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115-612: Bharti Airtel Limited is an Indian multinational telecommunications company based in New Delhi . It operates in 18 countries across South Asia and Africa , as well as the Channel Islands . Currently, Airtel provides 5G , 4G and LTE Advanced services throughout India. Currently offered services include fixed-line broadband, and voice services depending upon the country of operation. Airtel had also rolled out its Voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology across all Indian telecom circles. It

230-628: A 2,000 km undersea high-speed link to Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. On 24 May 2012, Airtel announced an agreement to acquire a 40% stake in Wireless Business Services Private Limited (WBSPL) at an investment of ₹ 9.07 billion (US$ 110 million). WBSPL was a joint venture founded by Qualcomm and held BWA spectrum in the telecom circles of Delhi , Haryana, Kerala and Mumbai . Qualcomm had spent US$ 1 billion to acquire BWA spectrum in those 4 circles. The deal gave Airtel

345-550: A 49 percent stake in government-controlled MTN Irancell , the second-largest mobile phone operator in Iran , and 21 percent of MTN's subscriber base is from the country. In January 2012, the US-based advocacy group United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) launched a campaign publicly calling for MTN to scale back its operations in Iran and end its business in the country. UANI alleges that MTN technology

460-445: A 4G presence in 18 circles. On 4 July 2013, Airtel announced that it had acquired an additional 5% equity share capital (making its stake 51%) in all the four BWA entities of Qualcomm, thereby making them its subsidiaries. On 18 October 2013, Airtel announced that it had acquired 100 percent equity shares of WBSPL for an undisclosed sum, making it a wholly owned subsidiary. Airtel purchased Augere Wireless Broadband India Private Limited,

575-474: A Singaporean company, Singtel , replacing the old-fashioned, bulky rotary phones that were in use in the country then. Bharti Telecom Limited (BTL) was incorporated and entered into a technical tie-up with Siemens AG of Germany for the manufacture of electronic push-button phones. By the early 1990s, Bharti was making fax machines, cordless phones and other telecom gear. He named his first push-button phone as 'Mitbrau'. In 1992, he successfully bid for one of

690-766: A basis in a national ethos , being ultimate without a specific nationhood, and that this lack of an ethos appears in their ways of operating as they enter into contracts with countries that have low human rights or environmental standards . In the world economy facilitated by multinational corporations, capital will increasingly be able to play workers, communities, and nations off against one another as they demand tax, regulation and wage concessions while threatening to move. In other words, increased mobility of multinational corporations benefits capital while workers and communities lose. Some negative outcomes generated by multinational corporations include increased inequality , unemployment , and wage stagnation . Raymond Vernon presents

805-691: A caller ring back tone service ( Ringing Tone ), in July 2004 becoming the first operator in India to do so. The Airtel theme song, composed by A.R. Rahman, was the most popular tune in that year. In May 2008, it emerged that Airtel was exploring the possibility of buying the MTN Group , a South Africa-based telecommunications company with coverage in 21 countries in Africa and the Middle East. Financial Times reported that Bharti

920-581: A company that owned 4G spectrum in the Chhattisgarh-Madhya Pradesh circle for an undisclosed sum in December 2015. The Economic Times estimated Augere's spectrum to be worth ₹ 1.5 billion (US$ 18 million). On 16 February 2017, Airtel announced that the merger of Augere Wireless into Bharti Airtel Limited had been completed. On 2 January 2017, The Economic Times reported that Airtel had entered into discussions with Telenor India to acquire

1035-713: A constituent of the FTSE 250 Index . On 8 June 2010, Bharti Airtel completed the purchase of mobile operations in 15 African countries from Zain , a Kuwaiti operator. On 11 August 2010, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire Telecom Seychelles for US$ 62 million. On 15 August 2017, Bharti Airtel and Millicom's Tigo in Ghana merged to form new company AirtelTigo. On 27 October 2020, Airtel announced that it planned to exit its business in Ghana, and that it had entered into "advanced stages of discussions" for sale of shares in AirtelTigo to

1150-498: A corporation invests in a country in which it is not domiciled, it is called foreign direct investment (FDI). Countries may place restrictions on direct investment; for example, China has historically required partnerships with local firms or special approval for certain types of investments by foreigners, although some of these restrictions were eased in 2019. Similarly, the United States Committee on Foreign Investment in

1265-429: A free market system where there is little government interference. As a result, international wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services. To many economic liberals, multinational corporations are the vanguard of the liberal order. They are the embodiment par excellence of the liberal ideal of an interdependent world economy. They have taken the integration of national economies beyond trade and money to

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1380-563: A majority 70.90% stake in the company to Bharti Airtel for US$ 300 million. The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission approved the deal on 4 January 2010. Bharti Airtel Limited took management control of the company and its board, and rebranded the company's services under its own "airtel" brand from 20 December 2010. Warid Telecom sold its remaining 30% share to Bharti Airtel's Singapore-based concern Bharti Airtel Holdings Pte Limited in March 2013. On 16 November 2016, Airtel Bangladesh

1495-489: A million retailers, Airtel Ads, Airtel IQ, Airtel Secure, and Airtel Cloud. Airtel is the second-largest mobile operator in the world by subscriber base and has a commercial presence in 17 countries and the Channel Islands . Its area of operations include: Airtel operates in the following countries: † Jersey and Guernsey are British Crown Dependencies. They are not independent countries. Therefore, Airtel's countries of operation are considered to be 17. Airtel Africa

1610-487: A million troops to help, and by February 1991, Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait. Due to the oil boycott from Kuwait and Iran, oil prices rose and quickly recovered. Saudi Arabia once again led OPEC, and thanks to assistance in defending Kuwait, new relations emerged between the USA and OPEC. Operation "Desert Storm" brought mutual dependence among the main oil producers. OPEC continued to influence global oil prices but recognized

