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51-524: The founding leader of the congregation is Leonid Kim . Kim was born in Uzbekistan. His grandparents were Koreans who lived in the Russian Far East and were forced to move to Central Asia in 1937. Kim was first introduced to Christianity at age 41, when he still lived in Uzbekistan, by a Korean-American missionary from Texas. Despite Soviet discouragement on religion, he converted and became devout. After

102-433: A landrat ( ландрат ). Every governorate was administered by an appointed governor, who also headed a board of landrats . The lots' primary purpose was fiscal, and each one was supposed to cover 5,536 homesteads. In 1719, Peter enacted another administrative reform to fix the deficiencies of the original system, as the governorates were too big and unmanageable. This reform abolished the system of lots, dividing most of

153-518: A Japanese victory following the fall of Port Arthur and the failed Russian invasion of Japan through the Korean Peninsula and Northeast China ; also, Japan had threatened to invade Primorsky Krai via Korea. The warring parties signed the Treaty of Portsmouth on 5 September 1905, and both Japan and Russia agreed to evacuate Manchuria and to return its sovereignty to China, but Japan was allowed to lease

204-611: A fear of an invasion of Korea and of the ousting of Japanese troops by Korean guerrillas. Between 1937 and 1939, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin deported over 200,000 Koreans to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan , fearing that the Koreans might act as spies for Japan. Many Koreans died on the way in cattle trains due to starvation, illness, or freezing conditions. Soviet authorities purged and executed many community leaders; Koryo-saram were not allowed to travel outside of Central Asia for

255-557: A general governor. Gosudarev namestnik literally means an imperial representative to the land. During the reform several already existing governments ( guberniya ) were combined under the office of the Russian viceroy and were called namestnichestvo . Those namestnichestvo were introduced onto the expanded territory as well, the only exclusion were the governments of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. In 1796 all namestnichetvo were officially renamed into general governments. General governments exercised

306-569: A means of distracting its populace from government repression and of rallying patriotism in the aftermath of several general strikes. Japan issued a declaration of war on 8 February 1904. Three hours before Japan's declaration of war was received by the Russian government, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Russian 1st Pacific Squadron at Port Arthur. Eight days later Russia declared war on Japan. The war ended in September 1905 with

357-618: A modern equivalent of the uyezds, and selsoviets may be considered a modern equivalent of the volosts. The subdivision type of Federal District was created in May 2000 by Vladimir Putin as a part of a wider program designed to reassert federal authority. The original division was into seven federal districts, but in 2010 the North Caucasian Federal District was split off from the Southern Federal District , bringing

408-616: A part of Siberia abroad, it has been historically categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes (and previously during the Soviet era when it was called the Soviet Far East ). In Russia, the region is usually referred to as simply the Far East (Russian: Дальний Восток , romanized:  Dal'niy Vostok ). What is known in English as the Far East is usually referred to as

459-438: A small degree of autonomy as certain laws varied from general government to another. After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, volosts became a unit of peasant 's local self-rule . A number of mirs were united into a typical volost, which had an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. The self-government of the mirs and volosts was tempered by the authority of the police commissaries ( stanovoy ) and by

510-622: Is often also used more loosely. Defined by the boundaries of the federal district, the Far East has an area of 6.2 million square kilometres (2,400,000 sq mi)—over one-third of Russia's total area. Russia in the early 1900s persistently sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for the Imperial Russian Navy as well as to facilitate maritime trade. The recently established Pacific seaport of Vladivostok (founded in 1860)

561-626: The Asia-Pacific Region ( Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион , Aziatsko-tiho-okeanskiy region , abbreviated АТР (ATR)), or East Asia ( Восточная Азия , Vostochnaya Aziya ), depending on the context. Russians reached the Pacific coast in 1647 with the establishment of Okhotsk , and the Russian Empire consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century, after

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612-680: The Koryak Autonomous Okrug , Khabarovsk Krai , Magadan Oblast , Primorsky Krai , the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic , and Sakhalin Oblast . In November 2018 Zabaykalsky Krai and the Republic of Buryatia were added; they had previously formed part of the Siberian Federal District . Since 2000, Russians have increasingly used the term "Far East" to refer to the federal district, though the term

663-510: The Liaodong Peninsula (containing Port Arthur and Talien , aka Kwantung Leased Territory ), and the Russian rail system in southern Manchuria with its access to strategic resources. Japan also received the southern half of the island of Sakhalin from Russia. In 1907 Japan forced Russia to confiscate land from Korean settlers (who formed the majority of Primorsky Krai's population) due to

