, pursued a pro-German policy and sought to annex Russian Karelia , which had a Finnish-speaking majority, despite never having been
1615-669: The Bolsheviks but suspicion of the White Russians who refused to recognise Finnish independence led to his aggressive policy being overruled; then, the Bolshevik victory in Russia forestalled Finnish hostilities. Paasikivi led a delegation to Tartu , in Estonia, with instructions to establish a frontier from Lake Ladoga in the south, via Lake Onega to the White Sea in the north. The importance of
1700-696: The Continuation War. Finnish political policy during the Cold War was aimed at appeasing the Soviet Union in order to maintain good relations. In 1809, the Russian Empire seized Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War . Finland entered a personal union with the Russian Empire as a grand duchy with extensive autonomy . On 6 December 1917, during the Russian Civil War , the Finnish parliament ( Suomen Eduskunta ) declared independence from Russia, which
1785-570: The Finnish Army controlled East Karelia between 1941 and 1944, several concentration camps were set up for Russian civilians . The first camp was set up on 24 October 1941, in Petrozavodsk. Of these interned civilians 4,361 perished mainly due to malnourishment, 90% of them during the spring and summer of 1942. Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact , but was aided in its military assault on
SECTION 20
#17328486813401870-421: The Finnish army had just 9 smaller divisions. The Soviets also enjoyed overwhelming superiority in the number of armour and air units deployed. The Finns had to defend a border that was some 1287 km (800 miles) in length, putting them at a significant disadvantage. The Winter War was fought in two Soviet offensives, divided by a short lull. The war was fought mainly in three areas. The Karelian Isthmus and
1955-415: The Finnish efforts to improve the security of the country. Defensive arrangements were attempted with Sweden and the United Kingdom, but the political and military situation in the context of the Second World War rendered these efforts fruitless. Finland then turned to Nazi Germany for military aid. As the German offensive against the Soviet Union ( Operation Barbarossa ) approached, the cooperation between
2040-508: The Finns to be Finnish territory. No agreement was reached. On 26 November the Soviet Union accused the Finnish army of shelling the village of Mainila . It was subsequently found that the Soviets had in fact shelled their own village, in order to create a pretext for withdrawal from their non-aggression pact with Finland. On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union attacked Finland. The attack was denounced by
2125-512: The Germans to tie them more tightly together. Finland managed not to take part in the siege of Leningrad despite Hitler's wishes, and refused to cut the Murmansk railway. Finnish Jews were not persecuted, and even among extremists of the Finnish Right they were highly tolerated, as many leaders of the movement came from the clergy. Of approximately 500 Jewish refugees, eight were handed over to
2210-466: The Germans, a fact for which Finnish prime minister Paavo Lipponen issued an official apology in 2000. The field synagogue operated by the Finnish army was probably a unique phenomenon in the Eastern Front of the war. Finnish Jews fought alongside other Finns. About 2,600–2,800 Soviet prisoners of war were handed over to the Germans in exchange for roughly 2,200 Finnic prisoners of war held by
2295-552: The Germans. In November 2003, the Simon Wiesenthal Center submitted an official request to Finnish President Tarja Halonen for a full-scale investigation by the Finnish authorities of the prisoner exchange. In the subsequent study by Professor Heikki Ylikangas it turned out that about 2,000 of the exchanged prisoners joined the Russian Liberation Army . The rest, mostly army and political officers, (among them
2380-534: The Lord High Admiral of England. and at this point became a permanent Cabinet position. The Admiralty Commission was dissolved in 1701, but was reconstituted in 1709 on the death of Prince George of Denmark, who had been appointed Lord High Admiral. The office has been held in commission from that time onwards, however, except for a short period (1827–28) when the Duke of Clarence was Lord High Admiral. The Board of
2465-453: The Murmansk railway, built in 1916, led the Soviet delegation to reject the Finnish border proposal, and the treaty of 14 October 1920 recognised a border agreement in which Finland obtained the northern port of Petsamo (Pechenga), an outlet to the Arctic Ocean , and a border roughly the same as that of the former Grand Duchy of Finland . Claims on areas of Eastern Karelia were abandoned and
