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55-600: In the Muskhegowuk (Swampy Cree) language , the river is known as Kistachowan (or Chichichiwan or Chichewan) Sipi. According to traditional Mushkegowuk knowledge, "every curve in the river has a name". The river was named in English after James, Duke of York and Albany, who later became King James II of England . Since the Albany extends far to the west, its mouth is a natural site for a trading post. See Canadian canoe routes . Trade in

110-520: A mean discharge of 1,420 cubic metres (50,147 cu ft) per second. For much of its length, the river defines the boundary between Kenora District and Thunder Bay & Cochrane Districts. There are three diversions in the Albany River watershed, all diverting water from the James Bay drainage basin and all undertaken as part of hydroelectric projects. Two divert water into Lake Superior in

165-521: A number of Aboriginal Canadian communities, such as the Kashechewan First Nation and nine communities affiliated with the Cree of northern Quebec. As with the rest of Hudson Bay, the waters of James Bay routinely freeze over in winter. It is the last part of Hudson Bay to freeze over in winter, and the first to thaw in summer. Human presence along the shores of the bay began after the retreat of

220-590: A series of Swampy Cree communities in northern Manitoba , central northeast of Saskatchewan along the Saskatchewan River and along the Hudson Bay coast and adjacent inland areas to the south and west, and Ontario along the coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay . Within the group of dialects called "West Cree", it is referred to as an " n -dialect", as the variable phoneme common to all Cree dialects appears as "n" in this dialect (as opposed to y, r, l, or ð; all of

275-456: A variety of water-shaped landforms. It is a non-operating park, meaning that there are no facilities or services. Visitors have to be experienced in travelling through isolated wilderness. Swampy Cree language Swampy Cree (variously known as Maskekon , Maskegon and Omaškêkowak , and often anglicized as Omushkego ) is a variety of the Algonquian language , Cree . It is spoken in

330-630: Is a further distinction in the Fort Albany region between kotak ("another") and kotakīy ("another one of two"). As stated above, Swampy Cree relies heavily on verbs to express many things that are expressed in other ways in languages like English. For example, noun incorporation is quite common in Cree. Both transitive and intransitive verbs in Swampy Cree change their endings (and occasionally even their stems) depending on animacy. Intransitive verbs rely on

385-530: Is a large body of water located on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. It borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario , and is politically part of Nunavut . Its largest island is Akimiski Island . Numerous waterways of the James Bay watershed have been modified with dams or diversion for several major hydroelectric projects. These waterways are also destinations for river-based recreation. Several communities are located near or alongside James Bay, including

440-593: Is also exported to the United States via a direct transmission high voltage line. The James Bay Project continues to expand, with work that began in 2010 on a new phase that involves the diversion of the Rupert River . A proposed development project, the Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal (GRAND Canal), centred on constructing a large dike to separate southern James Bay from Hudson Bay. This would turn

495-436: Is also occasionally marked by the suffix -im (known as the possessed theme), which appears inside the suffix for plurality when it occurs. The -(a) suffix is added when the possessed item is animate. With plural nouns (as opposed to the possessors), the suffix -ak (for animate) or -a (for inanimate) is added after all other suffixes. Obviative is marked on animate nouns with the suffix -a and on inanimate nouns with

550-547: Is animate, but not all nouns that are part of the "animate" gender are animate in the traditional sense of the word. For example, "wharf" is animate. The distinction between "transitive" and "intransitive" in Cree is not the same as in English. For example, thinking and coughing always take an object ( itēlihtam "he thinks (it)" and ostostotam "he coughs (it)"). Independent Indicative James Bay James Bay ( French : Baie James ; Cree : ᐐᓂᐯᒄ , romanized:  Wînipekw , lit.   'dirty water')

605-416: Is expressed by a prefix -ka- in the first and second person and ta- in the third person. The future tense marker is inserted after the person marker (if any). In casual speech, it is often contracted with the person marker (e.g., nika- becomes n'ka- ). 3) Completed action is often expressed by a prefix kī- (in affirmative utterance) and ohci- (in negative utterances) and is commonly used to refer to

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660-424: Is not phonemically distinctive either. The consonant /h/ is occasionally pronounced as [j] (as in English " y es") intervocalically. When a short vowel is dropped, leaving a nasal next to a stop, the nasal assimilates to the same place of articulation as the stop. For example, "nipāskisikan" becomes "mpāskisikan". In words such as ocawāšimiša , the [c] is actually an underlying /t/, assimilated by preparation for

