72-495: The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging ( pronounced [afriˈkɑːnər ˌviərstants.bəˈviəχəŋ] , meaning 'Afrikaner Resistance Movement'), commonly known by its abbreviation AWB , is an Afrikaner nationalist , white supremacist , and neo-Nazi political party in South Africa. Since its founding in 1973 by Eugène Terre'Blanche and six other far-right Afrikaners, it has been dedicated to secessionist Afrikaner nationalism and
144-725: A civil religion that drew upon the Afrikaner people 's history, the defense of the Afrikaans language, republicanism , and Afrikaner Calvinism . A major proponent of the ideology was the Broederbond secret society and the National Party that ruled the country from 1948 to 1994. Other Afrikaner nationalist organizations were the Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations ( Afrikaans : Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge , FAK),
216-417: A Worldview and Its Relationship to Internationalism" through Kuyperian theology. According to Diederichs, God created nations and these nations had a God-ordained right to exist as separate entities. Therefore, Afrikaners could refuse a "British-designed" South Africa in which they would co-exist with other ethnic groups as a minority. Geoffrey Cronjé developed these ideas further and argued that as long as
288-525: A bomb outside her Sandton apartment. Nick Broomfield 's 1991 documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife claimed that Terre'Blanche had sex with Allan, a claim she denied. This led to Allan taking libel proceedings against the documentary broadcaster Channel 4 in 1992 at the London High Court. During the trial, several transcripts of their alleged unconventional sexual positions appeared in
360-469: A central role in South African economy , ultimately the economic benefits for the majority of the poor Afrikaners were slim. Despite the efforts of Broederbond activists to "Afrikanerise" South Africa, the uptake of this new Christian republican identity was slow and unenthusiastic. According to electoral studies the majority of the target group (white, Afrikaans speaking South Africans) did not vote for
432-484: A common enemy". Between 24 and 27 April 1994, AWB members committed a series of four bombings in Johannesburg , Pretoria and Germiston in an attempt to disrupt the multi-racial elections. A total of 20 people were killed and 46 were injured. In the aftermath of the election, 36 AWB members were arrested in connection with the bombings. Nine men were convicted on charges relating to the bombing in 1996. In 1999, amnesty
504-642: A demand for land that they claim is legally theirs in terms of the Sand River Convention of 1852 and other historical treaties, through the International Court of Justice in The Hague if necessary, and if that failed, taking up arms. In April 2008, Terre'Blanche was to be the speaker at several AWB rallies in Vryburg , Middelburg and Pretoria . Several areas in South Africa have been earmarked as part of
576-561: A diminished support. This organisation however, never garnered substantial Afrikaner support and which substantial support was retained by the National Party until its dissolution. In the 1990s the National Party acknowledged the failure of its ethnic project and under the leadership of F. W. De Klerk dismantled the political system set up from 1948. After apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism lost most of its support. The most well known example of Afrikaner Nationalism after 1994
648-502: A distinct identity in a multi-ethnic society: one faction insisted on preserving the national identity through strict isolation, while others thought that such barriers needed to be relaxed. Evidence of this manifested itself in the 1970 election as a radical splinter group from the National Party, the Herstigte Nasionale Party , got 3.59% of the vote compared to the National Party's 54.86%. The gulf widened further during
720-620: A firefight, by a rogue Bophuthatswana Defence Force member who defected to the ANC. Nearby photojournalists and television news crews recorded the incident, which proved to be a public relations disaster for the AWB, demoralising its White members. The AWB claimed that they were asked into the country and only entered trying to help the Bophuthatswana Government, but the Tebbutt Commission found
792-646: A former police officer , called a meeting of several men in Heidelberg, Gauteng , in the then- Transvaal Province of South Africa. He was disillusioned by what he thought were Prime Minister B. J. Vorster 's "liberal views" of racial issues in the White minority country, after a period in which Black majorities had ascended to power in many former colonies. Terre'Blanche also worried about what he characterised as communist influences in South African society. He decided to form
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#1732845492023864-538: A future Volkstaat according to three critical title deeds. The areas include Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal , the old Republics of Stellaland and Goshen in the far North-West and sections of the Free State. The Mail & Guardian newspaper reported in 2008 that the AWB group had over 5,000 members, and appeals to 18- to 35-year-olds to join the organisation's youth wing. The South African press reported in 2016 that
