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125-415: Professor Montazeri received his MPH and PhD from University of Glasgow . His PhD thesis concerned the quality of life in lung cancer patients, and was jointly supervised by Charles Gillis and James McEwen. 1. Quality of life, Breast cancer: Montazeri published a paper in 2004 that found knowledge of cancer diagnosis does not change how a person fills out a questionnaire about his or her quality of life. In

250-530: A 14.8% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate. St Andrews is placed seventh in the UK (1st in Scotland) for the employability of its graduates as chosen by recruiters from the UK's major companies. In 2017, St Andrews was named as the university with the joint second highest graduate employment rate of any UK university (along with Warwick ), with 97.7 per cent of its graduates in work or further study three and

375-442: A 2012 book chapter, he proposed that research be conducted to see how quality of life in people with cancer is affected by the way a cancer diagnosis is disclosed and how the person's level of education affects quality of life. He also published papers in 2002, 2003, and 2015 about the epidemiology of breast cancer and breast cancer preventive behaviors such as breast self-examination In 2008 and 2009, he published two reviews of

500-534: A 500-seat lecture theatre. Built at a cost of £90.6   million, it opened in April 2021 and is named for James McCune Smith , the first African American to earn a degree in medicine and a University of Glasgow alumnus. A further investment of over £900   million is being made across the Gilmorehill campus, focused mainly on redeveloping the 5.7-hectare (14-acre) site between University Avenue and Dumbarton Road that

625-464: A building known as the "Auld Pedagogy". The university was given 13 acres (5.3 ha) of land belonging to the Black Friars (Dominicans) on High Street by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563. By the late 17th century its building centred on two courtyards surrounded by walled gardens, with a clock tower, which was one of the notable features of Glasgow's skyline—reaching 140 feet (43 m) in height —and

750-405: A chapel adapted from the church of the former Dominican (Blackfriars) friary. Remnants of this Scottish Renaissance building, mainly parts of the main façade, were transferred to the Gilmorehill campus and renamed as the "Pearce Lodge", after Sir William Pearce , the shipbuilding magnate who funded its preservation. The Lion and Unicorn Staircase was also transferred from the old college site and

875-1912: A comprehensive review of existing measures for health literacy. 17. Tavousi M, Haeri-Mehrizi A, Rakhshani F, Rafiefar S, Soleymanian A, Sarbandi F, Ardestani M, Ghanbari S, Montazeri A. Development and validation of a short and easy-to-use instrument for measuring health literacy: the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA). BMC Public Health. 2020 May 12;20(1):656. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08787-2. PMID: 32397970; PMCID: PMC7216550. 18. Ghanbari S, Ramezankhani A, Montazeri A, Mehrabi Y. Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents (HELMA): Development and Psychometric Properties. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 16;11(2):e0149202. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149202. PMID: 26881933; PMCID: PMC4755574. 19. Naghibi Sistani MM, Montazeri A, Yazdani R, Murtomaa H. New oral health literacy instrument for public health: development and pilot testing. J Investig Clin Dent. 2014 Nov;5(4):313-21. doi: 10.1111/jicd.12042. Epub 2013 Apr 4. PMID: 23559571. 20. Mirsalimi F, Ghofranipour F, Noroozi A, Montazeri A. The postpartum depression literacy scale (PoDLiS): development and psychometric properties. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Jan 3;20(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2705-9. PMID: 31900131; PMCID: PMC6942397. 21. Tavousi M, Mohammadi S, Sadighi J, Zarei F, Kermani RM, Rostami R, Montazeri A. Measuring health literacy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of instruments from 1993 to 2021. PLoS One. 2022 Jul 15;17(7):e0271524. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271524. PMID: 35839272; PMCID: PMC9286266. University of Glasgow Dentistry Divinity Engineering Law Medicine Nursing Science Social Sciences Veterinary Medicine The University of Glasgow (abbreviated as Glas. in post-nominals ; Scottish Gaelic : Oilthigh Ghlaschu )

1000-552: A decisive victory. The current office holder is Dr. Ghassan Abu-Sittah , who was installed in the position on the 11th of April 2024, after winning 80% of the vote and while under investigation by the University. The governing body of the university is the University Court , which is responsible for contractual matters, employing staff, and all other matters relating to finance and administration. The Court takes decisions about

1125-506: A decorated west front facing the High Street, called the 'Nova Erectio', or New Building. This foundation is widely considered to have been one of the finest 17th-century buildings in Scotland. Decorated fragments from it, including a complete exterior stairway, were rescued and built into its 19th-century replacement. In Sir Walter Scott 's best-selling 1817 novel Rob Roy , set at the time of

1250-526: A far grander scale, the original High Street campus's twin- quadrangle layout, and may have been inspired by Ypres ' late-medieval cloth hall ; Gilmorehill, in turn, inspired the design of the Clocktower complex of buildings for the new University of Otago in New Zealand. In 1879, Gilbert Scott's son, Oldrid , completed this original vision by building an open undercroft forming two quadrangles, above which

1375-757: A group of Augustinian clergy, driven from the University of Paris by the Avignon schism and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the Anglo-Scottish Wars , formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews, which offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, and law. A charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews , Henry Wardlaw , on 28 February 1411–12. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned

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1500-404: A half years after graduation. An independent report conducted by Swedish investment firm, Skandia found that despite its small undergraduate body, St Andrews is the joint-5th best university in the UK for producing millionaires. A study by High Fliers confirmed this by reporting that the university also features in the top 5 of UK universities for producing self-made millionaires. According to