715-575: Is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park . Ringed seals are common elsewhere along James Bay and polar bears can be seen hunting the seals as prey. Beluga whales within James Bay basin could be distinct from those found in Hudson Bay. Hundreds of rivers flow into James Bay. The geography of the region gives many of them similar characteristics. They tend to be wide and shallow near the Bay (in

770-491: Is pronounced [māːd͡zi], and "maci" is pronounced [mat͡si]. Preaspiration of stops creates a phonemic distinction. For example, "pētāw" (he brings it) is not the same as "pēhtāw" (he waits for it). In emphatic words that contain an initial vowel, [h] is often inserted before the vowel. It is not a phonemic distinction but simply an indicator of stress. Similarly, word-final vowels are often followed by moderate aspiration, which does not mark any change in meaning. Postaspiration

825-622: The French River to Lake Huron (Georgian Bay). Many of the rivers flowing into James Bay are popular destinations for wilderness canoe-trippers. Among the more popular rivers are: Two less-travelled rivers are the Groundhog River and the Harricana . The Groundhog is less travelled in modern times due to a series of seven dams that are about a day or two up-river from the Moose. Canoeists can contact

880-867: The Great Lakes Basin : the Ogoki River has been diverted via Lake Nipigon and the Nipigon River ( Long Lake Diversion , a diversion of 4,273 cubic feet (121.0 m) per second); and the headwaters of the Kenogami River have been diverted via Long Lake and the Aguasabon River (diversion of 1,377 cubic feet (39.0 m) per second). The third diverts the waters of Lake St. Joseph via the English River and Nelson River into Hudson Bay (diversion of 3,072 cubic feet (87.0 m) per second). Communities along

935-570: The Hannah Bay Bird Sanctuary . This sanctuary has also been designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention since May 1987. The shores in this area are a mixture of intertidal mud , sand, and salt flats , estuarine waters , intertidal marshes , freshwater ponds, swamps , and forested peatlands . These elements make an abundance of wildlife. James Bay contains numerous islands. The largest of

990-574: The Polar Bear Express train south to Cochrane at the end of a trip. This train regularly features a 'canoe car' enabling paddlers to travel with their canoes. Waskaganish , Quebec , is a town farther to the north and east on James Bay. It is accessible via the James Bay Road , and is the most common end point for trips on the Broadback, Pontax, and Rupert rivers (the town itself is situated at

1045-703: The Taiga Shield ecozone. This rocky and hilly eastern shore forms the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec and as such, the main habitat is boreal forest of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion . The western shore, however, is characterised by broad tundra lowlands that are an extension of the Hudson Bay Lowlands , and the vegetation is mostly muskeg bog. A large portion of this area

1100-543: The "inanimate" class, there are some nonliving things (socks, kettles, stones, paddles, etc.) within the "animate" class. Possession is also expressed via affixation. The first- and second-person prefixes are the same as those for verbs. There are groups of nouns that have a dependent stem and must occur with some sort of possessor. They include relatives, body parts, and things that are regarded in Algonquian tradition as extremely personal items, such as hunting bags. Possession

1155-564: The English Crown, primarily Prince Rupert of the Rhine , a favoured nephew of Charles I and cousin to Charles II , that a colonial enterprise in the north would yield wealth in minerals and fur. Des Groseilliers accompanied Captain Zachariah Gillam on the ketch Nonsuch and they jointly founded Charles Fort, the first European fur-trading post on James Bay. Their success was such that

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1210-586: The James Bay Lowlands), whereas they are steeper and narrower farther upstream (as they pour off the Canadian Shield ). For a larger list of waterways in the region, see list of Hudson Bay rivers . Hannah Bay is the southernmost bay of James Bay. Here the Kesagami and Harricana Rivers flow into James Bay. About 238 km is protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act of Canada as

1265-805: The Missinaibi and the Groundhog are both fairly high in the summer, the Moose is often quite low. Depending on the tides, groups have had to walk long stretches of the river. Rapids on the Groundhog tend to be bigger and more technical than those on the Missinaibi, but the campsites are few and poor, because the volume of travel is so much less. The Harricana River is wild, powerful, dangerous river that flows into James Bay 40 miles (64 km) east of Moosonee after two infamous sections of river known as 1-mile and 7-mile island. Consistent whitewater and waterfalls make these sections of river extremely dangerous. Anyone wishing to take this route must allow about two days to cross