1725-613: A minority stake in MTN Group's Nigeria business for $ 335 million. In 2014, the company sold its tower portfolios in Côte d’Ivoire , Cameroon , Zambia and Rwanda to IHS Towers . That year, MTN was named to the 2014 BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brand rankings and named the Most Admired and Most Valuable Brand in Africa, retaining the latter ranking in 2015. IHS Towers later acquired MTN South Africa’s towers, in 2022. In March 2016,

1840-631: Is "enabling the Iranian government to locate and track individual cellphone users which it says is a violation of users' human rights". In June 2012, Reuters and the BBC reported an allegation by Chris Kilowan, a former executive for the company in Iran, that MTN Group may have been complicit in securing American telecommunications technology from Sun Microsystems , Hewlett-Packard and Cisco Systems on behalf of Irancell, in violation of trade sanctions against Iran. Oracle , which owns Sun Microsystems, said that it

1955-578: Is a blockchain -enabled MediaTech startup offering a new age middleware technology for the media marketplace and create a more collaborative digital marketing environment. In Aug 2024, Bharti Global agreed to purchase 24.5% Stake in UK telecom BT Group. Bharti Telecom (BTL) is a holding company of Bharti Airtel with Bharti Enterprises and Singtel owning 50.56 percent and 49.44 percent, respectively, in BTL, which in turn owns 35.80 percent of Bharti Airtel. Airtel Bharat

2070-481: Is a joint venture between Axiata Group of Malaysia, Bharti Airtel of India and NTT Docomo Inc. of Japan. Axiata holds 68.7% controlling stake in the entity, Bharti holds 25% while the remaining 6.3% is held by NTT Docomo of Japan. Multinational corporation Most of the current largest and most influential companies are publicly traded multinational corporations, including Forbes Global 2000 companies. The history of multinational corporations began with

2185-560: Is a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel, which provides telecommunications and Mobile Payment services in 14 countries in Africa, primarily in East, Central, and West Africa. Airtel Nigeria is the most profitable unit of Airtel Africa, due to its cheap data plans in Nigeria. As of March 2019, Airtel had over 99 million subscribers on the continent. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is

2300-547: Is expanding fast to keep pace with Reliance Jio Infocomm. Airtel will also add about 13 million of Tata Tele's mobile subscribers as of April 2019 to its nearly 322 million users. But most of Tata Tele's mobile users are inactive, as per the regulator. In February 2022, Bharti Airtel announced in Airtel Marq 2.0 and 3.0, Airtel Mall, Airtel Clinic that it has acquired a strategic stake in a blockchain startup Aqilliz via its "Airtel Startup Accelerator Program". Singapore-based Aqilliz

2415-520: Is not permitted by Indian law. In June 2010, Bharti struck a deal to buy Zain 's mobile operations in 15 African countries, in India's second-biggest overseas acquisition after Tata Steel's $ 13 billion buy of Corus in 2007. Bharti Airtel completed its $ 10.7 billion acquisition of African operations from the Kuwaiti firm on 8 June 2010, making Airtel the world's fifth largest wireless carrier by subscriber base. Airtel has reported that its revenues for

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2530-410: Is often handled through international arbitration . The actions of multinational corporations are strongly supported by economic liberalism and free market system in a globalized international society. According to the economic realist view, individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interest and therefore, when individuals act rationally, markets are created and they function best in

2645-535: Is owned by MTN Group. Supersonic provides Fibre through most Service Providers including OpenServe and Vumatel . SuperSonic also offers “Air Fibre”, a 5G Based Mobile data service introduced in February 2021. In July 2021, they were fourth from the bottom of a list of 16 big ISP's that were rated. MTN Group sponsored the CAF Champions League football competition, as well as APOEL FC , winners of

2760-627: Is provided and maintained by Ericsson , Huawei , and Nokia Networks whereas IT support is provided by Amdocs . The transmission towers are maintained by subsidiaries and joint venture companies of Bharti including Bharti Infratel (merged with Indus Towers) and Indus Towers in India. Ericsson agreed for the first time to be paid by the minute for installation and maintenance of their equipment rather than being paid upfront, which allowed Airtel to provide low call rates of ₹ 1 (1.2¢ US)/minute. In 1984, Sunil Mittal started assembling push-button phones in India, which he earlier used to import from

2875-529: Is the second largest mobile network operator in India and the third largest mobile network operator in the world . Airtel was named India's 2nd most valuable brand in the first ever Brandz ranking by Millward Brown and WPP plc . Airtel is credited with pioneering the strategic management of outsourcing all of its business operations except marketing, sales and finance and building the 'minutes factory' model of low cost and high volumes. The strategy has since been adopted by several operators. Airtel's equipment

2990-656: Is the primary sponsor of the South Africa national rugby union team and sponsors English football club Manchester United and Zambian Super League. The Nigerian subsidiary of the group also has an existing sponsorship deal with the Nigerian Football Federation . The company was founded in 1994 as M-Cell with assistance from the South African government. In 1995, it replaced its then CEO, John Beck, with Robert (Bob) Chaphe and founder Leena Jaitley. In 2001,

3105-471: Is the primary sponsor of the South Africa national rugby union team . From 2013 till date, its foundation - MTN Foundation- has sponsored Nigerian Students with financial and educational grants well over ₦2.5 billion. It gave over 1,000 students across 2 geo-political zones in Nigeria ₦300,000 grant each in October, 2024. MTN has been criticised for its activities in Iran's telecommunications sector . MTN has