1625-505: A large number of classified NSA documents to several media outlets—was elected. In 2017, Aamer Anwar a Scottish lawyer and former student of the university was elected rector until 2020 when rector elections had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . On April 21, 2021, Rita Rae, Lady Rae a Scottish lawyer, judge and former Senator of the College of Justice was appointed Rector after

1750-468: A particular faculty, as opposed to the school within which teaching is based. The faculties and their affiliated schools are: Certain subjects are offered within both the Faculties of Arts and Sciences, the six subjects are: economics, geography, management, mathematics, psychology, and sustainable development. The content of the subject is the same regardless of the faculty. The academic year at St Andrews

1875-501: A post-graduate society. There are 18 academic schools organised into four faculties. The university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two semesters, Martinmas and Candlemas. In term time, over one-third of the town's population are either staff members or students of the university. The student body is known for preserving ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and

2000-565: A signer of the Declaration of Independence , attended (but did not graduate from) St Andrews. Wilson was one of six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States and was a founder of the University of Pennsylvania Law School . Other prominent American figures associated with St Andrews include Scottish American industrialist Andrew Carnegie , who

2125-992: A specific remit. They, along with the Clerk of Senate, play a major role in the day-to-day management of the university. All students at the university are eligible to vote in the election of the Rector (officially styled "Lord Rector"), who holds office for a three-year term and chairs the University Court. In the past, this position has been a largely honorary and ceremonial one, and has been held by political figures including William Gladstone , Benjamin Disraeli , Bonar Law , Robert Peel , Raymond Poincaré , Arthur Balfour , Charles Kennedy and 1970s union activist Jimmy Reid , and latterly by celebrities such as TV presenters Arthur Montford and Johnny Ball , musician Pat Kane , and actors Richard Wilson , Ross Kemp and Greg Hemphill . In 2004, for

2250-521: A study by the Institute of Employment Research, St Andrews has produced more directors of FTSE 100 companies in proportion to its size than any other educational institution in Britain. In the 2019 Complete University Guide , 24 out of the 25 subjects offered by St Andrews rank within the top 10 nationally, making St Andrews one of only three multi-faculty universities (along with Cambridge and Oxford ) in

2375-926: A total of approximately 3,500 students. These include the Murano Street Student Village in Maryhill; Wolfson halls on the Garscube Estate; Queen Margaret halls, in Kelvinside ; Cairncross House and Kelvinhaugh Gate, in Yorkhill . In recent years, Dalrymple House and Horslethill halls in Dowanhill , Reith halls in North Kelvinside and the Maclay halls in Park Circus (near Kelvingrove Park ), have closed and been sold, as

2500-586: A year at Emory University in Atlanta , and Western University and Queen's University in Canada. The Robert Lincoln McNeil Scholarship allows students to study at the University of Pennsylvania . One of the largest North American exchanges is with the University of California system, in which students can study at UC Berkeley , UC Los Angeles (UCLA) , UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) and UC San Diego (UCSD) . Other North American partners offering multiple exchanges include

2625-576: Is a public research university in Glasgow , Scotland . Founded by papal bull in 1451 [ O.S. 1450], it is the fourth-oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotland's four ancient universities . Along with the universities of St Andrews , Aberdeen , and Edinburgh , the university was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century. Glasgow

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2750-421: Is a long tradition of Americans being warmly welcomed here at St Andrews. Every year I learn you educate more than one thousand American students, exposing them to new ideas and perspectives as well as providing them with a first-class education. I've been proud and fortunate to hire a few St Andrews alumni over the years and I thank you for training them so well. As with the other ancient universities of Scotland,

2875-598: Is an alumna of the university, with a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Medical Law and Medical Ethics. She is the first woman to hold the office in the university. Day-to-day management of the university is undertaken by the University Principal (who is also Vice-Chancellor ). The current principal is Sir Anton Muscatelli who replaced Sir Muir Russell in October 2009. There are also several Vice-Principals, each with

3000-503: Is based around St Salvator's Quadrangle. St Mary's College is responsible for all students studying in the Faculty of Divinity, and has its own dedicated site in St Mary's Quadrangle. St Leonard's College is now responsible for all postgraduate students. In 2022 the university announced its intention to create New College, a fourth college responsible for the school of International Relations and

3125-570: Is divided into two semesters, Martinmas and Candlemas , named after two of the four Scottish Term and Quarter Days . Martinmas, on 11 November, was originally the feast of Saint Martin of Tours , a fourth-century bishop and hermit. Candlemas originally fell on 2 February, the day of the feast of the Purification , or the Presentation of Christ. Martinmas semester runs from early September until mid-December, with examinations taking place just before

3250-462: Is his grand Bute Hall (used for examinations and graduation ceremonies), named after its donor, John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute . Oldrid also later added a spire to the building's signature gothic bell tower in 1887, bringing it to a total height of some 85 metres (278 ft). The local Bishopbriggs blond sandstone cladding and Gothic design of the building's exterior belie the modernity of its Victorian construction; Scott's building

3375-531: Is now attached to the Main Building. John Anderson , while professor of natural philosophy at the university, and with some opposition from his colleagues, pioneered vocational education for working men and women during the Industrial Revolution . To continue this work in his will, he founded Anderson's College , which was associated with the university before merging with other institutions to become