1320-480: The action but to which person is acting on which other grammatical person (see Direct–inverse alignment ). For example, "I see him/her" ( ni...wāpam...ā...w ) is a direct action because the first person is acting upon the third and "He/she sees me" ( ni...wāpam...ikw...w ) because it is the third person acting upon the first. In Cree, the order of "directness" is second person, first person, third person. Transitive Inanimate Verbs and Animate Intransitive Verbs also have

1375-413: The animacy of their subjects, while transitive verbs rely on the animacy of their objects. There are multiple forms of the verbs. The Independent Order of the verb is the set of verb forms that are used in the main clause. The Conjunct Order consists of the forms used in other types of clauses. Also, Swampy Cree has suffixes for direct action as opposed to inverse . The labels refer not to the quality of

1430-627: The area was long contested by the English from Hudson Bay and the French on the Great Lakes. Much of the Albany basin was visited by coureurs des bois long before the English penetrated inland. In 1674 Charles Bayly of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) became the first European to see the Albany. Sometime before 1679 the HBC founded Fort Albany at the mouth of the river. In 1685 the French built Fort des Français at

1485-447: The articulation of the two [š]. In fact, pronunciation with a [t] is perceived as baby talk . In word-final position, /t/ becomes [š]. Vowels in Cree can experience a great deal of variation but remain one phoneme. Long /oː/ varies between [oː] and [uː]. Long /aː/ varies between approximately [æː] (as in "hat") and [ɑː] (as in "hall"). Short /i/ varies between [ɪ] and [ɛ]. Short /o/ varies between approximately [o] and [ʊ]. Short /a/ has

1540-517: The bay into a freshwater lake, due to the numerous rivers that empty into it. The main benefit expected from this would be to redirect this freshwater for human use. Water would be pumped south from the newly formed James Lake into the Harricana River , crossing into the Great Lakes watershed near Amos , into Lake Timiskaming and the Ottawa River , crossing near Mattawa into Lake Nipissing and

1595-469: The bay, an extremely dangerous proposition if the tides and the weather are unfavourable. The most common access point for paddlers to this area is Moosonee, at the southern end of James Bay. A campsite at Tidewater Provincial Park provides large campgrounds with firepits and outhouses on an island across the river from the town. Water taxis will ferry people back and forth for about C$ 20 each. Many of these rivers finish near Moosonee, and paddlers can take

1650-483: The company was chartered by Charles II on their return, although they did not bring any minerals. This charter granted a complete trading monopoly to the company of the whole Hudson Bay basin (including James Bay). At the same time, the first English colony on what is now mainland Canada, Rupert's Land , was formed, with the first "capital" designated at Charles Fort. The first colonial governor, Charles Baley (various spellings exist, including but not limited to "Bailey"),

1705-498: The dam company and arrange to be portaged around the dams on company trucks, but they must make arrangements specific to the hour, and they cannot be late. The Groundhog flows into the Mattagami . The Mattagami then flows into the Moose; it is at the meeting of the Missinaibi and Mattagami rivers that the Moose river begins, marked by an island known as Portage Island. This point is about two or three days travel by canoe to Moosonee. Though

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1760-433: The equivalent of the English construction that begins with the empty subject "it" (e.g., it is raining, it is snowing, it is day, it is poison, etc.): Some of the elements, such as tahk- , cannot stand on their own, but others are free morphemes , such as kīšik . Unsurprisingly, first and second person never appear in this context, leaving only the third person and obviative forms. Transitive animate verbs whose object

1815-828: The examples used on this page are taken from Ellis's Second Edition (1983) of Spoken Cree . A division is sometimes made between West Swampy Cree and East Swampy Cree. Communities recognized as West Swampy Cree include Shoal Lake, The Pas , Easterville, Chemawawin Cree Nation , Grand Rapids Barren Lands, Churchill, Split Lake, York Factory, Fox Lake, Shamattawa , and God's Lake Narrows (all in Manitoba) and Fort Severn , Ontario. Communities recognized as East Swampy Cree are Weenusk , Attawapiskat , Albany Post, Kashechewan , and Fort Albany (all in Ontario). The Cree spoken at Kashechewan also shows Moose Cree influence. This page reflects