714-449: The M58 highway was completed in 2010. Uniquely for Russia, most cars have right-hand drive (73% of cars in the region), though they are still driven on the right-hand side of the road. Railways are better developed. The Trans-Siberian Railway and Baikal–Amur Mainline (since 1984) provide a connection with Siberia (and the rest of the country). The Amur–Yakutsk Mainline is aimed to link

765-745: The Tobol Razryad transforming it into overstretched territory that was initially in 1708 included into Siberia Governorate . Technically, the territorial-administrative reform started out in the Tsardom of Russia before the Imperial period. On December 29 [ O.S. December 18], 1708, in order to improve the manageability of the vast territory of the state, Tsar Peter the Great issued an ukase (edict) dividing Russia into eight administrative divisions, called governorates ( guberniyas ), which replaced

816-616: The Upper Oka Principalities and Sloboda Ukraine , thus extending its territory far south. In 1708, the Oka principalities and Sloboda Ukraine were incorporated into the first Kiev Governorate . During the second half of the 16th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow managed to conquer number of West-Siberian and Volga duchies and khanates such as Kazan Khanate , Siberia Khanate , Astrakhan Khanate , Great Nogai Horde and many others. Some of

867-502: The annexation of part of Chinese Manchuria (1858-1860). Primorskaya Oblast was established as a separate administrative division of the Russian Empire in 1856, with its administrative center at Khabarovsk . Several entities with the name "Far East" existed in the first half of the 20th century, all with rather different boundaries: Until 2000 the Russian Far East lacked officially-defined boundaries. A single term "Siberia and

918-627: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he openly approached Korean missionaries, learned Korean, and openly attended church. He emigrated to the United States in 1995 at the invitation of the American Baptist College . From 1997, he worked as a missionary in Ukraine. He started the congregation in 2002. Initially, the congregation had four members: Kim, his wife, his son, and one other woman. By 2008, it had over 100 members. During this time,

969-441: The 13.5 million Russians, 5.5 million men were liable to the poll tax; 3 percent of them were townsmen and 97 percent peasants. Of the peasants, 25 percent cultivated church lands, 19 percent state lands, and the remainder worked the estates of some 100,000 families of secular landowners. Russia’s territory of about 4,633,200 square miles (12,000,000 square km) included some recent and valuable acquisitions. In 1727, soon after Peter

1020-424: The 166 uyezds and razryads which existed before the reform: The reform of 1708 established neither the borders of the governorates nor their internal divisions. The governorates were defined as the sets of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities. Some older subdivision types also continued to be used. Between 1710 and 1713, all governorates were subdivided into lots ( Russian : доли ), each governed by

1071-638: The 1680s, the Tsardom of Russia acquired a substantial expansion in Transbaikal after signing the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China ( Qing dynasty ). By this time (at the end of the 17th century), an extensive territory from Yenisei to the Sea of Okhotsk was secured through colonization. The discovery of the Bering Strait in 1728 confirmed the eastern borders of modern Russia. The eastward advance through Siberia extended

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1122-669: The Far East" ( Сибирь и Дальний Восток ) often referred to Russia's regions east of the Urals without drawing a clear distinction between "Siberia" and "the Far East". In 2000 Russia's federal subjects were grouped into larger federal districts , one of which, the Far Eastern Federal District , comprised Amur Oblast , the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Kamchatka Oblast with

1173-406: The Great's death, Catherine I enacted another reform , which rolled back many of the previous reform's developments. The system of districts was abolished, and the old system of uyezds was restored. A total of 166 uyezds was re-established; together with the newly created uyezds, the Russian Empire had approximately 250. The reform also reshuffled some territories. Narva Province

1224-627: The Japanese and the Soviets frequently happened on the border of Manchuria between 1938 and 1945. The first confrontation occurred in Primorsky Krai, the Battle of Lake Khasan (July–August 1938) involved an attempted military incursion of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo into territory claimed by the Soviet Union. This incursion was founded in the beliefs of the Japanese side that the Soviet Union had misinterpreted

1275-569: The Korean American Christian community continued to send missionaries to Central Asia in order to convert and bring more Koryo-saram to the United States. After arriving, these immigrants often needed communities and assistance, and found churches such as these to be helpful with that. According to Kim, the congregation serves some function as a community center for Koryo-saram. Some join the congregation initially because they come to ask for help on immigration issues, but end up staying for