3500-506: Is one of only three universities to have never left the top 10 in any of the three main domestic league tables since 2008. According to data released by the Department for Education in 2018, St Andrews was rated as the fifth best university in the UK for boosting male graduate earnings with male graduates seeing a 24.5% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate, and the ninth best university for females, with female graduates seeing

3625-406: Is open between 7 a.m. and 2 a.m., 361 days of the year. In addition to the main library, subject libraries exist for Medicine, Chemistry, Dental Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Education, Law, History of Art, and the faculty of Social Sciences, which are held in branch libraries around the campus. In 2007, a state-of-the-art section to house the library's collection of historic photographs

3750-579: Is operated jointly by the University of Glasgow, the University of the West of Scotland and the Open University . It offers a modular undergraduate curriculum, leading to one of a small number of liberal arts degrees, as well as providing the region's only access to postgraduate study. As well as these teaching campuses the university has halls of residence in and around the North-West of the city, accommodating

3875-546: Is ranked 5th in Europe by Times Higher Education in its 2019 Teaching Rankings. The 2021 Research Excellence Framework ranked St Andrews 16th in the UK, and second in Scotland, amongst multi-faculty institutions for the research quality (GPA) of its output profile. St Andrews was ranked ninth overall in The Sunday Times 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance, and

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4000-474: Is structured upon what was then a cutting-edge riveted iron frame construction, supporting a lightweight wooden-beam roof. The building also forms the second-largest example of Gothic revival architecture in Britain, after the Palace of Westminster . An illustration of the Main Building previously featured on the reverse side of £100 notes issued by Clydesdale Bank . The university's Hunterian Museum resides in

4125-524: Is the largest university in Scotland by total enrolment and, with over 15,900 postgraduates, the fifth-largest in the United Kingdom by postgraduate enrolment. In common with universities of the pre-modern era, Glasgow originally educated students primarily from wealthy backgrounds; however, it became a pioneer in British higher education in the 19th century by also providing for the needs of students from

4250-825: Is the Garscube Estate in Bearsden , housing the Veterinary School , Observatory , ship model basin and much of the university's sports facilities, the Dental School in the city center, the section of Mental Health and Well Being at Gartnavel Royal Hospital on Great Western Road, the Teaching and Learning Centre at the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and the Crichton Campus in Dumfries (operated jointly by

4375-574: Is the Reverend Stuart MacQuarrie, and the university appoints honorary chaplains of other denominations. The University Library , situated on Hillhead Street opposite the Main Building, is one of the oldest and largest libraries in Europe. Situated over 12 floors, it hosts more than three million books and journals, and provides electronic resources, including over 51,900 electronic journals. It also houses sections for periodicals, microfilms, special collections and rare materials. The Library

4500-642: The Academic Senate (academic affairs), and the General Council (advisory). There is also a clear separation between governance and executive administration. The university's constitution, academic regulations, and appointments are described in the university calendar, while other aspects of its story and constitution are detailed in a separate "history" document. The university's three most significant officials are its chancellor, principal, and rector, whose rights and responsibilities are largely derived from

4625-636: The Anniesland area of the city. The university also has use of half of the East Boathouse situated at Glasgow Green on the River Clyde where Glasgow University Boat Club train. In common with the other ancient universities of Scotland the university's constitution is laid out in the Universities (Scotland) Acts. These Acts create a tripartite structure of bodies: the University Court (governing body),

4750-479: The Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls , which followed on 28 August 1413. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432. Subsequent kings supported the university, with King James V of Scotland "confirming privileges of the university" in 1532. A college of theology and arts, called St John's College ,

4875-514: The British Prime Minister Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery . The university encompasses three colleges : United College , St Mary's College and St Leonard's College . The purpose of the colleges at St Andrews is mainly ceremonial, as students are housed in separate residential halls or private accommodations. United College is responsible for all students in the faculties of arts, sciences, and medicine, and

5000-556: The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia , allows students studying Classical Studies, Film Studies, International Relations, English, History, or Economics to spend two years at each institution and earn a joint degree from both. The Robert T. Jones Memorial Trust funds the Robert T. Jones Jr. Scholarship, which allows selecting St Andrews students to study, fully funded, for

5125-443: The Industrial Revolution , and its expansion in the High Street was constrained. The area around the university declined as well-off residents moved westwards with the expansion of the city and overcrowding of the immediate area by less well-off residents. It was this rapid slumming of the area that was a chief catalyst of the university's migration westward. In 1870, the university moved to a (then greenfield ) site on Gilmorehill in

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5250-625: The Jacobite rising of 1715 , the lead character fights a duel in the New Building grounds before the contest is broken up by Rob Roy MacGregor . Over the following centuries, the university's size and scope continued to expand. In 1757 it built the Macfarlane Observatory and later Scotland's first public museum, the Hunterian . It was a center of the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently of

5375-636: The Latin Sancti Andreae , in post-nominals ) is a public university in St Andrews , Scotland . It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland and, following the universities of Oxford and Cambridge , the third-oldest university in the English-speaking world . St Andrews was founded in 1413 when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy. Along with

5500-676: The National Library of Scotland , the transformed Kelvin Hall was brought into new public use including in Phase I the Hunterian Collections and Study Centre. The Mathematics Building, on University Way adjacent to the Boyd Orr Building, was demolished in 2017 to make way for a new 'Learning Hub' intended to provide individual and group study spaces for more than 2,500 students, as well as