2550-453: The Norwegians to take part, but that was also refused. In the ensuing action, Altmark ran aground. The British then boarded her at 22:20 on 16 February and, after some hand-to-hand fighting with bayonet, overwhelmed the ship's crew and went down to the hold. One of the released prisoners stated that the first they knew of the operation was when they heard the shout "any Englishmen here?" from
2635-472: The Red Army seemed to have inexhaustible amounts of ammunition and supplies, as attacks were always preceded by barrages, followed by aerial assaults and then random troop movements against the lines. Finnish military and government leaders came to feel that their only hope of preserving their nation lay in negotiating a peace treaty with Moscow . The tenacity of the Finnish people, both military and civilian, in
Altmark incident - Misplaced Pages Continue
2720-456: The Russian port city of Murmansk during Operation Silver Fox . On 31 July 1941 the United Kingdom launched Operation EF to demonstrate support for the Soviet Union. These raids were unsuccessful. In December 1941, the Finnish army took defensive positions. This led to a long period of relative calm in the front line, lasting until 1944. During this period, starting at 1941 but especially after
2805-488: The Soviet Union and were paid off in 1952. Porkkala was returned to Finnish control in 1956. In subsequent years the position of Finland was unique in the Cold War . The country was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union, but was the only country on the Soviet pre-World War II border to retain democracy and a market economy . Finland entered into the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (YYA Treaty) with
2890-457: The Soviet Union by Germany from the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, and in its defence against Soviet attacks in 1944 prior to the separate peace with the Soviet Union in 1944. Finland was led by its elected president and parliament during the whole 1939–1945 period. As a result, some political scientists name it as one of the few instances where a democratic country was engaged in a war against one or more other democratic countries, namely
2975-463: The Soviet Union in which the Soviet Union agreed to the neutral status of Finland. Arms purchases were balanced between East and West until the fall of the Soviet Union. During the Continuation War (1941–1944) Finland's wartime government claimed to be a co-belligerent of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union, and abstained from signing the Tripartite Pact . Finland was dependent on food, fuel, and armament shipments from Germany during this period, and
3060-540: The Soviet leadership, as they were in a race to reach Berlin before the Western Allies . This, and the heavy casualties inflicted on the Red Army by the Finns, led to the transfer of most troops from the Finnish front. On 4 September 1944 a ceasefire was agreed, and the Moscow Armistice between the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on one side and Finland on the other was signed on 19 September. The Moscow armistice
3145-653: The Soviet leadership. On 23 August 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , which included a secret clause demarcating Finland as part of the Soviet sphere of influence. On 12 October the Soviet Union began negotiations with Finland regarding the disposition of the Karelian Isthmus , the Hanko Peninsula , and various islands in the Gulf of Finland, all of which were considered by
3230-564: The Soviets accepted that the south-eastern border would not be moved west of Petrograd. During the Interwar period , relations between Finland and the Soviet Union were tense. Some elements in Finland maintained the dream of a "Greater Finland" which included the Soviet-controlled part of Karelia , while the proximity of the Finnish border to Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) caused worry among
3315-527: The Soviets had become bogged down, with the two main fronts at a standstill as the Finns counterattacked with greater strength than anticipated. With the failure of two of its three offensives by the end of December, Soviet headquarters ordered a cessation of operations. By 27 December, it was observed that the Soviets were digging in on the Karelian Isthmus. In the north, the Finns had been pushed back to Nautsi , but with reinforcements, had been able to take
3400-532: The USSR was willing to negotiate peace. The last phase began in February 1940, with a major artillery barrage that began on the 2nd and lasted until the 11th, accompanied by reconnaissance raids at key objectives. The Soviets, using new equipment and materials, also began using the tactic of rotating troops from the reserve to the front, thus keeping constant pressure on the Finnish defenders. Relative to Finnish resources,
