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33-585: Altbayern mainly consists of the following Bavarian Regierungsbezirke (administrative regions): Since the term Altbayern is based on the cultural difference compared to Franconia (i.e. Upper , Middle and Lower Franconia ) as well as with Swabia (i.e. Bavarian Swabia ), some areas surrounding the Upper Franconian town of Wunsiedel as well as the Swabian Aichach-Friedberg district are counted as part of Altbayern, because they share

66-480: A Landesverwaltungsamt (county administration office) with three offices at the former seats of the Bezirksregierungen . On 1 January 2005, Lower Saxony followed suit, disbanding its remaining four Regierungsbezirke of Brunswick , Hanover , Lüneburg , and Weser-Ems . On 1 August 2008, Saxony restructured its counties ( Landkreise , German: [ˈlantˌkʁaɪ̯zə] ), changed

99-602: A unicameral assembly exercising legislative competence in non-federal matters. The States of Germany and Austria are governed by Landtage . In addition, the legislature of the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol is known in German as a Landtag . Historically, states of the German Confederation also established Landtage . The Landtag of Liechtenstein is the nation's unicameral assembly. The German word Landtag

132-524: A German-speaking majority), a Landtag is a unicameral legislature for a constitutive federal state (Bundesland). In the Principality of Liechtenstein , the Landtag is the sole national parliament, because Liechtenstein has no federal structure due to its size. In most of the German constitutive federal states ( Bundesländer ), the unicameral legislature is called Landtag : In the German city states ,

165-627: A class-based electoral system. In some of the Imperial States that were known as Land , the name of such estates assembly was Landtag , analogous to the Reichstag (Imperial Diet), which mainly comprised most of the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire plus Reichsgrafen , Imperial prelates and Free imperial cities . The precise composition obviously varied greatly, and could change over time, as

198-466: A total of 19 Regierungsbezirke , ranging in population from 5,255,000 ( Düsseldorf ) to 1,065,000 ( Gießen ): [REDACTED] Media related to Regierungsbezirk at Wikimedia Commons Landtag A Landtag (State Diet ) is generally the legislative assembly or parliament of a federated state or other subnational self-governing entity in German-speaking nations . It is usually

231-518: Is a type of administrative division in Germany. Currently, four of sixteen Bundesländer ( states of Germany ) are split into Regierungsbezirke . Beneath these are rural and urban districts Regierungsbezirke ( pronounced [ʁeˈɡiːʁʊŋsbəˌt͡sɪʁkə] ) serve as regional mid-level local government units in four of Germany's sixteen federal states : Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia . Each of

264-487: Is composed of the words Land (state, country or territory) and Tag (day). The German word Tagung (meeting) is derived from the German word Tag , as such meetings were held at daylight and sometimes spanned several days. In feudal society, the formal class system was reflected in the composition of the Imperial States ' representative assemblies ( Landstände ), regardless of their name well described as estates of

297-674: The DNVP a working majority. This was followed by the " Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich " of 30 January 1934 that formally abolished all the Landtage and transferred the sovereignty of the states to the central government. Although the states themselves continued in existence, the federalism of the Republic was effectively supplanted by a unitary state . Under its original constitution , East Germany

330-578: The Enlightenment would have less effect in the German-speaking lands, or only much later. In 1815 the German Confederation ("Deutscher Bund") was founded as successor to the Holy Roman Empire. § 13 of the "Bundesakte" (the constitution of the German Confederation) forced the German states to pass constitutions and implement parliaments called Landstände or Landtage. The first constitution

363-847: The German mediatisation , and the 1815 Congress of Vienna , hence they still have strong cultural as well as linguistic differences from Altbayern. Bavarian dialects are spoken in Altbayern (and adjacent Austrian lands), as distinct from East Franconian and Alemannic ( Swabian ) in the Franconian regions and Bavarian Swabia, respectively. On Bayerischer Rundfunk television a regular program called " Schwaben & Altbayern " that discusses current political and cultural topics of Bavaria's southern regions. Regierungsbezirk A Regierungsbezirk ( German pronunciation: [ʁeˈɡiːʁʊŋsbəˌtsɪʁk] ) means "governmental district" and