5625-655: The Princeton Club of New York , the Penn Club of New York City and the Algonquin Club in Boston. In 2013, Hillary Clinton , former United States Secretary of State, took part in the academic celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the founding of the University of St Andrews. Clinton received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws and provided the graduation address, in which she said, I do take comfort from knowing there

5750-727: The Rankine Building at the east end of University Avenue (opened 1970), the multipurpose Adam Smith Building (opened 1967) on the crest of the hill above University Gardens, and the new Queen Margaret Union building (opened 1968) on the University Gardens site previously occupied by the University Observatory. These were joined by others in various modernist styles; both the Library and Boyd Orr Building (opened 1968 and 1972 respectively) were configured as tower blocks, as

5875-487: The Students' Association and director of education are ex officio members of the court. Several lay members are also co-opted and must include a fixed number of alumni of the university. The Academic Senate (Latin Senatus Academicus ) is the supreme academic body for the university. Its members include all the professors of the university, certain senior readers , a number of senior lecturers and lecturers , and three elected student senate representatives – one from

6000-423: The United College of St Salvator and St Leonard . Throughout this period student numbers were very low; for instance, when Samuel Johnson visited the university in 1773, the university had fewer than 100 students, and was in his opinion in a steady decline. He described it as "pining in decay and struggling for life". The poverty of Scotland during this period also damaged St Andrews, as few were able to patronise

6125-453: The Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 . The Chancellor is the titular head of the university and President of the General Council . They award all degrees, although this duty is generally carried out by the Vice-Chancellor, appointed by them. The current Chancellor is Dame Katherine Grainger , a former rower who is Britain's most decorated female Olympian, the current chair of UK Sport , and former Chancellor of Oxford Brookes University . She

6250-411: The Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 . The Chancellor of the University of St Andrews is the titular head of the University of St Andrews. Their duties include conferring degrees, promoting the university's image throughout the world, and furthering the university's interests worldwide. The Principal is the chief executive of the university and is assisted in that role by several key officers, including

6375-508: The Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 . The rector of the University of St Andrews chairs meetings of the University Court, the governing body of the university; and is elected by the matriculated student body to ensure that their needs are adequately considered by the university's leadership. Throughout St Andrews' history a number of notable people have been elected to the post, including the actor John Cleese , industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , author and poet Rudyard Kipling and

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6500-403: The University Court and elect the university's chancellor . The University Court is the body responsible for administrative and financial matters and is in effect the governing body of the university. It is chaired by the rector , who is elected by the matriculated students of the university. Members are appointed by the General Council, Academic Senate and Fife Council. The president of

6625-461: The University of Oxford . Active recruitment of students from North America first began in 1984, with Americans now making up around 1 in 6 of the student population in 2017. Students from almost every state in the United States and province in Canada are represented. This is the highest proportion and absolute number of American students amongst all British universities. Media reports indicate growing numbers of American students are attracted to

6750-438: The University of Strathclyde in 1964. In 1973, Delphine Parrott became its first female professor, as Gardiner Professor of Immunology. In October 2014, the university court voted for the university to become the first academic institution in Europe to divest from the fossil fuel industry . The university is currently spread over a few campuses. The main one is the Gilmorehill campus, in Hillhead . As well as this there

6875-415: The University of Virginia , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Washington University in St. Louis , Washington and Lee University , Elon University , and the University of Toronto . Some exchanges are offered within specific research institutes at St Andrews, rather than across entire Schools. For example, the Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV), within

7000-672: The Veterinary School in Bearsden , and the Crichton Campus in Dumfries . The alumni of the University of Glasgow include some of the major figures of modern history, including James Wilson , a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence , 3 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ( William Lamb , Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Bonar Law ), 3 Scottish First Ministers ( Humza Yousaf , Nicola Sturgeon and Donald Dewar ), economist Adam Smith , philosopher Francis Hutcheson , engineer James Watt , physicist Lord Kelvin , surgeon Joseph Lister along with 4 Nobel Prize laureates (in total 8 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with

7125-431: The 1960s following publication of the Robbins Report led the university to build numerous modern buildings across Hillhead in a development zone, originally comprising mainly residential tenements, that had been designated on the north side of University Avenue in 1945. Several of these new buildings were in the brutalist style; the Mathematics Building at the west end of University Avenue (opened 1968, demolished 2017),

7250-406: The 405 members of the university community who gave their lives in the Second World War. Most of the windows are the work of Douglas Strachan , although some have been added over the years, including those on the South Wall, created by Alan Younger. Daily services are held in the chapel during term-time, as well as seasonal events. Before Christmas, there is a Service of Nine Lessons and Carols on

7375-444: The BIBLIO. Similar to many guidelines it provides a checklist for transparency in reporting bibliometric reviews of the literature. 3. Health literacy: Montazeri also contributed to the development of several instruments for measuring health literacy which are available for use with adults - HELIA , adolescents - HELMA , oral health -OHLAQ , and postpartum depression - PoDLiS. In a recent publication he and his colleagues initiated

7500-448: The Christmas break. There follows an inter-semester period when Martinmas semester business is concluded and preparations are made for the new Candlemas semester, which starts in January and concludes with examinations in April and May. Most Undergraduate graduations are celebrated in mid-June with Postgraduate graduations being celebrated in late November. In the 2022 The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide , St Andrews ranked as