1870-485: The forms found in Albany Post (now Kashechewan ). The consonant inventory for Swampy Cree contains 11 phonemes. A twelfth phoneme /l/ is not native but has entered the language via loanwords and influence from Moose Cree. Voicing does not cause phonemic contrast in Swampy Cree. According to Ellis, however, stops often undergo voicing intervocalically when preceded by a stressed long vowel or nasal. For example, "māci"

1925-662: The future site of Henley House . In 1743 Henley House was established 260 kilometres (160 mi) upriver at the mouth of the Kenogami River . In 1775-76 Edward Jarvis from Henley House explored the relation between the Kenogami and the Missinaibi Rivers and went down to Michipicoten on Lake Superior . In 1777 Glouster House was built 391 kilometres (243 mi) above Henley House on Upashewey Lake. In 1779 Philip Turnor surveyed as far as Gloucester House. In 1786 Osnaburgh House

1980-408: The glaciers at the end of the last ice age , around 8,150 years ago. A variety of indigenous cultures have lived in this area. At the time of contact with Europeans, the indigenous peoples along both shores of the bay were ethnically Cree peoples. Henry Hudson is believed to have been the first European to enter the bay, when he explored it in 1610 as part of his exploration of the larger bay that

2035-586: The intransitive form of verbs. For example, instead of saying "he is strong", in Cree, one says something like "he strongs". Nouns in Swampy Cree have both free and bound stems, the latter being used in combination with other morphemes. Compounds are common and can be formed from other nouns, verb stems, and particles. Swampy Cree does not have gender in the Indo-European sense (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Rather, it differentiates between animate and inanimate (see Animacy ). While no living things are within

2090-466: The islands in Hudson Bay and James Bay remained part of the North-West Territory. Following the partition of the North-West Territory in 1999, the islands in Hudson Bay and James Bay were transferred to the new territory of Nunavut. The shores of James Bay are sparsely populated. On the eastern shore in Quebec there are four coastal communities belonging to the Cree , the indigenous people of

2145-577: The islands is Akimiski Island , which covers 3,002 square kilometres (1,159 sq mi). All of northern Ontario and northern Quebec were part of the Hudson Bay Company's proprietary colony of Rupert's Land, and after Rupert's Land was purchased by Canada in 1869, the area became part of the North-West Territory. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Canada transferred much of the North-West Territory to Ontario and Quebec, thus forming modern northern Ontario and northern Quebec. However, all of

2200-588: The name implies, the Immediate Imperative is for actions that should be carried out immediately, and the Future Imperative is for actions that should be carried out after a lapse of time. 1) Person : There are two "subject" prefixes for Cree Verbs for first person ( ni(t)- ) and second person ( ki(t)- ). The third person is unmarked. The prefixes are used simultaneously with suffixes that express number, animacy, and transitivity. 2) Tense : Future tense

2255-494: The option of relational or non-relational forms. Relational forms are used when the verb is carried out in relation to another person. A famous example from the translation of the Pilgrim's Progress is kici-pēci-itohtē-w-ak , which comes from "evangelist bid me come hither" but literally translates to "that I come hither (in relation to him)". Swampy Cree has two types of imperatives: Immediate Imperative and Future Imperative. As

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2310-415: The past. For example, itohtēw means "he goes (there)" but kī-itohtēw means "he went (there)". 4) Aspect There is a potential prefix kī- (can, be able to) that precedes the root but follows both person and tense prefixes. The prefix ati- indicates gradual onset (as opposed to sudden beginning). 4*) Some prefixes have more freedom in where they go, such as pēci- (in this direction, towards

2365-481: The phonemes are considered a linguistic reflex of Proto-Algonquian *r ). It had approximately 4,500 speakers in a population of 5,000 as of 1982 according to the 14th edition of the Ethnologue . Canadian census data does not identify specific dialects of Cree (all estimates now current rely on extrapolations from specific studies), and currently, no accurate census of any Algonquian language exists. The grammar and

2420-494: The phrase). 6) Root 7) Reciprocal action Reciprocal action is expressed by the suffix -ito- , occurring between the stem and the normal inflection. 8) Inflectional suffix 9) Causative : The causative suffix -hēw can be added to verbs in order to change it to a causative verb. For example, itohtēw means "he goes there", and ihotahēw means "he takes him there". Animate intransitive verbs are intransitive verbs that have an animate subject . These verbs are often