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396-553: The Peaceful Revolution , but their Landtage did not convene until after the reunification of Germany . The Diet of Finland , which was created when the country was ceded from Sweden to Russia in 1809, was called lantdag in Swedish until 1906 when it was replaced by the unicameral Parliament of Finland . Parliament continued using the name lantdag in Swedish until 1919, when Finland adopted its first constitution following

429-660: The state parliament . Regierungsbezirk is a German term variously translated into English as "governmental district", "administrative district" or "province", with the first two being the closest literal translations. The first Regierungsbezirke were established in the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Prussia in 1808. During the course of the Prussian reforms between 1808 and 1816, Prussia subdivided its provinces into 25 Regierungsbezirke , eventually featuring 37 such districts within 12 provinces. By 1871, at

462-540: The Austrian capital Vienna (like Berlin) is both a city-state and a municipality , the Gemeinderat (municipal assembly) of Vienna also serves as the state Landtag. However, the city constitution states that municipal and state affairs are kept separate, and the two bodies hold separate meetings even though their memberships are identical. The representatives are elected in general, free, secret and direct ballots according to

495-719: The Duchies of Livonia , Estonia , Courland and Semigallia , and later the Russian Governorates of Livonia , Estonia and Courland . After the independence of Estonia and Latvia in 1918, they were ultimately replaced by the Riigikogu and the Saeima . In the contemporary Federal Republic of Germany , the Republic of Austria and the Italian Republic 's province of South Tyrol (with

528-455: The Province of Hanover and Schaumburg-Lippe. These differences in autonomy and size were levelled on 1 January 1978, when four Regierungsbezirke replaced the two Verwaltungsbezirke and the six Regierungsbezirke : Brunswick and Oldenburg, Aurich , Hanover (remaining mostly the same), Hildesheim, Lüneburg, Osnabrück and Stade . Following the reunification of Germany in 1990,

561-700: The declaration of independence in 1917. Since then, the official term in Swedish has been riksdag , equivalent of the German Reichstag. The Finnish name is eduskunta . The first Landtag of the Livonian Confederation was called by archbishop of Riga Johannes Ambundii in 1419 and reconvened on a regular basis until the incorporation of Livonian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Sweden and Denmark in 1561. Separate Landtags for Livonia , Courland and Estonia continued to exist as bodies of

594-739: The name of its Regierungsbezirke to Direktionsbezirke (directorate districts), and moved some responsibilities to the districts. The Direktionsbezirke were still named Chemnitz , Dresden , and Leipzig , but a border change was necessary because the new district of Mittelsachsen crossed the borders of the old Regierungsbezirke . On 1 March 2012, the Direktionsbezirke were merged into one Landesdirektion (county directorate). Currently, only four German states out of 16 in total are divided into Regierungsbezirke ; all others are directly divided into districts without mid-level agencies. Those four states are divided into

627-457: The nineteen Regierungsbezirke features a non- legislative governing body called a Regierungspräsidium (governing presidium) or Bezirksregierung (district government) headed by a Regierungspräsident (governing president), concerned mostly with administrative decisions on a local level for districts within its jurisdiction. Saxony has Direktionsbezirke (directorate districts) with more responsibilities shifted from

660-581: The parliamentary city council serves the function of the state parliament within the federal system - in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg it is called the Bürgerschaft (municipal assembly): In the German capital and city state of Berlin , the legislature since 1951 (then of West Berlin ) is called Abgeordnetenhaus ("House of Representatives"), adopting

693-664: The principle of proportional representation . The largest of the parliamentary groups (called Klubs in Austria) usually nominates the Landeshauptmann governor. The modern Landtage are the democratic successors of the estates assemblies in the corresponding crown lands of the Austrian Empire . Exceptions are the city of Vienna, which belonged to the Lower Austria Kronland until 1920, and Burgenland, ceded to Austria by

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726-458: The realm : it was not intended as an elected reflection of public opinion, but a fixed expression of established power as recognized in formal privileges, including the right to be seated in person (granted to many nobles (knightage) and prelates , as well as certain cities) or to be represented as elector in a college that is entitled to one or more seats. Therefore, the representatives primarily defended class interests, and decisions were based on

759-408: The recent annexation of large, previously non-Bavarian areas like Swabia and Franconia. Ideally, " Baiern " would be a logical term for the present Altbayern, but since there is no difference in sound between the words " Baiern " and " Bayern " and these can be confused in writing, the term " Altbayern " is used. The Franconian and Swabian territories were not merged into the Kingdom of Bavaria until