7625-412: The Main Building, and the related Hunterian Gallery is housed in buildings adjacent to the University Library. The latter includes "The Mackintosh House", a rebuilt terraced house designed by, and furnished after, architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh . Even these enlarged premises could not contain the expanding university, which quickly spread across much of Gilmorehill. The 1930s saw the construction of

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7750-406: The Parliamentary Commissioners of Visitation on 28 August 1690, that he had seen the Bull at the Scots College in Paris, together with the many charters granted to the university by the monarchs of Scotland from James II to Mary, Queen of Scots . The university enquired of these documents in 1738 but was informed by Thomas Innes and the superiors of the Scots College that the original records of

7875-491: The School of International Relations, offers student exchanges in partnership with the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University . St Andrews participates in the Erasmus Programme and has direct exchanges with universities across Europe. For example, in France exchanges are offered at the Sorbonne , Sciences Po , and University of Paris VI . In the Netherlands, students can study at Leiden University and Utrecht University . Narrower exchanges include those with

8000-435: The Schools of International Relations, Management, and Economics and Finance with offer rates of 8.0%, 10.9% and 11.5% respectively. The university hosts the most ethnically diverse student population out of all universities in Scotland, with 17.4% of students from an ethnic minority background and has a higher proportion of female than male students with a female ratio of 59.7% in the undergraduate population. Under 40% of

8125-401: The Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Alex Younger ; Olympic cycling gold medalist Chris Hoy ; Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations Dame Barbara Woodward ; and royals William, Prince of Wales , and Catherine, Princess of Wales . Five Nobel laureates are among St Andrews' alumni and former staff: three in Chemistry and two in Physiology or Medicine . In 1410

8250-470: The UK for the 2021 admissions cycle. The standard offer of a place tends to require five best Highers equivalent to AAAAB, three best A-levels equivalent to AAA or a score of at least 38 points on the International Baccalaureate. For 2016–17, the acceptance rate was 8.35% and the offer rate was 22.5% for Scottish/EU applicants where places are capped by the Scottish Government . In 2017, the most competitive courses for Scottish/EU applicants were those within

8375-514: The UK to have over 95% of their subjects in the top 10. The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017 revealed that 24 of the 26 subjects offered by St Andrews ranked within the top 6 nationally with 10 subjects placing within the top 3 including English, Management, Philosophy, International Relations, Italian, Physics and Astronomy and Classics and Ancient History. The Guardian University Guide 2019 ranked Biosciences, Computer Science, International Relations, Physics and Psychology first in

8500-445: The UK. Earth and Marine Sciences, Economics, English, Management, Mathematics, Philosophy and Theology placed within the top three nationally. In the 2015–16 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , St Andrews is ranked 46th in the world for Social Sciences, 50th in the world for Arts and Humanities and 74th in the world for Life Sciences. The 2014 CWTS Leiden rankings , which "aims to provide highly accurate measurements of

8625-424: The University of Glasgow, the University of the West of Scotland and the Open University ). The Imaging Centre of Excellence (ICE) was opened at the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital on 29 March 2017, including a Clinical Innovation Zone spanning 11,000 square feet (1,000 m ) of collaboration space for researchers and industry. The university's initial accommodation including Glasgow University Library

8750-458: The University) and numerous Olympic gold medallists, including the current chancellor, Dame Katherine Grainger . The University of Glasgow was founded in 1451 by a charter or papal bull from Pope Nicholas V , at the suggestion of King James II , giving Bishop William Turnbull , a graduate of the University of St Andrews , permission to add a university to the city's Cathedral. It is the second-oldest university in Scotland after St Andrews and

8875-410: The West End of the city, around three miles (five kilometres) west of its previous location, enclosed by a large meander of the River Kelvin . The original site on the High Street was sold to the City of Glasgow Union Railway and replaced by the college goods yard . The new-build campus was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in the Gothic revival style. The largest of these buildings echoed, on

9000-544: The Year by The Times and Sunday Times . In a ranking conducted by The Guardian in 2009, St Andrews placed fifth in the UK for national reputation behind Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial & LSE. When size is taken into account, St Andrews ranks second in the world out of all small to medium-sized fully comprehensive universities (after Brown University ) using metrics from the QS Intelligence Unit in 2015. The university

9125-669: The article The Quarrel between St Andrews and Dundee that University College, Dundee was "forbidden" to give such instruction in the Arts "as he [the Dundeen student] might require". After the incorporation of University College Dundee, St Andrews' various problems generally receded. For example, it was able to offer medical degrees. Until 1967, many students who obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews had in fact spent most, and sometimes all, of their undergraduate career based in Dundee. In 1967,

9250-487: The arts and divinity faculty, one from the science and medicine faculty and one postgraduate student. It is responsible for authorising degree programmes and issuing all degrees to graduates, and managing student discipline. The president of the Senate is the University Principal . The university's three most significant officials are its chancellor, principal, and rector, whose rights and responsibilities are largely derived from

9375-527: The award-winning round Reading Room (it is now a category-A listed building ) and an aggressive program of house purchases, in which the university (fearing the surrounding district of Hillhead was running out of suitable building land) acquired several terraces of Victorian houses and joined them together internally. The departments of Psychology, Computing Science, and most of the Arts Faculty continue to be housed in these terraces. More buildings were built to