3220-628: Is the second largest provider of mobile telephony after Jio and the second largest provider of fixed telephony in India and is also a provider of Broadband and subscription television services. It offers its telecom services under the Airtel brand, and is headed by Sunil Bharti Mittal. Airtel provides broadband internet access through fiber, DSL, internet leased lines and MPLS (multiprotocol label switching) solutions, as well as IPTV and fixed line telephone services. Until 18 September 2004, Bharti provided fixed line telephony and broadband services under

3335-865: Is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country that produces or sells goods or services in various countries. Two common characteristics shared by MNCs are their large size and centrally controlled worldwide activities. MNCs may gain from their global presence in a variety of ways. First of all, MNCs can benefit from the economy of scale by spreading R&D expenditures and advertising costs over their global sales, pooling global purchasing power over suppliers, and utilizing their technological and managerial experience globally with minimal additional costs. Furthermore, MNCs can use their global presence to take advantage of underpriced labor services available in certain developing countries and gain access to special R&D capabilities residing in advanced foreign countries. The problem of moral and legal constraints upon

3450-473: The Competition Commission of India (CCI) in mid-November 2017. On 29 August 2018, Bharti Airtel got its shareholders' approval for the merger proposal with Tata Teleservices. On 17 January 2019, NCLT Delhi gave final approval for merger between Tata Docomo and Airtel. On 1 July 2019, the consumer mobile business of Tata Teleservices has become part of telecom operator Bharti Airtel. Airtel will absorb

3565-522: The Cypriot First Division in 2009 , 2011 , 2013 and 2014 , and participants in the 2009–10 and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . On 18 March 2010, it was announced that MTN signed a sponsorship deal with English football club Manchester United F.C. MTN Group has been the title sponsor of the Ghana FA Cup , renaming the competition as MTN FA Cup, since 2010. Since 2017, MTN Group

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3680-587: The Government of Ghana . On 13 January 2016, France-based Orange SA and Bharti Airtel inked a deal to sell Airtel's operations in Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone to Orange. On 19 July 2016, Airtel completed the deal. Airtel Bangladesh Ltd. was a GSM -based cellular operator in Bangladesh. Airtel was the sixth mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market, and originally launched commercial operations under

3795-510: The Government of Nigeria through the telecommunications regulator, Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) for partial compliance of regulatory guidelines to Mobile Network Operators to disconnect from their network, all improperly registered Subscribers Identification Modules (SIM). The commission exercised section 20(1) of the Telephone Subscribers regulation (TSR) law on MTN, leading to a calculated fine of $ 5.2 billion, according to

3910-620: The Swedish Africa Company founded in 1649 and the Hudson's Bay Company founded in 1670. These early corporations engaged in international trade and exploration and set up trading posts. The Dutch government took over the VOC in 1799, and during the 19th century, other governments increasingly took over private companies, most notably in British India. During the process of decolonization ,

4025-520: The Tata Sons -owned telco's consumer mobile operations in 19 circles across India—17 under Tata Teleservices and two under Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd. As part of the proposed agreement, Airtel will also take over a small portion of the unpaid spectrum liability of Tata Teleservices. Bharti Airtel will get an additional 178.5 MHz of spectrum in three bands—1800 MHz, 2100 MHz and 850 MHz—that are widely used for 4G, an area where Airtel

4140-697: The history of colonialism . The first multi-national corporations were founded to set up colonial "factories" or port cities. The two main examples were the British East India Company founded in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded in 1602. In addition to carrying on trade between Great Britain and its colonies, the British East India Company became a quasi-government in its own right, with local government officials and its own army in India. Other examples include

4255-519: The 1800 MHz band from the Telenor acquisition. Business Standard reported that it was a no-cash deal, but would cost Airtel ₹ 1,600 crore over a 10-year period due to spectrum license payments. On 23 March 2017, The Economic Times reported that Airtel had acquired Tikona Infinet Limited 's 4G spectrum for approximately ₹ 1,600 crores. The deal also includes Tikona's 350 cellular sites in 5 circles. Tikona had purchased 20 MHz of 4G spectrum in

4370-535: The 2,300 MHz band in the 2010 auctions in Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West) and Rajasthan for ₹ 1,058 crores. Prior to the deal, Airtel did not hold any spectrum in the 2300 MHz band in UP (East), UP (West) and Rajasthan, and held 10 MHz each in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Tikona's co-founder Rajesh Tiwari sent a legal notice to both companies for not providing details regarding

4485-561: The African business of Zain Telecom for $ 10.7 billion, making it the largest ever acquisition by an Indian telecom firm. In 2012, Bharti tied up with Walmart , the US retail giant, to start a number of retail stores across India. In 2014, Bharti planned to acquire Loop Mobile for ₹ 7 billion (US$ 84 million), but the deal was called off later. On 18 November 2010, Airtel rebranded itself in India in

4600-517: The Airtel brand. The company has over 57% share of the mobile market of Seychelles. Airtel announced plans to invest US$ 10 million in its fixed and mobile telecoms network in Seychelles over three years, whilst also participating in the Seychelles East Africa submarine cable (SEAS) project. The US$ 34 million SEAS project is aimed at improving Seychelles' global connectivity by building

4715-553: The B2B arm of Bharti Airtel, has rolled out a first of its kind dedicated digital platform to serve the growing connectivity, communication and collaboration requirements of emerging businesses, including SMEs and startups. The digital platform will offer solutions to emerging enterprises to enable ease of business and faster time to market Airtel Digital Ltd, is a subsidiary of Airtel, that manages its digital assets such as Wynk Music, Airtel Xstream, Airtel Thanks, Mitra Payments platform used by

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4830-546: The English language. Senior officials, although mostly still Swedish, all learned English and all major internal documents were in English, the lingua franca of multinational corporations. After the war, the number of businesses having at least one foreign country operation rose drastically from a few thousand to 78,411 in 2007. Meanwhile, 74% of parent companies are located in economically advanced countries. Developing and former communist countries such as China, India, and Brazil are