3485-461: The area of Lake Ladoga were the primary focus of the Soviet war effort. A two-pronged attack was launched in this region, with one pincer engaging Finnish forces on the Isthmus while the other went around Lake Ladoga in an attempt at encircling the defenders. This force was then to advance to and capture the city of Viipuri . The second front was in central Karelia, where Soviet forces were to advance to
Altmark incident - Misplaced Pages Continue
3570-444: The attack and joining in the attack on the USSR almost immediately. The 1947 Paris Peace treaty signed by Finland stated that Finland had been "an ally of Hitlerite Germany" and bore partial responsibility for the conflict. Finland was an anomaly among German allies in that it retained an independent, democratic government. Moreover, during the war, Finland kept its army outside the German command structure despite numerous attempts by
3655-556: The authors of The Altmark Affair , interviewed a large number of the crew, none of whom verified the use of cutlasses. Barton and McGrath suggest that idea may have originated from German accusations that the British were "sea-pirates". However, Jim Rhodes, a former crew member of Cossack , wrote in the April 2002 newsletter of the Association that he had witnessed a cutlass being carried by one of
3740-460: The boarding party. Rhodes had not taken part in the action, had watched from B Gun deck and had been too far to identify the cutlass holder. Rhodes stated that four cutlasses had been kept on board for ceremonial purposes. Seven German sailors were killed, and eleven wounded during the fighting, six seriously. The German dead were buried in Sogndal Cemetery above Jøssingfjord. HMS Cossack left
3825-561: The boarding party. When the prisoners shouted back "yes! We are all British!", the response was "well, the Navy's here!", which brought cheers. This incident is frequently cited as the last Royal Navy action with cutlasses . However, the HMS Cossack Association do not believe this to be true. Barton and McGrath, the authors of British Naval Swords and Swordsmanship , also think that is dubious and point out that Frischauer and Jackson,
3910-467: The boarding. A British sailor was also wounded during the fighting. The German government claimed that the boarding had been a violation of international law and of Norwegian neutrality and later used the incident in the propaganda broadcasts of " Lord Haw-Haw ". In February 1940, the German tanker Altmark was returning to Germany with 299 captured British sailors on board. These were prisoners of war who had been picked up from ships sunk by
3995-578: The city of Oulu , cutting the country in half. Finally, a drive from the north was intended to capture the Petsamo region. The first attack, on 30 November 1939, was an aerial bombardment of the city of Helsinki , with subsidiary attacks all along the Finnish-Soviet border. This had the effect of instantly unifying the once deeply-divided Finnish people in defense of their homes and country, without any referendums needing to be carried out. By late December
4080-526: The code name Operation Weserübung . However, as noted by the British politician Maurice Hankey , the incident "does not seem to have given Hitler the pretext he was seeking for launching an invasion of Norway". The Altmark incident gave the British a short-lived but sorely-needed morale boost during the Phoney War . The incident also had a lasting propaganda effect in German-occupied Norway during
4165-413: The collective power of the Board. In 1931, for the first time since 1709, the First Lord was not a member of the cabinet. In 1946, the three posts of Secretary of State for War , First Lord of the Admiralty, and Secretary of State for Air became formally subordinated to that of Minister of Defence , which had itself been created in 1940 for the co-ordination of defence and security issues. In 1964,
4250-497: The control of a Board of Commissioners. The first such First Lord of the Admiralty was Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland , who was appointed in 1628. The First Lord was not always a permanent member of the board until the Admiralty Department was established as an official government department in 1709 with the First Lord as its head; it replaced the earlier Office of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs . During most of
4335-541: The democracies in the Allied forces. However, nearly all Finnish military engagements in World War II were fought solely against an autocratic power, the Soviet Union, and the lack of direct conflicts specifically with other democratic countries leads others to exclude Finnish involvement in World War II as an example of a war between two or more democracies. Finnish President Tarja Halonen , speaking in 2005, said that "For us
SECTION 50
#17328486813404420-449: The end of World War II, Finland remained an independent country. However, Finland ceded approximately 10% of its territory to the Soviet Union, including Viipuri (Finland's second-largest city [Population Register] or fourth-largest city [Church and Civil Register], depending on the census data ). Finland was also required to pay out a large amount of war reparations to the Soviet Union and to formally acknowledge partial responsibility for
