Picenum was a region of ancient Italy . The name was assigned by the Romans, who conquered and incorporated it into the Roman Republic . Picenum became Regio V in the Augustan territorial organisation of Roman Italy . It is now in Marche and the northern part of Abruzzo .
19-550: The Ager Gallicus was the territory in northern Picenum that had been occupied by the Senone Gauls and was conquered by Rome in 284 BC or 283 BC, either after the Battle of Arretium or the Battle of Lake Vadimon . The territory corresponds to the portion of the modern Marche region lying north of the Esino river , on the coast Adriatic Sea . In 283 BC unspecified Gauls besieged
38-522: A helmet, weapons and vessels for food and drinks. Buried beads, bone, fibulae and amber seem to demonstrate that there was an active trade in the ninth and perhaps tenth centuries on the Adriatic coast, especially in the fields of amber and beads of glass paste. In women’s graves there is a large abundance of ornaments made of bronze and iron. Origins of these items may also show that the Piceni may have looked to
57-857: Is neither Oscan nor Umbrian . The undeciphered North Picene, also written in a form of the Old Italic alphabet , is probably not closely unrelated to South Picene. At present, it is generally assumed not to be an Italic language (although it may have belonged to another branch of the Indo-European languages ). As reported by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia , 24 cities were placed in Regio V : [REDACTED] Media related to Regio V Picenum at Wikimedia Commons Stadion (unit of length) The stadion (plural stadia , Ancient Greek : στάδιον ; latinized as stadium ), also anglicized as stade ,
76-611: The Adriatic Sea from the mouth of the Aesis River southward to Castrum at the mouth of the Truentinus River , some 800 stadia , which is 148 km (92 mi) using 185 m/stadion. For coastal cities he includes from north to south Ancona , Auxumum, Septempeda ( San Severino Marche ), Pneuentia, Potentia , Firmum Picenum with port at Castellum (Porto di Fermo ), Cupra Maritima ( Cupra Marittima and Grottammare ), Truentum on
95-572: The Social War . Some Picentes remained loyal to Rome in the war, while others fought against them for the right of Roman citizenship. All Picentes were granted full Roman citizenship after the war. In the Edict of Diocletian , it was mentioned that the wine from Picenum was considered the most expensive wine, together with Falerno. Vinum Hadrianum was produced in Picenum, in the city of Hatria or Hadria ,
114-644: The Italian peninsula, the Ager Gallicus was united with Umbria and became part of the Regio VI Umbria et Ager Gallicus . The Diocletian reform of 300 AD split the Ager from Umbria, and combined with the Picenum to become the province Flaminia et Picenum . Later, under emperor Theodosius I , the territory was split again (this time from Picenum, which became the province of Picenum Suburbicarium ), and became part of
133-703: The Romans expelled the Senones and annexed Picenum down to Ancona when it became the Ager Gallicus , part of the Ager publicus (Roman state land). In 268 BC the Romans defeated the Picentes after they had rebelled. Part of the population was deported and others were given Roman citizenship without the right to vote. Thus, Picenum was annexed, except for the city of Asculum , which was considered an allied city. To keep it under control,
152-642: The Truentinus ( Tronto ) and finally Castrum Novum and Matrinum on the Matrinus ( Piomba ), south of Silvi in Abruzzo . Strabo also mentions Adria ( Atri, Italy ) and Asculum Picenum ( Ascoli Piceno ) in the interior. The width of Picenum inland varies irregularly, he says. Picenum was first settled at the beginning of the Iron Age (1200 BC). The Liburnians had colonies on the western Adriatic coast in Picenum from
171-672: The beginning of the Iron Age and until the 6th century BC Liburninan naval supremacy meant both political and economical authority in the Adriatic. In 390 BC the Senoni Gauls invaded Italy from the north and occupied Picenum north of the Esino river. The archaeological evidence shows groups of Senones settled much further south of this river, in the Macerata area and even in the Ascoli area, in sites such as Filottrano, San Genesio, Matelica, Offida. In 283 BC