4945-640: The European colonial charter companies were disbanded, with the final colonial corporation, the Mozambique Company , dissolving in 1972. Mining of gold, silver, copper, and oil was a major activity early on and remains so today. International mining companies became prominent in Britain in the 19th century, such as the Rio Tinto company founded in 1873, which started with the purchase of sulfur and copper mines from

5060-557: The International Energy Agency (IEA), enabling states to coordinate policy, gather data, and monitor global oil reserves. In the 1970s, OPEC gradually nationalized the Seven Sisters. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as the only largest world oil producer, could leverage this. However, Saudi Arabia opted for the correct approach and maintained consistent oil prices throughout the 1970s. In 1979, the "second oil shock" came from

5175-561: The Netherlands has become a popular choice, as its company laws have fewer requirements for meetings, compensation, and audit committees, and Great Britain had advantages due to laws on withholding dividends and a double-taxation treaty with the United States. Corporations can legally engage in tax avoidance through their choice of jurisdiction but must be careful to avoid illegal tax evasion . Corporations that are broadly active across

5290-476: The Nigerian Foreign Minister stated at a press briefing on 4 September 2019, that MTN group along with Shoprite, stated that the targeted South African stores in Nigeria are "subsidiaries that are owned by Nigerians." And that "the property owned by Nigerians within Nigeria and the people working there are Nigerians." Lai Mohammed , Nigeria's Minister of Information and Culture, reported that some of

5405-545: The OLI framework. The other theoretical dimension of the role of multinational corporations concerns the relationship between the globalization of economic engagement and the culture of national and local responses. This has a history of self-conscious cultural management going back at least to the 60s. For example: Ernest Dichter, architect, of Exxon's international campaign, writing in the Harvard Business Review in 1963,

5520-426: The South African companies that were attacked in Nigeria have Nigerian investors owning significant amounts of stakes, and Nigerian employees. MTN has stated that they will continue to do business in Nigeria. In March 2019 MTN launched a WhatsApp channel to let its customers buy airtime and data bundles through the messaging app. Customers can also check their balances and store their credit or debit cards in

5635-517: The Spanish government. Rio Tinto, now based in London and Melbourne , Australia, has made many acquisitions and expanded globally to mine aluminum , iron ore , copper , uranium , and diamonds . European mines in South Africa began opening in the late 19th century, producing gold and other minerals for the world market, jobs for locals, and business and profits for companies. Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902)

5750-900: The Telemedia business was merged with Mobile and DTH businesses. The Digital Television business provides Direct-to-Home (DTH) TV services across India under the brand name Airtel digital TV . It started services on 9 October 2008 and had about 16.027 million customers at the end of June 2019. Airtel Payments Bank was launched in January 2017. Airtel Business consists largely of six products: cloud and managed services, digital signage, NLD/ILD connectivity (VSAT / MPLS / IPLC and Ethernet products), Wi-Fi dongles, voice solutions (like toll-free numbers, TracMate, and automated media reading) and conferencing solutions ( VoIP , audio, video, and web conferencing), serving industry verticals like BFSI, IT/ITeS, manufacturing, hospitality and government. Airtel Business,

5865-458: The Third World colonies. That changed dramatically after 1945 as investors turned to industrialized countries and invested in manufacturing (especially high-tech electronics, chemicals, drugs, and vehicles) as well as trade. Sweden's leading manufacturing concern was SKF , a leading maker of bearings for machinery. In order to expand its international business, it decided in 1966 it needed to use

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5980-536: The Touchtel brand. Bharti now provides all telecom services including fixed line services under the common brand Airtel. As of June 2019, Airtel provides Telemedia services; in 99 cities. As on 30 June 2019, Airtel had 2.342 million broadband subscribers. Airtel Broadband provides broadband and IPTV services. Airtel provides both capped as well as unlimited download plans. However, Airtel's unlimited plans are subject to free usage policy (FUP), which reduces speed after

6095-636: The U.S. applies its corporate taxation "extraterritorially", which has motivated tax inversions to change the home state. By 2019, most OECD nations, with the notable exception of the U.S., had moved to territorial tax in which only revenue inside the border was taxed; however, these nations typically scrutinize foreign income with controlled foreign corporation (CFC) rules to avoid base erosion and profit shifting . In practice, even under an extraterritorial system, taxes may be deferred until remittance, with possible repatriation tax holidays , and subject to foreign tax credits . Countries generally cannot tax

6210-527: The United States sanctions against Iran ; European companies faced with the possibility of losing access to the U.S. market by trading with Iran. International investment agreements also facilitate direct investment between two countries, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and most favored nation status. Raymond Vernon reported in 1977 that of the largest multinationals focused on manufacturing, 250 were headquartered in

6325-506: The United States scrutinizes foreign investments. In addition, corporations may be prohibited from various business transactions by international sanctions or domestic laws. For example, Chinese domestic corporations or citizens have limitations on their ability to make foreign investments outside China, in part to reduce capital outflow . Countries can impose extraterritorial sanctions on foreign corporations even for doing business with other foreign corporations, which occurred in 2019 with

6440-609: The United States as the largest consumer and guarantor of the existing oil security order. Since the Iraq War, OPEC has had only a minor influence on oil prices, but it has expanded to 11 members, accounting for about 40 percent of total global oil production, although this is a decline from nearly 50 percent in 1974. Oil has practically become a common commodity, leading to much more volatile prices. Most OPEC members are wealthy, and most remain dependent on oil revenues, which has serious consequences, such as when OPEC members were pressured by

6555-461: The United States from 2010. The USA became the leading oil producer, creating tension with OPEC. In 2014, Saudi Arabia increased production to push new American producers out of the market, leading to lower prices. OPEC then reduced production in 2016 to raise prices, further worsening relations with the United States. By 2012, only 7% of the world's known oil reserves were in countries that allowed private international companies free rein; 65% were in