1326-631: The Novgorod Republic. Near the end of the 15th century the Golden Horde fell apart into several smaller khanates and Muscovy for the first time became a sovereign state. At the start of the 16th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow managed to annex the Pskov Republic and conquer the Grand Duchy of Ryazan as well as secure number of territories that belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania such as

1377-560: The Russian Empire The modern administrative-territorial structure of Russia is a system of territorial organization which is a product of a centuries-long evolution and reforms. The Kievan Rus' as it formed in the 10th century remained a more or less unified realm under the rule of Yaroslav the Wise (d. 1054), but in the later part of the 11th century, it disintegrated into a number of de facto independent and rivaling principalities,

1428-442: The Russian Far East one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world. The population of the Russian Far East has been rapidly declining since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (even more than for Russia in general), dropping by 14% in the last fifteen years. The Russian government had been discussing a range of re-population programs to avoid the forecast drop to 4.5 million people by 2015, hoping to attract in particular

1479-461: The Soviet Union and Japan regarded the Primorsky Krai as a strategic location in World War II, and clashes over the territory were common. The Soviets and the other Allies considered it a key location for the planned invasion of Japan through Korea; Japan viewed it as a key location to begin a mass invasion of Eastern Russia . The Primorsky Krai served as the Soviet Union's Pacific headquarters in

1530-637: The Soviet Union. Vladivostok was the site of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974. At the time, the Soviet Union and the United States decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers. Vladivostok and other cities in Primorsky Krai soon became closed cities because of the bases of the Soviet Pacific Fleet . Incursions of American reconnaissance aircraft from Alaska sometimes happened. Concerns of

1581-612: The Soviet military caused the infamous Korean Air Lines Flight 007 incident in 1983. In 2016, President Vladimir Putin proposed the Russian Homestead Act to populate the Russian Far East. According to the 2021 Census , the Far Eastern Federal District had a population of 7.98 million. Most of it is concentrated in the southern parts. Given the vast territory of the Russian Far East, 6.3 million people translates to slightly less than one person per square kilometer, making

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1632-476: The area between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean . The area's largest city is Khabarovsk , followed by Vladivostok . The region shares land borders with the countries of Mongolia , China , and North Korea to its south, as well as maritime boundaries with Japan to its southeast, and with the United States along the Bering Strait to its northeast. Although the Russian Far East is often considered as

1683-469: The city of Yakutsk to the Russian railway network. Passenger trains connect to Nizhny Bestyakh as of 2013. As in nearby Siberia, for many remote localities, aviation is the main mode of transportation to/from civilisation, but the infrastructure is often poor. Maritime transport is important for delivering supplies to localities near the Pacific and Arctic coasts, and for shipping exports, especially oil, gas and ores. Administrative division of

1734-445: The community. In 2017, it was reported that the congregation was 60% Koryo-saram. In 2022, the demographics were reported as 30% Koryo-saram, 40% Ukrainian, and 20% Russian. The congregation has also been known to collaborate and host joint events and services with other local Korean American churches. According to Kim, the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine initially caused some strife in the community that eventually healed. In 2022,

1785-545: The congregation collected donations and funded Kim to visit Ukraine to offer donated goods and funds, as well as his assistance. Russian Far East The Russian Far East (Russian: Дальний Восток России , IPA: [ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ] ) is a region in North Asia . It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent , and is coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District , which encompasses

1836-573: The demarcation of the boundary based on the 1860 Treaty of Peking between Imperial Russia and Manchu China . Primorsky Krai was always threatened by a Japanese invasion despite the fact that most of the remaining clashes occurred in Manchukuo. The clashes ended shortly before and after the conclusion of World War II (see Soviet–Japanese War ) when a war-weakened Japan found its territories of Manchukuo, Mengjiang , Korea , and South Sakhalin invaded by Soviet and Mongolian troops (August 1945). Both

1887-623: The direct administration of the Crown of Poland . The Novgorod Republic was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The grand duchies of Lithuania and Moscow practically divided the former territories of Kievan Rus' between each other, both struggling to gain the seat of the Metropolitan of Kiev . From the 13th century, the Russian principalities used an administrative subdivision into uyezds , with each such uyezd being subdivided into several volosts , some areas used division of pyatina . Voivodes were

1938-433: The governorates into provinces ( провинции ), which were further divided into districts ( Russian : дистрикты ). During this time, territories were frequently reshuffled between the governorates, and new governorates were added to accommodate population growth and territorial expansion. in 1721 the Russian Empire possessed a multinational population of about 17.5 million population in all administrative districts. Out of