936-535: A group with six other like-minded persons, which they named the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement) (AWB), to promote Afrikaner and Christian nationalism. His associates elected him as head of the group, a position he held until he was murdered on his farm in April 2010. Their objective was to establish an independent Boerestaat ("Boer State") for Boer - Afrikaner people only. It
1008-535: A new group of "poor whites", mostly Afrikaners, emerged. By 1939 racial segregation had become a church dogma: The Afrikaner state as a Christian civilisation thus had an alleged divine right to stay separate and to rule the surrounding "heathen" nations. Afrikaner nationalism and Nazism had common roots in religio-nationalism and in Pan-Germanism , and therefore the racist elements of both movements could assimilate. For example, Afrikaner criticism of
1080-544: A program of legislated Puritanism . Pornography , gambling and all other such vices were banned because they were all considered contrary to the "Afrikaner way of life". In keeping with Afrikaner Calvinism, adultery and attempted adultery were also criminalized under the Immorality Amendment Act, Act No 23 of 1957. During the 1960s a split emerged among the Afrikaner electorate over the issue of how to preserve
1152-431: A screenplay. He completed a drama called Ghosts for Channel 4 ; this was inspired by the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster , when 23 Chinese immigrant cockle pickers drowned after being cut off by the tides. Ghosts won an award and helped raise nearly £500,000 to help the victims' families. In Battle for Haditha (2007), Broomfield worked with ex-Marines and Iraqi refugees, as well as known actors. The film
1224-560: A statement in which he openly and explicitly praised Nazism. He said South Africa needed to become a fascist dictatorship. The Union of South Africa 's entry into World War I on the side of the Allies , automatically undertaken as an extension of the British entry into the war , aroused Afrikaner nationalist resentment due to recent memories of the South African War . After the repression of
1296-726: Is an ethnic nationalistic political ideology created by Afrikaners residing in Southern Africa during the Victorian era . The ideology was developed in response to the significant events in Afrikaner history such as the Great Trek , the First and Second Boer Wars and the resulting anti-British sentiment and Anti-communism that developed among Afrikaners and opposition to South Africa's entry into World War I . According to historian T. Dunbar Moodie, Afrikaner nationalism could be described as
1368-633: Is continued by the Movement for Christian-National Education ( Afrikaans : Beweging vir Christelik-Volkseie Onderwys ) which educates the youth about the Boere-Afrikaner volk in the Afrikaner Calvinist tradition, Boer culture and history as well as in the Afrikaans language. The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging has largely been inactive in South Africa since the demise of apartheid, although in 2008,
1440-464: Is often seen in the finished film, usually holding the sound boom and wearing the Nagra tape recorder. Nicholas Broomfield was born in 1948. He is the son of photographer Maurice Broomfield (1916-2010) and Sonja Lagusova (1922-1982). His mother was a Czech Jew . From 1959 to 1965, Broomfield was educated at Sidcot School , a Quaker boarding independent school for boys (now co-educational), near
1512-566: Is the Afrikaner town of Orania in the Northern Cape, South Africa . The town was founded in 1991 with the explicit goals of preserving the Afrikaner culture, language and religion. Only white Afrikaners are allowed to stay, live and work in Orania. Although it has mostly disappeared from publicity, Afrikaner nationalism is kept alive through such political initiatives as the Cyber Republic of
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#17328454920231584-449: Is why they made Juvenile Liaison II in 1990. In 1999, Broomfield made a series of five commercials for Volkswagen . Each of these featured Broomfield with his trademark sound boom "investigating" rumours about the soon-to-be released Volkswagen Passat . He has two sons: Barney and Charlie Broomfield. Broomfield told the BBC that he professes irreligion . He said, "I believe that there's
1656-533: The Bok van Blerk song "De la Rey", an Afrikaans hit record about the Boer General as well as to South Africa's former Coat of Arms . Organisers were quick to remove the posters. In March 2008, the AWB announced it was re-activating for 'populist' reasons, citing the encouragement of the public. Reasons for their return include: the electricity crisis, corruption across government departments and rampant crime. Plans include
1728-510: The Burger Boekhandel publishing house and the newspapers Die Burger , Transvaler and Volksblad . The usage of Afrikaans instead of Dutch was aggressively promoted throughout the 1920s especially in white schools. The Bible was translated into Afrikaans by J. D. du Toit , E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie and BB Keet in 1933. South African opposition to
1800-572: The Maritz rebellion against the government, J. B. M. Hertzog founded the National Party as an Afrikaner nationalist party. Hertzog led the National Party the 1915 and 1920 elections under the slogan "South Africa first" to create a South Africa independent from the British influence. In the 1924 elections he defeated the South African Party led by Jan Smuts , after Smuts had used force to end