6670-471: The United States on the global oil market. In 1959, companies lowered the price of oil due to a surplus in the market. This reduction dealt a significant blow to the finances of producers. Saudi oil minister Abdullah Tariki and Venezuela’s Juan Perez Alfonso entered into a secret agreement (the Mahdi Pact), promising that if the price of oil was lowered a second time, they would take collective action against

6785-615: The United States turned to foreign oil sources, which had a significant impact on the recovery of the West after World War II. Most of the world's oil was found in Latin America and the Middle East, particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. This increase in non-American production was enabled by multinational corporations known as the 'Seven Sisters'. The "Seven Sisters" was a common term for

6900-610: The United States, 115 in Western Europe, 70 in Japan, and 20 in the rest of the world. The multinationals in banking numbered 20 headquartered in the United States, 13 in Europe, nine in Japan and three in Canada. Today multinationals can select from a variety of jurisdictions for various subsidiaries, but the ultimate parent company can select a single legal domicile ; The Economist suggests that

7015-451: The West to the post-colonial South and invest either in foreign expenditures or ostentatious economic development projects. After 1974, most of the money from OPEC members ceased as payments for goods and services or investments in Western industry. In February 1974, the first Washington Energy Conference was convened. The most significant contribution of this conference was the establishment of

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7130-451: The app for future purchases. The service is provided by another South African company, Clickatell. In the same year, MTN launched a communication platform ayoba . MTN sold its Cyprus branch to Monaco Telecom for €260 million in July 2018. It was later re-branded as Epic in June 2019. In December 2019, former Deputy Finance Minister of the Government of South Africa , Mcebisi Jonas ,

7245-462: The behavior of multinational corporations, given that they are effectively "stateless" actors, is one of several urgent global socioeconomic problems that has emerged during the late twentieth century. Potentially, the best concept for analyzing society's governance limitations over modern corporations is the concept of "stateless corporations". Coined at least as early as 1991 in Business Week ,

7360-411: The brand name " Warid Telecom " on 10 May 2007. Warid Telecom International LLC , an Abu Dhabi –based consortium , sold a majority 70% stake in the company to India's Bharti Airtel Limited for US$ 300 million. On 16 November 2016, Airtel Bangladesh was merged into Robi as a product brand of Robi Axiata, where Robi Axiata Limited is the licensee of the Airtel brand in Bangladesh. Robi at present

7475-618: The case in October 2012 pending a US Supreme Court decision on the Alien Tort Statute , the US human rights law on which Turkcell's suit is based. In May 2013, Turkcell dropped its multibillion-dollar US lawsuit against MTN Group, citing a US Supreme Court ruling that hurt its case. On 27 November 2013, Turkcell resumed in Johannesburg. In 2015, the Nigerian subsidiary of MTN was fined by

7590-549: The chief executive officer, Sifiso Dabengwa, the Head of Nigeria Operation, Micheal Ikpoki and the Head of Cooperate Affairs, Akinwale Goodluck being replaced with Phuthuma Nhleko, Ferdi Moolman and Amina Oyegbola as new chairman, managing director and Head of Corporate and Regulation respectively. The new management employed a diplomatic measure between the government of the Republic of South Africa and its Nigerian counterpart to ameliorate

7705-579: The collapse of the Shah's regime in Iran. Iran became a regional power due to oil money and American weapons. The Shah eventually abdicated and fled the country. This prompted a strike by thousands of Iranian oil workers, significantly reducing oil production in Iran. Saudi Arabia tried to cope with the crisis by increasing production, but oil prices still soared, leading to the "second oil shock." Saudi Arabia significantly reduced oil production, losing most of its revenues. In 1986, Riyadh changed course, and oil production in Saudi Arabia sharply increased, flooding

7820-604: The companies. This occurred in 1960. Prior to the 1973 oil crisis , the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of the world's petroleum reserves . In the 1970s, most countries with large reserves nationalized their reserves that had been owned by major oil companies. Since then, industry dominance has shifted to the OPEC cartel and state-owned oil and gas companies, such as Saudi Aramco , Gazprom (Russia), China National Petroleum Corporation , National Iranian Oil Company , PDVSA (Venezuela), Petrobras (Brazil), and Petronas (Malaysia). A unilateral increase in oil prices

7935-507: The company acquired control of Spice Cell in Kolkata . Bharti Enterprises went public in 2002, and the company was listed on Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India . In 2003, the cellular phone operations were re-branded under the single Airtel brand. In 2004, Bharti acquired control of Hexacom and entered Rajasthan. In 2005, Bharti extended its network to Andaman and Nicobar . This expansion allowed it to offer voice services all across India. Airtel launched "Hello Tunes",

8050-442: The company appointed Rob Shuter as CEO , who was succeeded on 1 September 2020 by Ralph Mupita . In May 2023, in support of the company's "Ambition 2025" plan to structurally separate its fibre business; MTN rebranded subsidiary MTN GlobalConnect as Bayobab, operating as Bayobab Fibre and Bayobab Communication. On March 14, 2024, several undersea cables were cut, disrupting service for the Africa Coast to Europe. Bayobab repaired

8165-410: The company reported that its controlling shareholder was Johnnic Holdings, and the chairperson was Irene Charnley . In 2002, Phuthuma Nhleko became the CEO, replacing then-CEO Paul Edwards, who had invested in expansion to Nigeria. MTN's competitors in South Africa include Vodacom , Cell C and Telkom Mobile . In May 2008, Bharti Airtel , an India-based telecommunications company, explored