4505-472: The face of a superior opponent gained the country much sympathy throughout the world; however, material support from other countries was very limited, as none of Finland's neighbors were willing to commit their militaries to a war against the USSR. The need for a diplomatic solution became even more apparent after Soviet forces broke through the Finnish defensive line on the Karelian Isthmus and moved on towards Viipuri. A peace proposal authored by Molotov
4590-439: The fact of a prison ship traversing neutral waters. In fact, in official papers regarding the incident, they noted the fact that the Royal Navy had done the same, for example in December 1939, when the cruiser HMS Despatch passed through the Panama Canal , which was neutral waters, with German prisoners aboard from the freighter Düsseldorf . But the crew of the Altmark had gone hundreds of miles out of their way to make
4675-444: The higher ground and halt the Soviet advance south of Petsamo. During this period the Finns harassed supply columns and carried out raids against fortified Soviet positions. A lull followed in January 1940, as the Soviet army reassessed its strategy, and rearmed and resupplied. On 29 January, Molotov put an end to the puppet Terijoki Government and recognized the Ryti government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that
4760-421: The last of the foreign troops from Finland in April 1945. The war caused great damage to infrastructure and the economy. From the autumn of 1944, the Finnish army and navy performed many mine clearance operations, especially in Karelia, Lapland and the Gulf of Finland. Sea mine clearance activities lasted until 1950. The mines caused many military and civilian casualties, particularly in Lapland. As part of
4845-533: The long run through Norwegian waters to Germany. Besides, the Norwegian government had not permitted the Germans to transport prisoners through Norwegian waters (the Altmark having falsely claimed to be carrying none), and the HMS Despatch crew had been truthful regarding the nature of their cargo and voyage. The Norwegian naval forces refused to take part in a joint escort and reiterated that their earlier searches of Altmark had found nothing. Vian then stated that he intended to board Altmark and invited
4930-401: The main Finnish line of fortifications, the Salpa Line . However, the war had exhausted Finnish resources and it was believed that the country would not be able to hold against another major attack. The worsening situation in 1944 had led to Finnish president Risto Ryti giving Germany his personal guarantee that Finland would not negotiate peace with the Soviet Union for as long as he was
5015-507: The major German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad , intermittent peace inquiries took place. These negotiations did not lead to any settlement. In September 1943, a few months after Stalingrad, Finland indicated its independence of Germany by not recognizing the puppet Italian Social Republic , proclaimed by the Germans in northern Italy. On 16 March 1944, the President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , called for Finland to disassociate itself from Nazi Germany. On 9 June 1944,
5100-494: The north and Helsinki in the south. The leader of the Leningrad Military District, Andrei Zhdanov , commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich , Suite on Finnish Themes , intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki. The Soviets had been building up their forces on the border during the earlier negotiations, and now fielded four armies composed of 16 divisions, with another three being brought into position; meanwhile,
5185-411: The offensive Continuation War , together with Germany and the other Axis Powers against the Soviets, in 1941–1944. The third conflict, the Lapland War against Germany in 1944–1945, followed the signing of the Moscow Armistice with the Allied Powers, which stipulated expulsion of Nazi German forces from Finnish territory. The Soviet attempt to conquer Finland in the Winter War was thwarted, and by
SECTION 60
#17328486813405270-437: The office of First Lord of the Admiralty was abolished, the last holder being the second Earl Jellicoe , whose father, Admiral of the Fleet the first Earl Jellicoe , had served as First Sea Lord nearly 50 years earlier. The functions of the Lords Commissioners were then transferred to an Admiralty Board , which forms part of the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom . From 1 April 1964 Elizabeth II assumed