190-472: The city of Arretium ( Arezzo , in north-eastern Tuscany) and defeated a Roman force which had come to the aid of the city. The subsequent actions are reported differently by Polybius and Appian . In any case the Romans then invaded the territory of the Senones, killed most of them, drove the rest out of the country. The territory had earlier been part of Picenum but was then annexed by the Romans and became an ager publicus (Roman state land) and they made
209-502: The colony of Firmum was established nearby in 264 BC. According to Polybius , during the consulship of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (232 BC), "the Romans divided among their citizens the territory in Gaul known as Picenum, from which they had ejected the Senones when they conquered them". Picenum sided with Rome against Hannibal during the Punic Wars . It also became a Roman base during
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#1732848774861228-413: The length of the stadion was made by Lev Vasilevich Firsov, who compared 81 distances given by Eratosthenes and Strabo with the straight-line distances measured by modern methods, and averaged the results. He obtained a result of about 157.7 metres (172.5 yd). Various equivalent lengths have been proposed, and some have been named. Among them are: Which measure of the stadion is used can affect
247-566: The mid-1st century BC, were granted the status of municipia : Aesis ( Iesi ), Suasa , Ostra , and Forum Sempronii ( Fossombrone ). The construction, in 220 BC, of the Via Flaminia shifted the relative position of the Ager, which was now connected to the seat of power by the consular road that traversed it along the Metauro river valley. After the Augustan administrative reorganization of
266-657: The native population of Picenum, but they were not of uniform ethnicity. They maintained a sanctuary to the Sabine goddess Cupra in Cupra Marittima . Picenum was also the birthplace of such Roman notables as Pompey the Great and his father, Pompeius Strabo . Picenum and the Picentes were described in some detail by the Roman geographers: Strabo places Picenum between the Apennines and
285-506: The old name of Atri . This is also the same wine that Pliny considered one of the highly-rated wines, along with a few others. Excavations in Picenum have given much insight into the region during the Iron Age. Excavated tombs in Novilara of the Molaroni and Servici cemeteries show that the Piceni laid bodies in the ground wrapped in garments they had worn in life. Warriors were buried with
304-738: The province of Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium . Some scholars see in this new name, which for the first time included the word "Picenum", as an acknowledgement (albeit belated) by Rome of the Italic people known as the Piceni , which had lived in the area between the 10th and 4th century BC. Appian, Appian's Roman History I: Vol. 1, Books 1+8.1 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989; ISBN 978-0674990029 . Polybius, The Histories, No. 1, Books 1-2 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 2010; ISBN 978-0674996373 . Vol. 5, Books 16-27; ISBN 978-0674996601 . Picenum The Piceni or Picentes were
323-502: The south and east for development. The warrior tombs seem to show that the Piceni were a war-like people. Every man’s grave contained more or less a complete outfit of a warrior, with the most frequent weapon being a spear. Piceni swords appear to be imported from the Balkans. South Picene, written in an unusual version of the Italic alphabet , has been identified as a Sabellic language that
342-489: The town at Sena Gallica a colony. In order to control the population and mercantile activities of the Ager, the Romans also founded the coastal colonies of Ariminum ( Rimini ), Pisaurum ( Pesaro ) and Fanum Fortunae ( Fano ). The administration of the inland was organized in 232 BC by the Lex Flaminia de agro Gallico et Piceno viritim dividendo , which created a network of prefectures ( praefecturae ), some of which, in
361-521: Was an ancient Greek unit of length , consisting of 600 Ancient Greek feet ( podes ). Its exact length is unknown today; historians estimate it at between 150 m and 210 m. According to Herodotus , one stadium was equal to 600 Greek feet ( podes ). However, the length of the foot varied in different parts of the Greek world, and the length of the stadion has been the subject of argument and hypothesis for hundreds of years. An empirical determination of
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