8280-490: The company's annual results call that the group was now considering spinning off its mobile money activities. "We see a separation and carve out of our fintech business as something that we have to do”. In April 2021, he estimated the value of the group's mobile money arm to at least US$ 5 to 6 billion. MTN South Africa provides GSM , UMTS , HSPA+ (21.1 Mbit/s), HSUPA (42 Mbit/s, 2100 MHz), VOIP , 3G , 4G , LTE and 5G services. On 1 December 2011, MTN became

8395-510: The conception was theoretically clarified in 1993: that an empirical strategy for defining a stateless corporation is with analytical tools at the intersection between demographic analysis and transportation research. This intersection is known as logistics management , and it describes the importance of rapidly increasing global mobility of resources. In a long history of analysis of multinational corporations, we are some quarter-century into an era of stateless corporations—corporations that meet

8510-469: The constitution. The compliance audit carried out by the NCC on MTN network revealed unregistered 5.2 million customers lines were not deactivated as directed. This led to the NCC fining MTN with the sum of $ 1000 for each unregistered SIM according to the Telephone Subscribers regulation (TSR) law, which amounted to $ 5.2bn. What followed was major resignations among the top echelon of the organization including

8625-415: The consumer mobile businesses of Tata Teleservices , Tata Docomo and Tata Teleservices Maharashtra Ltd (TTML), in a debt-free cash-free deal. The deal will essentially be free for Airtel which will only incur TTSL's unpaid spectrum payment liability. TTSL will continue to operate its enterprise, fixed -line and broadband businesses and its stake in tower company Viom Networks. The deal received approval from

8740-643: The creation of a "world customer". The idea of a global corporate village entailed the management and reconstitution of parochial attachments to one's nation. It involved not a denial of the naturalness of national attachments, but an internationalization of the way a nation defines itself. "Multinational enterprise" (MNE) is the term used by international economist and similarly defined with the multinational corporation (MNC) as an enterprise that controls and manages production establishments, known as plants located in at least two countries. The multinational enterprise (MNE) will engage in foreign direct investment (FDI) as

8855-546: The customer crosses a certain data usage limit. In most of the plans, Airtel provides only 64 KB/s beyond FUP which is equal to other competitors' tariffs. The maximum speed available for home users under the new V-Fiber program is up to 300 Mbit/s and with DSL is 16 Mbit/s. In May 2012, Airtel Broadband and some other Indian ISPs temporarily blocked file sharing websites such as Vimeo , Megavideo , and The Pirate Bay , without giving any legal information to customers. In June 2011, The Economic Times reported that

8970-879: The debate from a neo-liberal perspective in Storm over the Multinationals (1977). MTN Group MTN Group Limited (formerly M-Cell ) is a South African multinational corporation and mobile telecommunications provider. Its head office is in Johannesburg . MTN is among the largest mobile network operators in the world , and the largest in Africa . MTN is active in over 20 countries including Asian countries like Syria, with one-third of company revenue generated in Nigeria , where it held about 35 percent market share in 2016, and 289.1 million subscribers in December 2022. MTN Group

9085-592: The disabled ACE and WASC lines during the following week. On 31 May 2018, MTN Ghana launched its initial public offering (IPO). The IPO closed on 31 July 2019. A total of up to 4,637,394,533 ordinary shares of MTN Ghana, representing 35% of its equity was offered to qualifying applicants. This was part of the agreement between MTN Ghana and Ghana's National Communications Authority (NCA) in November, 2015 for MTN Ghana to deploy 4G LTE mobile services to its customers in Ghana. Among other methods of payments, MTN mobile money

9200-481: The firm makes direct investments in host country plants for equity ownership and managerial control to avoid some transaction costs . Sanjaya Lall in 1974 proposed a spectrum of scholarly analysis of multinational corporations, from the political right to the left. He put the business school how-to-do-it writers at the extreme right, followed by the liberal laissez-faire economists, and the neoliberals (they remain right of center but do allow for occasional mistakes of

9315-603: The first phase of a global rebranding strategy. The company unveiled a new logo with 'airtel' written in lower case. Designed by London-based brand agency, Superunion , the new logo is the letter 'a' in lowercase, with 'airtel' written in lowercase under the logo. On 23 November 2010, Airtel's Africa operations were rebranded to 'airtel'. Sri Lanka followed on 28 November 2010 and on 20 December 2010, Warid Telecom rebranded to 'airtel' in Bangladesh . In May 2024 Google Cloud partnered with Airtel. In May 2006 , it emerged that Airtel

9430-737: The four mobile phone network licenses auctioned in India . One of the conditions for the Delhi cellular licenses was that the bidder have some experience as a telecom operator. So, Mittal clinched a deal with the French telecom group Vivendi . He was one of the first Indian entrepreneurs to identify the mobile telecom business as a major growth area. His plans were finally approved by the Government in 1994 and he launched services in Delhi in 1995, when Bharti Cellular Limited (BCL)

9545-436: The fourth quarter of 2010 grew by 53% to US$ 3.2 billion compared to the previous year, newly acquired Zain Africa division contributed US$ 911 million to the total. However, net profits dropped by 41% from US$ 470 million in 2009 to US$ 291 million in 2010 due to a US$ 188 million increase in radio spectrum charges in India and an increase of US$ 106 million in debt interest. In 2010, Warid Telecom sold

9660-416: The hands of state-owned companies that operated in one country and sold oil to multinationals such as BP, Shell, ExxonMobil and Chevron. Down through the 1930s, about 80% of the international investments by multinational corporations were concentrated in the primary sector, especially mining (especially oil) and agriculture (rubber, tobacco, sugar, palm oil , coffee, cocoa, and tropical fruits). Most went to

9775-415: The internationalization of production. For the first time in history, production, marketing, and investment are being organized on a global scale rather than in terms of isolated national economies. International business is also a specialist field of academic research. Economic theories of the multinational corporation include internalization theory and the eclectic paradigm . The latter is also known as