5355-402: The pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee . On its way from the southern Atlantic to Germany, the Altmark passed through Norwegian waters. International law did not ban the transfer of prisoners of war through neutral waters. On the insistence of British contacts who had been pursuing the vessel, it was investigated three times on 15 February by the Royal Norwegian Navy . First, the tanker
5440-404: The president. In exchange, Germany delivered weapons to the Finns. After the Soviet offensive was halted, however, Ryti resigned. Due to the war, elections could not be held, and therefore the Parliament selected the Marshal of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim , the Finnish commander-in-chief , as president and charged him with negotiating a peace. The Finnish front had become a sideshow for
5525-476: The prisoners, and take possession of the ship pending further instructions. If Norwegian torpedo-boat interferes, you should warn her to stand off. If she fires upon you, you should not reply unless attack is serious, in which case you should defend yourself, using no more force than is necessary, and ceasing fire when she desists. Suggest to Norwegian destroyer that honour is served by submitting to superior force. The British government made no particular objection to
5610-442: The region was the nickel mines in the Petsamo area. Initially the warfare was cautious on both sides, reflecting the previous cooperation of the two countries against their common enemy, but by the end of 1944 the fighting intensified. Finland and Germany had made an informal agreement and schedule for German troops to withdraw from Lapland to Norway. The Soviet Union did not accept this "friendliness" and pressured Finland to take
5695-402: The ship, and aimed their torpedo tubes at the Cossack . Captain Vian then asked the British Admiralty for instructions, and received the following orders directly from the First Lord of the Admiralty , Winston Churchill : Unless Norwegian torpedo-boat undertakes to convoy Altmark to Bergen with a joint Anglo-Norwegian guard on board, and a joint escort, you should board Altmark , liberate
5780-413: The terms of the treaty, Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the USSR. This was more territory than the Soviets had originally demanded . The period of peace following the Winter War was widely regarded in Finland as temporary, even when peace was announced in March 1940. A period of frantic diplomatic efforts and rearmament followed. The Soviet Union kept up intense pressure on Finland, thereby hastening
5865-422: The title of Lord High Admiral . Ministerial responsibility for the Royal Navy was transferred to the newly created Secretary of State for Defence . Notes: The "Radical" First Lord, and a major character, in Gilbert and Sullivan 's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), is Sir Joseph Henry Porter, KCB . W. S. Gilbert wrote to Arthur Sullivan he did not intend to portray the real-life then First Lord,
5950-404: The two countries intensified. German troops arrived in Finland and took up positions, mostly in Lapland , from where they would invade the Soviet Union. Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941. On 25 June the Soviet Union launched an air raid against Finnish cities, after which Finland declared war and also allowed German troops stationed in Finland to begin offensive warfare. The resulting war
6035-449: The war, when the Norwegian collaborationist government tried to neutralise its nickname " quislings " by using the location of the skirmish, Jøssingfjord, to coin the derogatory term " jøssing ", referring to pro-Allies and anti-Nazis. The efforts backfired, as " jøssing " was immediately adopted as a positive term by the general public, and it was banned from official use by 1943. The phrase "the Navy's here" became well known in Britain and
6120-477: The war. It was in fact the only democracy in mainland Europe that remained so despite being an involved party in the war. According to the Finnish records 19,085 Soviet prisoners of war died in Finnish prison camps during the Continuation War, which means that 29.6% of Soviet POWs taken by the Finns did not survive. The high number of fatalities was mainly due to malnutrition and diseases. However, about 1,000 POWs were shot, primarily when attempting to escape. When
6205-456: The war. Nonetheless, the Altmark incident sowed doubts about Norwegian neutrality among the Allies and in Germany. Adolf Hitler , who earlier had decided on 14 December 1939 on the invasion of Norway after discussions with Admiral Erich Raeder and Vidkun Quisling , ordered intensified planning on 19 February 1940 for attacks on Norway and Denmark, which eventually took place on 9 April 1940 under
6290-513: The whole of Petsamo over to the Soviet Union. Finland also agreed to legalize communist parties and ban fascist organizations. Finally, the armistice also demanded that Finland expel German troops from its territory, which was the cause of the Lapland War . The Lapland War was fought between Finland and Nazi Germany in Lapland , the northernmost part of Finland. The main strategic interest of Germany in