9500-451: The best university in the UK, the first university to ever top Oxford and Cambridge in a British ranking. In the 2023 Guardian University Guide, St Andrews achieved the same feat and ranked first for the first time in the guide's history. In the 2024 versions of both The Guardian University Guide and The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, St Andrews was again ranked first in the United Kingdom. It has been twice named University of

9625-663: The celebration of the 400th establishment of the King James Library, the King James Library lectures were initiated in 2009 on the subject of 'The Meaning of the Library'. The Andrew Lang Lecture series was initiated in 1927, and named for alumnus and poet Andrew Lang . The most famous lecture in this series is that given by J. R. R. Tolkien in March 1939, entitled 'Fairy Stories', but published subsequently as ' On Fairy-Stories '. The computing Distinguished Lecture Series

9750-717: The deployment of resources as well as formulating strategic plans for the university. The Court is chaired by the Rector , who is elected by all the matriculated students at the university. The University Secretary is the Head of University Services and assists the Principal in day-to-day management. The current University Secretary is David Duncan. University of St Andrews St Mary's College School of Medicine St Leonard's College The University of St Andrews ( Scots : University o St Andras , Scottish Gaelic : Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn ; abbreviated as St And , from

9875-535: The deputy principal, Master of the United College and Quaestor . The principal has responsibility for the overall running of the university and presides over the University Senate. In Scotland, the position of Rector exists at the four ancient universities (St Andrews, Glasgow , Aberdeen and Edinburgh ) – as well as the University of Dundee . The post was made an integral part of these universities by

10000-414: The development value of such property increased. The Stevenson Building on Gilmorehill opened in 1961 and provides students with the use of a fitness suite, squash courts, sauna, and six-lane, 25-metre swimming pool. The university also has a large sports complex on the Garscube Estate, besides their Wolfson Halls and Vet School. This is a new facility, replacing the previous Westerlands sports ground in

10125-527: The expanding student population, a new refectory —known as the Hub—was opened adjacent to the library in 1966, and the Glasgow University Union building at the eastern end of University Avenue was extended in 1965. In October 2001 the century-old Bower Building (previously home to the university's botany department) was gutted by fire. The interior and roof of the building were largely destroyed, though

10250-610: The first time in its history, the university was left without a Rector as no nominations were received. When the elections were run in December, Mordechai Vanunu was chosen for the post, even though he was unable to attend due to restrictions placed upon him by the Israeli government. In 2014, Edward Snowden , an American computer specialist, a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor—who came to international attention when he disclosed

10375-641: The foundation of the university were not to be found. If they had not been lost by this time, they certainly went astray during the French Revolution when the Scots College was under threat. Its records and valuables were moved for safe-keeping out of the city of Paris. The Bull remains the authority by which the university awards degrees. Teaching at the university began in the Chapter House of Glasgow Cathedral , subsequently moving to nearby Rottenrow , in

10500-461: The fourth-oldest in the English-speaking world. The universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen were ecclesiastical foundations, while Edinburgh was a civic foundation. As one of the ancient universities of the United Kingdom, Glasgow is one of only eight institutions to award undergraduate master's degrees in certain disciplines. The university has been without its original Bull since

10625-549: The governance of the university is determined by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 . This act created three bodies: the General Council , University Court and Academic Senate ( Senatus Academicus ). The General Council is a standing advisory body of all the graduates , academics, and former academics of the university. It meets twice a year and appoints a business committee to manage business between these meetings. Its most important functions are to appoint two assessors to

10750-448: The growing urban and commercial middle class . Glasgow University served all of these students by preparing them for professions: law, medicine, civil service, teaching, and the church. It also trained smaller but growing numbers for careers in science and engineering. Glasgow has the fifth-largest endowment of any university in the UK and the annual income of the institution for 2022–23 was £944.2 million of which £220.7 million

10875-500: The land, and probably second to few in England". By 1892, the headmistress of St Leonard's Ladies School, Dame Frances Dove , had become "possessor" of the buildings of the university's old St Leonard's College which were being used again for their original purpose of providing accommodation for students, only this time not for males but for "girl graduates and undergraduates ". Having matriculated , Agnes Forbes Blackadder entered

11000-588: The largest of which is in New York. Both London and New York also host the St Andrews Angels , an alumni-led angel investment network, which centres upon the wider university communities in both the United Kingdom and United States. St Andrews has also established relationships with other university alumni clubs and private membership clubs in the United States to provide alumni with social and networking opportunities. For example, alumni are eligible for membership at

11125-402: The last Sunday of term, and a Watchnight service on Christmas Eve. Graduates, students, members of staff, and the children of members of staff are entitled to be married in the chapel, which is also used for baptisms and funerals. Civil marriages and civil partnerships may be blessed in the chapel, although under UK law may not be performed there. The current chaplain of the university

11250-419: The literature on the quality of life in women with breast cancer which are still receiving considerable attention . Recently he published an updated review on the quality of life in breast cancer patients and a systematic review of qualitative studies on the topic. 2. Guideline for reporting bibliometric reviews (analysis): He and his colleagues developed a guideline for reporting bibliometric reviews, namely

11375-709: The main façade remained intact. After a £10.8 million refit, the building re-opened in November 2004. The Wolfson Medical School Building , with its award-winning glass-fronted atrium, opened in 2002, and in 2003, the St Andrews Building was opened, housing what is now the School of Education. It is sited a short walk from Gilmorehill, in the Woodlands area of the city on the site of the former Queens College, which had in turn been bought by Glasgow Caledonian University , from whom