1989-552: The most important of which were Galicia–Volhynia , the Novgorod Republic , and Vladimir-Suzdal . Following the advance of the Mongols and the establishment of the Golden Horde in 1240, many parts of the former Kievan Rus' came under the direct administration of Sarai , while others became its dependencies. The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and later gradually and completely coming under

2040-589: The next 15 years. Koreans were also not allowed to use the Korean language and its use began to become lost with the involvement of the Koryo-mar dialect and the use of Russian. Development of numerous remote locations in the Soviet Far East relied on Gulag labour camps during Stalin's rule, especially in the region's northern half. After the death of Stalin in 1953 the large-scale use of forced labour waned and

2091-499: The number to eight. In 2014, the annexation of Crimea resulted in the creation of a new Crimean Federal District , bringing the number to nine, but it was later merged into the Southern Federal District. Amidst the invasion of Ukraine , four southern Ukrainian regions of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia would later be annexed into Russia in 2022 but were not integrated into the Southern Federal District. All of

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2142-473: The officials appointed to administer and defend the uyezds. By the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was recognized as a direct successor of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. It gradually incorporated all left out adjacent smaller duchies such as the Principality of Yaroslavl , Principality of Rostov and successfully conquered the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal , the Principality of Tver as well as

2193-421: The power of general oversight given to the nominated "district committees for the affairs of the peasants". By the 1910s, 104 administrative governorate units existed. The Russian SFSR comprised 16 autonomous republics, 5 autonomous oblasts, 10 autonomous okrugs , 6 krais , and 40 oblasts . Uyezds and volosts were abolished by the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929. Raions may be roughly called

2244-445: The remaining Russian population of the near abroad but eventually agreeing on a program to resettle Ukrainian Illegal immigrants. Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population. 75% of the population is urban. The largest cities are: The original population groups of the Russian Far East include (grouped by language group): The region was not connected with the rest of Russia via domestic highways until

2295-480: The same decree was issued in 1780, which, however, contained very few significant changes with respect to the first part. A major administrative territorial restructuring of the Russian Empire after vast land acquisition from the Ottoman Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. The reform saw introduction of the office of viceroy (gosudarev namestnik) which later were transformed into

2346-641: The territorial acquisitions, however, were lost during the Time of Troubles . Soon after the Time of Troubles ( Treaty of Polyanovka ), the Grand Duchy of Moscow was able to recover the Duchy of Smolensk ( Smolensk Voivodeship ) and later annex territory of Left-bank Ukraine ( Truce of Andrusovo ). Prior to the 18th century, the Tsardom of Russia was divided into a system of territorial units called razryads (literally order of units ) as part of military reform of 1680. During

2397-525: The war to plan an invasion for allied troops of Korea in order to reach Japan. After the Soviet invasion, the USSR returned Manchukuo and Mengjiang to China; Korea became liberated . The Soviet Union also occupied and annexed Japan's Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalin. The planned Soviet invasion of Japan proper never happened. During the Korean War , Primorsky Krai became the site of extreme security concern for

2448-578: Was operational only during the summer season, but Port Arthur (leased by Russia from China from 1896 onward) in Manchuria could operate all year. After the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the failure of the 1903 negotiations between Japan and the Tsar Nicholas II 's government, Japan chose war to protect its domination of Korea and adjacent territories. Russia, meanwhile, saw war as

2499-459: Was superseded by volunteer employees attracted by relatively high wages. During the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Soviets occupied Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island , Yinlong Island , and several adjacent islets to separate the city of Khabarovsk from the territory controlled by a possibly hostile power. Indeed, Japan turned its military attention to Soviet territories. Conflicts between

2550-629: Was transferred from Saint Petersburg Governorate to Revel Governorate ; Solikamsk and Vyatka Provinces were transferred from Siberia Governorate to Kazan Governorate ; and Uglich and Yaroslavl Provinces were transferred from Saint Petersburg Governorate to Moscow Governorate . In addition, Belgorod , Oryol , and Sevsk Provinces of Kiev Governorate were reconstituted as Belgorod Governorate ; and Belozersk , Novgorod , Pskov , Tver , and Velikiye Luki Provinces of Saint Petersburg Governorate were reconstituted as Novgorod Governorate . The following years saw few changes. In 1728, Ufa Province

2601-524: Was transferred from Kazan Governorate to Siberia Governorate, and in 1737, Simbirsk Province was created within Kazan Governorate. By 1775, the existing system of administrative divisions proved inefficient, which was further underlined by Pugachev's Rebellion , and Catherine the Great issued a document known as Decree on the Governorates ( Russian : Учреждение о губерниях ). The second part of

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