6375-643: The world war meant a separate war against the Soviet Union and we did not incur any debt of gratitude to others". Finnish President Mauno Koivisto also expressed similar views in 1993. However the view that Finland only fought separately during the Second World War remains controversial within Finland and was not generally accepted outside Finland. In a 2008 poll of 28 Finnish historians carried out by Helsingin Sanomat , 16 said that Finland had been an ally of Nazi Germany, six said it had not been, and six did not take
6460-450: Was abolished when the Admiralty, Air Ministry , Ministry of Defence and War Office were all merged to form the new Ministry of Defence in 1964. Its modern-day equivalent is the Secretary of State for Defence . In 1628, during the reign of Charles I , George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham , Lord High Admiral of England, was assassinated and the office was placed in commission, under
6545-463: Was accepted by the Bolshevik government of the Soviet Union on 31 December. In January 1918, the Eduskunta ordered General Carl Mannerheim to use local Finnish White Guards to disarm Finnish Red Guards and Russian troops throughout the country, a process which began on 27 January and led to the beginning of the Finnish Civil War . After the Eastern Front and peace negotiations between
6630-511: Was boarded by officers from the torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg , off Linesøya , then by officers from the torpedo boat HNoMS Snøgg in the Sognefjord , and finally personally by Admiral Carsten Tank-Nielsen and naval personnel from the destroyer HNoMS Garm in the Hjeltefjord . In each instance, the men who boarded the ship carried out cursory searches and took the Germans' word that the vessel
6715-426: Was conducting purely commercial business. The British prisoners held in the ship's hold reportedly made strenuous efforts to signal their presence, but the Norwegian search parties did not inspect the hold, and allowed the ship to continue on its way. Following the third boarding, Altmark was escorted southwards by the torpedo boats HNoMS Skarv and HNoMS Kjell and the guard boat HNoMS Firern . Altmark
6800-592: Was influenced to sign the Anti-Comintern Pact , a less formal alliance than the Tripartite Pact seen as by the Nazi leadership as a "litmus test of loyalty". The Finnish leadership adhered to many written and oral agreements on practical co-operation with Germany during the conflict. Finland was one of Germany's most important allies in the attack on the Soviet Union, allowing German troops to be based in Finland before
6885-514: Was known to the Finns as the Continuation War . During the summer and autumn of 1941 the Finnish Army was on the offensive, retaking the territories lost in the Winter War. The Finnish army also advanced further, especially in the direction of Lake Onega , (east from Lake Ladoga ), closing the blockade of the city of Leningrad from the north, and occupying Eastern Karelia , which had many ethnic Finns living there, but had never technically been
6970-469: Was sent to Helsinki in mid-February. It placed heavy demands on Finland, claiming more land for the USSR and imposing significant diplomatic and military sanctions. By 28 February, Molotov had made his offer into an ultimatum with a 48-hour time limit, which pushed the Finnish leadership to act quickly. On 12 March 1940, the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed, with hostilities ending the following day. By
7055-456: Was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 19 September 1944 ending the Continuation War, though the final peace treaty was not to be signed until 1947 in Paris. The conditions for peace were similar to those previously agreed in the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty, with Finland being forced to cede parts of Finnish Karelia, a part of Salla and islands in the Gulf of Finland. The new armistice also handed
7140-500: Was then spotted off Egersund later that same day by British aircraft, which raised the alarm in the Royal Navy. The aircraft were stationed at RAF Thornaby , in the North East of England. After being intercepted by the destroyer HMS Cossack , captained by Philip Vian , Altmark sought refuge in the Jøssingfjord , but Cossack followed her in the next day. The Altmark 's Norwegian naval escorts blocked initial attempts to board
7225-541: Was used as the title of a book about the incident; the publisher referred to "the simple statement which stirred the imagination of the world". A popular song was written by Ross Parker and Hughie Charles and saluted the incident by comparing it with those of Drake , Nelson , Beatty and Fisher . 58°19′01″N 6°20′11″E / 58.31694°N 6.33639°E / 58.31694; 6.33639 Finland in World War II Finland participated in
#339660