1872-576: The Rand Revolt of white miners in 1922, and stayed in power for 15 years in a coalition government with the Labour Party . During his reign, he steadily promoted Afrikaner nationalism while deepening the racial segregation in the country. During the 1930s a group of Broederbond members shaped Afrikaner nationalistic ideology, by trying to create a common " Christian-republican " identity for white, Afrikaans speaking South Africans as well as introducing
1944-933: The Transvaal from 1883 to 1902 and a founding member of the Gereformeerde Kerke van Zuid-Afrika or "Dopper Church", referred to a "sacred history" with the volk as the chosen people, where the Great Trek of the 1830s was seen as the Exodus from British rule in the Cape to the Promised Land of the Boer Republics . During the 1930s and 1940s many intellectuals participated in the theoretical formulation of Afrikaner nationalism. Nicolaas Johannes Diederichs , who later (1975-1978) became South Africa's president , formulated Afrikaner nationalistic ideology in his 1936 book "Nationalism as
2016-701: The capitalistic system in the inter-war period was often anti-Semitic . Many Afrikaner nationalists also viewed a strong government on Nazi-German lines as necessary to protect the nation ( volk ) . Just before and during World War II (1939–1945), these sentiments led to the appearance of a number of pro-Nazi Afrikaner nationalistic organisations, such as the Ossewabrandwag (founded in February 1939) and its paramilitary wing Stormjaers . After resigning due to his adamant opposition to war against Nazi Germany , former prime minister J. B. M. Hertzog released
2088-501: The "evidence is overwhelming that they entered the area uninvited and that they were not welcome there". On 24 December 1996, members of the AWB planted two explosive devices at a Shoprite (South Africa) supermarket in Worcester, South Africa , killing four civilians and wounding 60 more approximately. Only two of the four bombs that had been installed detonated. Despite this the explosion killed four civilians, including three children. It
2160-534: The 18th century in a constant battle against modernism and modernity . They aligned with the conservative views of Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920), who emphasised God's authority over separate spheres of creation. Such spheres (for example: historical nations) had to be preserved and protected from liberalism and revolutionary ideologies. Kuyper also rejected the Enlightenment with its emphasis on human rationality and individuality and thought that it had led to
2232-482: The 1980s partly due to international pressure against apartheid. One notable Afrikaner nationalist organisation was the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), a political and former paramilitary group . The group had the support of an estimated 5–7 percent of white South Africans in 1988. The organisation was consumed with personal and militant scandals in the late 1980s and early 1990s which led to
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2304-472: The 21st century: according to The Guardian , Michael Moore , Louis Theroux and Morgan Spurlock each demonstrated similar styles in their recent box-office hits. Such filmmakers have been classified as Les Nouvelles Egotistes ; others have likened Broomfield's work to the Gonzo journalism of American Hunter S. Thompson . Kurt & Courtney , about American musicians Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love ,
2376-436: The AWB continue to use social media to recruit new members. In 2010, Terre'Blanche was murdered by an employee on his farm, and Steyn von Rönge was announced as the new leader of the organisation. The AWB flag is composed of three black sevens forming a triskelion in a white circle upon a red background, similar to the flag of Nazi Germany . According to AWB, the sevens, 'the number of final victory', 'stand to oppose
2448-485: The AWB gained international notoriety in its attempt to defend the dictatorial government of Lucas Mangope in the homeland of Bophuthatswana . The AWB, along with a contingent of about 90 Afrikaner Volksfront militiamen, entered the capital Mmabatho on 10 and 11 March. The black policemen and soldiers of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force who were out in force to support President Mangope disappeared from
2520-414: The Afrikaner existed as a minority in a racially and culturally different environment, they could not allow the black majority to develop economically or politically, since this would lead to black domination. He acknowledged this as unjust and unchristian and as a solution offered total segregation, that is apartheid , between the blacks and the whites. The Afrikaner nationalist intelligentsia, along with
2592-571: The BFI executive taking the decision to effectively ban the film except for screenings for specialized groups, such as social workers. Broomfield (and Joan Churchill)'s next film, Tattooed Tears , was shot in California in 1978. It won the California State Bar Award among other awards for promoting justice. Broomfield and Churchill continued the struggle to get Juvenile Liaison released, which