11500-638: The mid-sixteenth century. In 1560, during the political unrest accompanying the Scottish Reformation , the then chancellor, Archbishop James Beaton , a supporter of the Marian cause , fled to France. He took with him, for safe-keeping, many of the archives and valuables of the cathedral and the university, including the Mace and the Bull. Although the Mace was sent back in 1590, the archives were not. Principal James Fall told

11625-522: The need for modernisation and in order to increase student numbers and alleviate financial problems, the university had, by 1883, established a university college in Dundee which formally merged with St Andrews in 1897. From its inception, the Dundee college had a focus on scientific, and professional subjects; the college's mixed sexes read Classics and English at St Andrews. The union was fraught with difficulties; in 1894, The Educational Times reported in

11750-484: The newly formed Business School, which comprises the departments of Economics, Finance and Management. It will be located at the former site of Madras College in the town's centre, and is expected to cost £100 million. The four academic faculties collectively encompass 18 schools. A dean is appointed by the Master of the United College to oversee the day-to-day running of each faculty. Students apply to become members of

11875-467: The other being Benjamin Franklin in 1759. Links with the United States have been maintained into the present day and continue to grow. In 2009, Louise Richardson , an Irish-American political scientist specialising in the study of terrorism, was drawn from Harvard to serve as the first female Principal and Vice Chancellor of St Andrews. She later went on to her next appointment as the vice chancellor to

12000-561: The scientific impact of universities", placed St Andrews 39th in the world, ranking it fifth domestically. The philosophy department is ranked sixth worldwide (3rd in Europe) in the 2020 QS World University Rankings . The university receives applications mainly through UCAS and the Common Application with the latest figures showing that there are generally 12 applications per undergraduate place available. According to 2022 UCAS figures,

12125-408: The student body is from private schools and the university has one of the smallest percentages of students (13%) from lower income backgrounds, out of all higher education institutions in the UK. According to data from UCAS, St Andrews' offer rate to students from the most deprived areas (as measured by SIMD20) has increased from 28% in 2010 to 72.1% for entry in 2022, almost three times higher than

12250-485: The study of divinity and law. It was intended to encourage traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to the emerging Scottish Reformation , but once Scotland had formally split with the Papacy in 1560, it became a teaching institution for Protestant clergy. At its foundation in 1538 St Mary's was intended to be a college for instruction in divinity, law, and medicine, as well as in Arts, but its career on this extensive scale

12375-461: The third-lowest offer rate for 2022 entry (behind only Oxford and Cambridge) and the highest entry standards of new students, as measured by UCAS entry tariff, at 212 points. St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Recent alumni include the former first minister of Scotland Alex Salmond ; former Cabinet Secretary Mark Sedwill ; former Chief of

12500-512: The time. The scheme came to be known as the ' LLA examination ' (Lady Literate in Arts). It required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a diploma from the university. Not being required to attend the university in person, the women were learning by correspondence , taking as many years as needed to complete the course. They were both examined and assisted in their studies by educationalists in

12625-426: The town or city in which they lived in the UK or abroad. In 1889 the Universities (Scotland) Act made it possible to admit women to St Andrews formally and to receive an education equal to that of male students. In September 1892, the university was reported as having "lately taken the lead in opening its classes to women" and proclaimed that "St Andrews hails a ladies' school – St Leonards – second to none in

12750-399: The union with Queen's College Dundee (formerly University College Dundee) ended, when it became an independent institution under the name of the University of Dundee . As a result of this, St Andrews lost its capacity to provide degrees in many areas such as Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Accountancy, and Engineering. As well as losing the right to confer the undergraduate medical degree MBChB , it

12875-407: The universities of Glasgow , Aberdeen , and Edinburgh , St Andrews was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century. St Andrews is made up of a variety of institutions, comprising three colleges — United College (a union of St Salvator's and St Leonard's Colleges), St Mary's College , and St Leonard's College , the last named being a non-statutory revival of St Leonard's as

13000-491: The university acquired the site. It replaced the St Andrews Campus in Bearsden . The university also procured the former Hillhead Congregational Church, converting it into a lecture theatre in 2005. The Sir Alwyn Williams building, designed by Reiach and Hall, was completed at Lilybank Terrace in 2007, housing the School of Computing Science. In September 2016, in partnership with Glasgow City Council , Glasgow Life , and

13125-413: The university and its colleges, and with state support being improbable, the income they received was scarce. In the second half of the 19th century, the pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876, the university senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a level roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at

13250-427: The university had an offer rate of 24.7% for undergraduate applicants – the third lowest amongst higher education institutions (behind only Oxford and Cambridge). The university is one of the most competitive universities to gain admission into, with successful undergraduate entrants holding 212 UCAS points (the equivalent of just under A*A*A*A at A Level) ranking it as the highest amongst higher education institutions in

13375-467: The university has increased by about tenfold whilst the number of students arriving at St Andrews from the most deprived backgrounds has increased by almost 50 per cent in the past year of 2015. To commemorate the university's 600th anniversary the 600th Lecture Series was commissioned in 2011, which brought diverse speakers such as former prime minister Gordon Brown , naturalist David Attenborough and linguist Noam Chomsky to St Andrews. As part of

13500-400: The university in 1892 and became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the same level as men on 29 March 1895, when she gained her MA . The first female lecturer at the university was Alice Marion Umpherston , appointed in 1896 to teach Physiology to women students. In response to the increasing number of female students attending the university, the first women's hall of residence