9890-460: The largest recipients. However, 70% of foreign direct investment went into developed countries in the form of stocks and cash flows. The rise in the number of multinational companies could be due to a stable political environment that encourages cooperation, advances in technology that enable management of faraway regions, and favorable organizational development that encourages business expansion into other countries. A multinational corporation (MNC)

10005-410: The latter. On 23 February 2017, Airtel announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Telenor. As part of the deal, Airtel will acquire Telenor India's assets and customers in all seven telecom circles that the latter operates in - Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Maharashtra , Gujarat , Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West) and Assam . Airtel will gain a 43.4 MHz spectrum in

10120-474: The laws and regulations of both their domicile and the additional jurisdictions where they are engaged in business. In some cases, the jurisdiction can help to avoid burdensome laws, but regulatory statutes often target the "enterprise" with statutory language around "control". As of 1992 , the United States and most OECD countries have the donot legal authority to tax a domiciled parent corporation on its worldwide revenue, including subsidiaries. As of 2019 ,

10235-434: The market with cheap oil. This caused a worldwide drop in oil prices, hence the "third oil shock" or "counter-shock." However, this shock represented something much bigger—the end of OPEC's dominance and its control over oil prices. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein decided to attack Kuwait. The invasion sparked a crisis in the Middle East, prompting Saudi Arabia to request assistance from the United States. The United States sent

10350-483: The market. On 30 October 2020, MTN made public the sale of their shares in the e-commerce brand Jumia . The sale was worth 142.31 million dollars. In February 2021, the MTN Group partnered with Mastercard to ensure safe and secure global e-commerce payments of their customer base in 16 African countries. A Mastercard virtual payment platform, that is linked to MTN MoMo (Mobile Money) wallets makes this possible. In March 2021, MTN CEO Ralph Mupita announced during

10465-475: The marketplace such as externalities). Moving to the left side of the line are nationalists, who prioritize national interests over corporate profits, then the "dependencia" school in Latin America that focuses on the evils of imperialism, and on the far left the Marxists. The range is so broad that scholarly consensus is hard to discern. Anti-corporate advocates criticize multinational corporations for being without

10580-449: The negotiations by making Bharti almost a subsidiary of the new company. In May 2009, Bharti Airtel again confirmed that it was in talks with MTN and the companies agreed to discuss the potential transaction exclusively by 31 July 2009. Talks eventually ended without agreement, some sources stating that this was due to opposition from the South African government. In 2009, Bharti negotiated for its strategic partner Alcatel-Lucent to manage

10695-476: The network infrastructure for the fixed-line business. Later, Bharti Airtel awarded the three-year contract to Alcatel-Lucent for setting up an Internet Protocol access network across the country. This would help consumers access internet at faster-speed and high-quality internet browsing on mobile handsets. In 2009, Airtel launched its first international mobile network in Sri Lanka. In June 2010, Bharti acquired

10810-460: The possibility of buying MTN Group. Reliance Communications was also in talks with MTN for a "potential combination of their businesses". In July, the two companies ended discussions regarding the merger. In June 2008, MTN Group agreed to purchase Verizon Business South Africa, which was a provider of data services to customers in South Africa and four other African countries. The acquisition

10925-458: The potential transaction exclusively by 31 July 2009. Airtel said "Bharti Airtel Ltd is pleased to announce that it has renewed its effort for a significant partnership with MTN Group". The exclusivity period was extended twice up to 30 September 2009. Talks eventually ended without agreement. A solution was proposed where the new company would be listed on two stock exchanges, one in South Africa and one in India. However, dual-listing of companies

11040-560: The price collapse in 1998–1999. The United States still maintains close relations with Saudi Arabia. In 2003, U.S. forces invaded Iraq with the aim of removing the dictatorship and gaining access to Iraqi oil reserves, giving the United States greater strategic importance from 2000 to 2008. During this period, there was a constant shortage of oil, but its consumption continued to rise, maintaining high prices and leading to concerns about "peak oil". From 2005 to 2012, there were advances in oil and gas extraction, leading to increased production in

11155-595: The realities of the needs of source materials on a worldwide basis and to produce and customize products for individual countries. One of the first multinational business organizations, the East India Company , was established in 1601. After the East India Company came the Dutch East India Company , founded on March 20, 1603, which would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years. The main characteristics of multinational companies are: When

11270-656: The second cellular provider to introduce 4G and LTE in South Africa They were also the first network operator in South Africa to launch a live public 5G network available in Johannesburg and Cape Town on 30 June 2020. MTN acquired Investcom , mainly under the Areeba and Spacetel brands. As of Q2 2024, MTN is active in: Supersonic is an Internet service provider that was founded in Johannesburg , South Africa in 2018 by MTN Group in to provide FTTH (Fibre) Internet services to South African consumers. SuperSonic

11385-407: The seven multinational companies that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s. The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry in 1951 by Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh and the subsequent boycott of Iranian oil by all companies had dramatic consequences for Iran and the international oil market. Iran was unable to sell any of its oil. In August 1953,

11500-505: The splitting of proceeds among shareholders. Bharti Airtel announced on 12 December 2017 that its Rwandan subsidiary had signed an agreement with Millicom to acquire complete control of the latter's Rwandan subsidiary which operates under the brand name of Tigo Rwanda. The deal was estimated to be worth $ 60–70 million. The company operated as Airtel-Tigo following the merger, until it was rebranded as Airtel Rwanda in January 2020. In October 2017, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire

11615-407: The talks. The Economist magazine noted, "If anything, Bharti would be marrying up ", as MTN had more subscribers, higher revenues and broader geographic coverage. However, the talks fell apart as MTN Group tried to reverse the negotiations by making Bharti almost a subsidiary of the new company. In May 2009, Airtel confirmed that it was again in talks with MTN and both companies agreed to discuss