2664-709: The Boer Nation , which claims to be "the only white indigenous tribe in Southern Africa" and has tried to appeal to the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations for the protection of cultural , linguistic and religious rights of people around the world. In 1996 and 2005, Afrikaner nationalists submitted petitions claiming indigenous status to the UN. The claims were rejected on the grounds that Afrikaners were not marginalised or discriminated against, nor did Afrikaners meet
2736-666: The Institute for Christian National Education, and the White Workers' Protection Association. One of the first champions of Afrikaner nationalism was an ordained minister, Stephanus Jacobus du Toit (1847–1911) of the Dutch Reformed Church , who became one of the founding members (1881) of the Afrikaner Bond as well as the publisher of Die Afrikaanse Patriot newspaper (founded in 1876). In his writings, Du Toit put forward
2808-503: The National Party and the Broederbond , ended up formulating a radical nationalistic policy which rejected British hegemony in economics and politics as well as ethnic mengelmoes ("mess") induced by the transportation of black migrant workers around the country. They proposed as a solution the drastic reordering of the South African demographic map with a dominant Afrikaner Republic not influenced by British imperialism. However, because of
2880-543: The National Party until the early 1960s. During the 1930s and 1940s Afrikaner nationalists used popular medias to diffuse nationalism with maps and narratives of the heroic past of Afrikaners people, moral purpose and a place among other nations. These ideas were spread through new emerging Afrikaner print media, such as the Christian-nationalistic journal Koers (Direction) and more popularised magazines such as Inspan and Huisgenoot as well as books published by
2952-687: The South African and British press. Terre'Blanche also submitted a sworn statement to the London court denying that he had had an affair with Allan. Although the judge found that Channel 4's allegations had not defamed Allan, he did not rule on whether or not there had been an affair. In November 1993, the AWB signed a solidarity pact with the Inkatha Freedom Party , with the AWB providing the IFP with military training and agreeing that "Boer and Zulu would fight together for freedom and land should they be confronted by
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3024-624: The White South African population. In the Nick Broomfield documentary film, His Big White Self (2006), he claimed the organisation reached a peak of half a million supporters in its heyday. During the negotiations that led to South Africa's first non-racial election , the AWB engaged in violence and murder. During the Battle of Ventersdorp in August 1991, the AWB confronted police in front of
3096-461: The country's involvement in both wars against Imperial and Nazi Germany led directly to the National Party's rise to power in the 1948 elections, the implementation of apartheid , and culminating finally in Afrikaner mobilisation in 1961; when South Africa voted to leave the British Commonwealth and become a republic . The National Party government implemented, alongside apartheid,
3168-408: The creation of an independent Boer - Afrikaner republic or " Volkstaat/Boerestaat " in part of South Africa. During bilateral negotiations to end apartheid in the early 1990s, the organisation terrorised and killed black South Africans . As of 2016, it is reported that the organization has around 5,000 members, and uses social media for recruitment. On 7 July 1973, Eugène Terre'Blanche ,
3240-621: The criteria to be indigenous. Also some marginal right wing political parties, such as the Herstigte Nasionale Party, still declare their goal to be the "unashamed promotion of Afrikaner nationalism". Front National (South Africa) ; a political party in South Africa also emerged in the post-apartheid years promoting Afrikaner Nationalism. The party is linked to South Africa Today media outlet that reports about South African farm attacks and other issues that affect white South Africans. The tradition of Christian-national education
3312-536: The early 21st century, he began to use non-actors in scripted works, which he calls "Direct Cinema". His output ranges from studies of entertainers to political works such as examinations of South Africa before and after the end of apartheid and the rise of the black-majority government of Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress party. Broomfield generally works with a minimal crew, recording sound himself and using one or two camera operators. He
3384-555: The film—the arguments, the failed interviews and the dead-ends. This shift in film-making style was strongly influenced by Broomfield's struggles in trying to gain distribution for his earlier documentary, Lily Tomlin , which chronicled the American comedian's one-woman show The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe . Tomlin claimed the film was a spoiler for her show and filed suit for $ 7 million in damages. The documentary
3456-759: The idea of Volkskapitalisme (people's capitalism) that tried to take control from the allegedly "British" or "Jewish" Capitalism and adapt it to Afrikaner culture. Volkskapitalisme strived to improve the economic conditions of the Afrikaners who in general at the time were less well-off than the English-speaking whites in South Africa. In practice the program consisted of utilising Afrikaner investment into both new and existing Afrikaner businesses. Although volkskapitalisme managed to develop some Afrikaner businesses, such as Sanlam and Santam (to provide Afrikaners with financial aid) into corporate giants that still have