792-574: The result of privileges granted or lost, entities split or merged, border changes et cetera . Prussian Landtage were held: See also Preußischer Landtag . As Austria and Prussia escaped the French 'exporting the revolution', and Napoleon was happy to maintain satellite monarchies in most German territories under his control (members of the Confederation of the Rhine ), the more democratic principles of

825-652: The same history, dialect and culture as the three previously mentioned districts. Strictly speaking, the Upper Austrian Innviertel also belongs to Altbayern, since it was part of the Bavarian electorate until it was attached to the Archduchy of Austria according to the 1779 Treaty of Teschen . The spelling " Baiern " was changed to " Bayern " at the start of the reign of King Ludwig I , firstly due to his love for Ancient Greek culture, and secondly to reflect

858-684: The state governments were responsible. After the Nazi seizure of power , they embarked on the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination). On 31 March 1933, the Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich was enacted, which dissolved all the sitting Landtage and reconstituted them on the basis of the recent Reichstag election results, which had given the Nazi Party and its coalition partner

891-780: The state of North Rhine-Westphalia in modern Germany are in direct continuation of those created in the Prussian Rhine and Westphalia provinces in 1816. Regierungsbezirke never existed in Bremen , Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein , and Saarland . In 1946, Lower Saxony was founded by the merger of the three former Free States of Brunswick , Oldenburg , Schaumburg-Lippe , and the former Prussian province of Hanover . Brunswick and Oldenburg became Verwaltungsbezirke [fɛɐ̯ˈvaltʊŋsbəˌt͡sɪʁkə] (roughly administrative regions of extended competence) alongside six less autonomous Prussian-style Regierungsbezirke comprising

924-513: The territory of the former East Germany was organized into six re-established new federal states , including a reunified Berlin . Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt established three Regierungsbezirke each, while the other new states didn't implement them. During the 2000s, four German states discontinued the use of Regierungsbezirke . On 1 January 2000, Rhineland-Palatinate disbanded its three Regierungsbezirke of Koblenz , Rheinhessen-Pfalz and Trier . The employees and assets of

957-540: The three Bezirksregierungen ( German pronunciation: [bəˈt͡sɪʁksʁeˌɡiːʁʊŋən] ) were converted into three public authorities responsible for the whole state, each covering a part of the former responsibilities of the Bezirksregierung ( German: [bəˈt͡sɪʁksʁeˌɡiːʁʊŋ] ). On 1 January 2004, Saxony-Anhalt disbanded its three Regierungsbezirke of Dessau , Halle and Magdeburg . The responsibilities are now covered by

990-921: The time of German unification , the concept of Regierungsbezirke had been adopted by most States of the German Empire . Similar entities were initially established in other states under different names, including Kreishauptmannschaft (district captainship) in Saxony , Kreis (district) in Bavaria and Württemberg (not to be confused with the present-day Kreis or Landkreis districts), and province in Hesse. The names of these equivalent administrative divisions were standardized to Regierungsbezirk in Nazi Germany , but after World War II these naming reforms were reverted. The Regierungsbezirke in

1023-760: The tradition of the Prussian Landtag . The national bicameral Parliament comprises the directly elected Bundestag and the Bundesrat which represents the state governments in Federal matters which affect the Länder . According to the Constitution of Austria , the Landtage are the unicameral legislatures of the nine states of Austria ( Bundesländer ), dealing with all matters not explicitly allotted to federal level: As

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1056-555: Was a federal republic with five Länder , each with its own Landtag. Each Landtag was responsible for electing the Chamber of States , the upper house of the national parliament. In 1952, the Länder were dissolved and replaced by Bezirke (districts). The Landtage were accordingly abolished and their functions transferred to the Bezirke governments. The Länder were eventually restored after

1089-663: Was passed in Nassau in 1814. Until 1841 ( Luxembourg ) all but two states got their constitution and parliaments. In 1871 the German Empire was founded. All 25 states of the German Empire and Alsace-Lorraine (the " Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen ") (from 1911) had Landtage as legislative authorities. The most important one was the Prussian Landtag . In the Weimar Republic (1919 – 1933) all German states had Landtage that were democratically elected by universal suffrage , and to which

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