11730-451: The then-prime minister was overthrown by a pro-American dictatorship led by the Shah, and in October 1954, the Iranian industry was denationalized. Worldwide oil consumption increased rapidly between 1949 and 1970, a period known as the 'golden age of oil'. This increase in consumption was caused not only by the growth of production by multinational oil companies but also by the strong influence of

11845-573: The world without a concentration in one area have been called stateless or "transnational" (although "transnational corporation" is also used synonymously with "multinational corporation" ), but as of 1992, a corporation must be legally domiciled in a particular country and engage in other countries through foreign direct investment and the creation of foreign subsidiaries. Geographic diversification can be measured across various domains, including ownership and control, workforce, sales, and regulation and taxation. Multinational corporations may be subject to

11960-503: The worldwide revenue of a foreign subsidiary, and taxation is complicated by transfer pricing arrangements with parent corporations. For small corporations, registering a foreign subsidiary can be expensive and complex, involving fees, signatures, and forms; a professional employer organization (PEO) is sometimes advertised as a cheaper and simpler alternative, but not all jurisdictions have laws accepting these types of arrangements. Disputes between corporations in different nations

12075-637: Was appointed as the board chairperson of the company. In August 2020, MTN decided to sell its shares in Syria , Afghanistan and Yemen , and to divest its 49% minority holding in Irancell over time. The company's decision was based on the fact that their assets in the Middle East contributed less than 4% to group earnings in the first half of the year. MTN Group has transferred its majority 82.8% shareholding in MTN Yemen to Emerald International Investment, thereby exiting

12190-452: Was completed on 28 February 2009. On 26 June 2009, MTN Group's subsidiary merged with Belgacom International Carrier Services (BICS), a subsidiary of Belgacom . The combined subsidiary functioned as the international gateway for carrier services of MTN. In October 2012, MTN announced a partnership with Afrihost to provide DSL Broadband services in Africa. In November 2012, South African holding company Shanduka Group acquired

12305-476: Was considering offering US$ 45 billion for a 100% stake in MTN, which would be the largest overseas acquisition ever by an Indian firm. However, both sides emphasize the tentative nature of the talks, while The Economist magazine noted, "If anything, Bharti would be marrying up ," as MTN has more subscribers , higher revenues and broader geographic coverage. However, the talks fell apart as MTN Group tried to reverse

12420-404: Was exploring the possibility of buying the MTN Group , a South Africa-based telecommunications company with operations in 21 countries in Africa and the Middle East. Financial Times reported that Bharti was considering offering US$ 45 billion for a 100% stake in MTN, which would be the largest overseas acquisition ever by an Indian firm. However, both sides emphasized the tentative nature of

12535-583: Was formed to offer cellular services under the brand name AirTel. Within a few years, Bharti became the first telecom company to cross the 2 million mobile subscriber mark. Bharti also brought down the STD/ISD cellular rates in India under the brand name 'India one'. In 1999, Bharti Enterprises acquired control of JT Holdings, and extended cellular operations to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh . In 2000, Bharti acquired control of Skycell Communications, in Chennai . In 2001,

12650-448: Was fully aware that the means to overcoming cultural resistance depended on an "understanding" of the countries in which a corporation operated. He observed that companies with "foresight to capitalize on international opportunities" must recognize that " cultural anthropology will be an important tool for competitive marketing". However, the projected outcome of this was not the assimilation of international firms into national cultures, but

12765-631: Was included as a payment option for the MTN share offer subscription. This was the first time mobile money had been used as a payment method in an IPO. The current CEO of MTN Ghana is Mr. Selorm Adadevoh . On 23 February 2017, Nigerian protestors attacked a MTN office in Abuja , Nigeria as a counterattack due to violence targeted against Nigerians in South Africa. In September 2019 MTN began closing stores in Nigeria and some of their stores in Johannesburg , South Africa due to rioting, looting, and attacks on some of their facilities. Geoffrey Onyeama

12880-476: Was investigating and denied involvement, saying that it complies with US export laws. Hewlett-Packard issued a similar statement. MTN Group denied the allegations, saying that it complied with US sanctions against Iran . Turkey's Turkcell filed a $ 4.2 billion lawsuit in Washington, D.C., in 2012 alleging the company used bribery to win a mobile licence in Iran that was first awarded to Turkcell. The court delayed

12995-546: Was labeled as "the largest nonviolent transfer of wealth in human history." The OPEC sought immediate discussions regarding participation in national oil industries. Companies were not inclined to object as the price hike benefited both them and OPEC members. In 1980, the Seven Sisters were entirely displaced and replaced by national oil companies (NOCs). The rise in oil prices burdened developing countries with balance of payments deficits, leading to an energy crisis. OPEC members had to abandon their plan of redistributing wealth from

13110-692: Was merged into Robi as a product brand of Robi, where Robi Axiata Limited is the licensee of airtel brand in Bangladesh. Robi is a joint venture between Malaysian telecom operator Axiata holding 61.82% and Bharti Airtel holding 28.18%. On 11 August 2010, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire a 100% stake in Telecom Seychelles for US$ 62 million taking its global presence to 19 countries. Telecom Seychelles began operations in 1998 and operates 3G , fixed-line, ship to shore services, satellite telephony, among value added services like VSAT and Gateways for International Traffic across Seychelles under

13225-489: Was one of the few businessmen in the era who became Prime Minister (of South Africa 1890–1896). His mining enterprises included the British South Africa Company and De Beers . The latter company practically controlled the global diamond market from its base in southern Africa. In 1945, the United States was the world's largest oil producer. However, their reserves were declining due to high demand. Therefore,

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