3528-472: The ideals of equality, fraternity and freedom of the French Revolution . In his view, all these ideas challenged God's authority. Afrikaner theologians worked from this foundation and defined a number of political, economic and cultural spheres that had their separate, independent destinies. Afrikaner history was also reinterpreted through a Christian-nationalistic ideology. Paul Kruger , president of
3600-468: The juxtaposition of observed scenes, with little use of voice-over or text. After more than a decade of working as a filmmaker, Broomfield altered his film style, appearing on-screen for the first time in Chicken Ranch (1983). After several arguments regarding the budget and nature of the film, he decided that he would make the documentary only if he could experiment by filming the very process of making
3672-533: The lifting of many so-called " petty apartheid " laws, such as the law banning interracial sex and marriage (the Race Relations Act), mixing of the races (Group Areas Act), as well as the government providing limited political rights to Indians and Coloureds (mixed-race individuals). During the State of Emergency (1984–86), AWB violence and murders of unarmed non-Whites were reported. The AWB especially opposed
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#17328454920233744-465: The main conference hall, threatening delegates and painting slogans on the walls, but left again after a short period. Six AWB members were sentenced to death for the murder of four black people at a fake roadblock they set up to terrorise black travellers. On 4 July 1990, members of the AWB detonated an explosive against the Vrye Weekblad newspaper, which they had accused of having a "liberal bias". This
3816-562: The massacre, and the six-thousand page NCIS government report. Battle for Haditha won two international awards. The first of the two Juvenile Liaison films was withdrawn from circulation by the BFI executive. Broomfield explains in Juvenile Liaison 2 , shot fifteen years after the original, that many of the original film's participants withdrew their consent following an early screening in Blackburn library. In interviews, some of
3888-416: The notion that Afrikaners were a distinct nationality with a fatherland ( South Africa ) and their own language ( Afrikaans ) and that the destiny of the volk was to rule South Africa. Religion, especially Afrikaner Calvinism , played an instrumental role in the development of Afrikaner nationalism and consequently in the apartheid ideology. The Dutch Reformed Churches of South Africa engaged throughout
3960-407: The number 666, the number of the anti-Christ '. Red is considered to represent Jesus ' blood and the struggle of the Christians, while black stands for bravery. The inner white circle symbolises "purity" and "eternal life". The AWB also uses the " Vierkleur ", the original flag of the once independent South African Republic , the flag of the Orange Free State and the old flag of South Africa that
4032-478: The opposition of the urban middle class, they did not propose a return to conservative, pre-modern Boer pastoralism . Initially during the 19th century the position of the Dutch Reformed Church on the nationalist issue was more pragmatic than ideological and for example, in South Africa, the church viewed segregation as a harmonious way of administering a heterogeneous community. The economic depression in South Africa between 1905 and 1909 changed this attitude when
4104-445: The organisation was reactivated and is actively seeking an Afrikaner secessionist state within South Africa. On 3 April 2010, Eugene Terre'Blanche , leader of the AWB, was murdered on his farm. The Suidlanders is a survivalist Afrikaner group. Nick Broomfield Nicholas Broomfield (born 1948) is an English documentary film director. His self-reflective style has been regarded as influential to many later filmmakers. In
4176-414: The original participants claim to have been persuaded to withdraw their consent by Blackburn police. This lack of consent resulted in the BFI (the film's financial backers) withdrawing the film from circulation. Both films have been widely available since at least 1990, including via mainstream streaming services. The BFI production board who originally voted to finance the film, all resigned in disgust at
4248-502: The streets in protest at the AWB's actions and later turned on the militiamen at the airport at Mafikeng . One AWB member was shot and killed when the convoy attempted to leave the airport and continue to Mmabatho. When in Mmabatho, the AWB and the Afrikaner Volksfront found themselves under continuous siege from both the Bophuthatswana Defence Force and Mmabatho citizens. When attempting to retreat from Mmabatho on 11 March, three AWB members were summarily killed after they had been wounded in
4320-431: The then-illegal African National Congress (ANC). The ruling National Party considered the AWB to be a fringe group. The group operated relatively unhindered until 1986, when white South African Police (SAP) officers took the unprecedented step of using lachrymatory agent or tear gas against the AWB when they disrupted a National Party rally. In 1988, the organisation was estimated to have had support amongst 5–7% of