13625-493: The university's academics, traditions, prestige, internationalism, and comparatively low tuition fees . The university also regularly features as one of the few non-North American universities in the Fiske Guide to Colleges , an American college guide, as a 'Best Buy'. St Andrews has developed a sizable alumni presence in the United States, with over 8000 alumni spread across all 50 states. Most major cities host alumni clubs,

13750-524: The university's overall offer rate for all students. The university participates in widening access schemes such as the Sutton Trust Summer School, First Chances Programme, REACH & SWAP Scotland, and Access for Rural Communities (ARC) in order to promote a more widespread uptake of those traditionally under-represented at university. In the seven-year period between 2008 and 2015, the number of pupils engaged with annual outreach programmes at

13875-498: The university's relocation to Hillhead , again proved problematic when more real estate was required. The school of veterinary medicine, which was founded in 1862, moved to a new campus in the leafy surrounds of Garscube Estate, around two miles (3 km) west of the main campus, in 1954. The university later moved its sports ground and associated facilities to Garscube and also built student halls of residence in both Garscube and Maryhill . The expected growth of tertiary education in

14000-399: The wearing of distinctive academic dress. The student body is also notably diverse: over 145 nationalities are represented with about 45% of its intake from countries outside the UK; a tenth of students are from Europe with the remainder from the rest of the world—20% from North America alone. Undergraduate admissions are among the most selective in the country, with the university having

14125-608: The west of the Main Building, developing the land between University Avenue and the River Kelvin with natural science buildings and the faculty of medicine. The medical school spread into neighboring Partick and joined with the Western Infirmary . At the eastern flank of the Main Building, the James Watt Engineering Building was completed in 1959. The growth and prosperity of the city, which had originally forced

14250-419: Was also deprived of the right to confer the postgraduate degree MD. St Andrews was eventually able to continue to offer the opportunity to study medicine through a new arrangement with the University of Manchester in England. In 1974, the College of St Leonard was reconstituted as a postgraduate institute. St Andrews' historical links with the United States predate the country's independence. James Wilson ,

14375-598: Was elected Rector in 1901 and whose name is given to the prestigious Carnegie Scholarship , and Edward Harkness , an American philanthropist who in 1930 provided for the construction of St Salvator's Hall . American Bobby Jones , co-founder of the Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament , was named a Freeman of the City of St Andrews in 1958, becoming only the second American to be so honoured,

14500-417: Was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose and Lawrence of Lindores. St Salvator's College was established in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy . St Leonard's College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart , who intended it to have a far more monastic character than either of the other colleges. St John's College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Mary's College in 1538 for

14625-459: Was founded in 1896 by Dame Louisa Lumsden , the first principal of St Leonards School , which adjoined the university. The residence was named University Hall . Until the start of the 20th century, St Andrews offered a traditional education based on classical languages, divinity and philosophical studies, and was slow to embrace more practical fields such as science and medicine that were becoming more popular at other universities. In response to

14750-578: Was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £827.4 million. It is a member of Universitas 21 , the Russell Group and the Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities . The university was originally located in the city's High Street ; since 1870, its main campus has been at Gilmorehill in the City's West End . Additionally, a number of university buildings are located elsewhere, such as

14875-487: Was initiated in 1969 by Jack Cole . St Andrews has developed student exchange partnerships with universities around the globe, though offerings are largely concentrated in North America, Europe, and Asia. Exchange opportunities vary by School and eligibility requirements are specific to each exchange program. In North America, the highly competitive Bachelor of Arts International Honours program, run in conjunction with

15000-516: Was occupied by the Western Infirmary between 1874 and 2015. The University Chapel was constructed as a memorial to the 755 sons of the university who had died in the First World War. Designed by Sir John Burnet , it was completed in 1929 and dedicated on 4 October. Tablets on the wall behind the Communion Table list the names of those who died, while other tablets besides the stalls record

15125-411: Was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral . During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was often beset by civil and religious disturbances. In a particularly acute depression in 1747, severe financial problems triggered the dissolution of St Leonard's College, whose properties and staff were merged into St Salvator's College to form

15250-571: Was opened, funded by the Wolfson Foundation. The Archives of the University of Glasgow is the central place of deposit for the records of the university, created and accumulated since its foundation in 1451. The university opened the Crichton campus in Dumfries , Dumfries and Galloway during the 1980s. It was designed to meet the needs for tertiary education in an area far from major cities and

15375-591: Was part of the complex of religious buildings in the precincts of Glasgow Cathedral . In 1460, the university received a grant of land from James, Lord Hamilton , on the east side of the High Street , immediately north of the Blackfriars Church, on which it had its home for the next four hundred years. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Hamilton Building was replaced with a very grand two-court building with

15500-404: Was short-lived. Under a new foundation and erection, confirmed by Parliament in 1579, it was set apart for the study of Theology only, and it has remained a Divinity College ever since. Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvator's Chapel , St Leonard's College Chapel and St Mary's College quadrangle. At this time, the majority of the teaching

15625-519: Was the Genetics Building at the very south end of the campus on Dumbarton Road (opened 1967, named for Guido Pontecorvo in 1994, demolished 2021), while the amber-brick Geology Building (opened 1980, named for John Walter Gregory in 1998, renamed for Silas Molema in 2021) was built to a low-rise design on the former site of eight terraced houses in Lilybank Gardens. To further cater to

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