2475-598: The region (from south to north): On the western shore in Ontario there are five coastal communities (from south to north): Since 1971, the government of Quebec has built hydroelectric dams on rivers in the James Bay watershed, notably La Grande and Eastmain rivers. Built between 1974 and 1996, the James Bay Project now has a combined generating capacity of 16,021 MW and produces about 83 billion kWh of electricity each year, about half of Quebec's consumption. Power

2530-558: The right tributary Shabuskwia River, and travels over the Eskakwa Falls and Snake Falls. The river empties into the Akimiski Strait on James Bay via a series of channels. The community of Fort Albany lies on a southern channel and the Kashechewan First Nation on a northern one. The river is navigable for the first 400 kilometres (249 mi). This river drains an area of 135,200 square kilometres (52,201 sq mi) and has

2585-491: The river in upstream order: Several islands are found other channels of the river as it flows out to James Bay : A number of islands upstream from Fort Albany: The Albany River Provincial Park protects the river and its banks from Osnaburgh Lake to the confluence with the Wabassi River. It was established in 1989 and used for backcountry canoe-camping. Features include rugged Precambrian bedrock, moraines , drumlins , and

2640-594: The south. The river begins at Lake St. Joseph at an elevation of 371 metres (1,217 ft). and flows over the Rat Rapids dam and under Ontario Highway 599 into Osnaburgh Lake. From there it flows via a Main Channel (northern) and South Channel around Kagami Island northeast, and takes in the right tributary Misehkow River and left tributary Etowamami River. The river continues over the Upper Eskakwa Falls, takes in

2695-434: The speaker). 5) Location emphasis : When a locating expression is used at the beginning of a sentence, the verb contains a prefix iši- as a sort of emphasis and agreement (approximately "thus" or "so"). Ellis describes it as being approximately "At the store do you there work?" If the locating expression does not precede the verb, iši- is not used because it is a relative root (so it refers to something that precedes it in

2750-430: The suffix -iliw . Animate obviative nouns do not mark number, so it is unknown whether an obviative noun is singular or plural. Inanimate obviative nouns are marked for plurality. Surobviative nouns show neither the number of the noun itself nor the number of the possessor. While person and possession are often expressed by affixation in Cree, there are separate personal pronouns, which are often used for emphasis. There

2805-581: The west coasts of James and Hudson bays. East Main was, nevertheless, the gateway to British settlements in what would become Manitoba ( Winnipeg , for example) and as far west as the Rocky Mountains . James Bay represents the southern extent of the Arctic Archipelago Marine ecozone . While the coastal areas are primarily in the Hudson Plains , the northeastern coast bordering Quebec is in

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2860-515: The widest variation, from [æ] to [ʌ] and [ɛ] as well, when it proceeds the approximant [j]. Stress is not distinctive in Swampy Cree. In other words, there are no minimal pairs of words that are distinguishable only by stress. Swampy Cree is a polysynthetic language that relies heavily on verbs, so many things that would be expressed in English as nouns or adjectives are expressed as verbs. In fact, Swampy Cree has no adjectives at all. Instead, it has

2915-512: Was a Quaker , and this is believed to have been a factor in his respectful relations with the company's trading partners, the First Nations . Significant fur trapping has continued in the region. In general, the east coast or East Main of James Bay was too easily accessed by French and independent traders from the south. The Hudson's Bay Company emphasised from an early period trading relations with tribes in interior trapping grounds, reached from

2970-609: Was built near the outlet of Lake St. Joseph . By 1790 or so the Fort Albany trade extended all the way to Lake Winnipeg. The land north of the Albany River was part of the Northwest Territories until 1912, when it was transferred to Ontario in the Ontario Boundaries Extension Act, 1912 . The Albany River is the boundary between Kenora District to the north and the Thunder Bay and Cochrane Districts to

3025-505: Was named for him. This southerly bay was named in honour of Thomas James , a Welsh captain who explored the area more thoroughly in 1630 and 1631. James Bay is important in the history of Canada as one of the most hospitable parts of the Hudson Bay region, although it has had a low human population. It was an area of importance to the Hudson's Bay Company and British expansion into Canada . The fur-trapping duo of explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers convinced

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