4392-416: The town hall where State President F. W. de Klerk was speaking, and "a number of people were killed or injured" in the conflict. Later in the negotiations, the AWB stormed the Kempton Park World Trade Centre where the negotiations were taking place, breaking through the glass front of the building with an armoured car. The police guarding the centre failed to prevent the invasion. The invaders then took over
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#17328454920234464-406: The village of Winscombe in Somerset in south west England. He gained higher-level education at University College Cardiff (which became Cardiff University in 1999), where he studied law, and the University of Essex , where he studied political science. Subsequently, he studied film at the National Film and Television School in London. Broomfield's early style was conventional cinéma vérité :
4536-419: Was granted to ten men tied to the bombings by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission . On 28 April 1994, members of the AWB beat up African-American reporter Michael Allen of The New York Times while covering an AWB mobilization in Rustenburg . Despite the fact that the reporter was punched and kicked by several members of the AWB, his injuries were not serious. In 1994, before the advent of majority rule,
4608-429: Was not until September 2013 when the victims and the perpetrators of the attack spoke, thanks to an initiative of the Victim-Aggressor Dialogue Program. On 17 June 2001, Terre'Blanche was sentenced to six years in prison for assaulting a petrol station employee, John Ndzima, to such an extent as to cause permanent brain damage, and the attempted murder of a security guard and former employee, Paul Motshabi. Terre'Blanche
4680-412: Was released in June 2004 after serving three years in Rooigrond Prison near Mafikeng . During his time in prison, he became a born-again Christian and claimed he had moderated many of his more ethno-nationalist views and preached reconciliation as 'prescribed by God'. In April 2007, AWB posters appeared at the 13th Klein Karoo National Arts Festival in Oudtshoorn . Several posters made reference to
4752-477: Was selected for the 1998 Sundance Film Festival . Its screening was cancelled by the festival after Love threatened to sue, as the film was released after Cobain's death. A previous film, Soldier Girls , which Broomfield co-directed with Joan Churchill, won first prize at the BAFTA Film Awards a few years previously. In 2006, Broomfield changed his style again, adopting techniques of what he calls 'Direct Cinema': using non-actors to play themselves in dramas with
4824-403: Was shot sequentially, enabling the cast to build their characters as the story progressed. It also used real locations, and a very small documentary-style film crew. Although working from a detailed script, Broomfield allowed the actors to improvise and add dialogue. Broomfield based his script on research with the Marines of Kilo Company who took part in the fighting on that day, the survivors of
4896-412: Was shown on public television but not widely released. Eventually Broomfield's documentary was incorporated into the video release of the one-woman show. Broomfield became known for this self-reflective film-making style: making films that were also about the making itself as well as the ostensible subject. His influence on documentary could be seen in the work of younger filmmakers of the first decade of
4968-465: Was strongly antisemitic and advocated for the extermination of South Africa's Jewish population. During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWB attracted several thousand White South Africans as members. They opposed the reform of apartheid laws during the 1980s, harassing liberal politicians and holding large (and often quite rowdy) political rallies. Terre'Blanche used his flamboyant oratorial skills and forceful personality to win converts. He railed against
5040-472: Was the most serious attack in a string of explosive attacks. It was not until 20 March of the following year that a series of attacks hit the city of Ventersdorp , leaving only material damage. In 1988, the AWB was beset by scandal when claims that Terre'Blanche had had an affair with journalist Jani Allan surfaced. In July 1989, Cornelius Lottering, a member of a breakaway AWB group Orde van die Dood (Order of Death), attempted to assassinate Allan by placing
5112-413: Was to be independent of apartheid South Africa , which they considered too left-wing and liberal. The AWB was formed to try to regain the ground they thought lost after the Second Boer War ; the men intended to re-establish the independent Boer Republics of the past: the South African Republic ( Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ) and the Republic of the Orange Free State ( Oranje Vrystaat ). The organization
5184-915: Was used from 1928 to 1994 but with the British flag replaced. The organisation is a popular antagonist amongst writers of alternate history literature. Several members of a fictionalised AWB are important characters in Harry Turtledove 's American Civil War alternate history novel The Guns of the South (1992). The AWB also features prominently in Larry Bond 's novel of a Cold War -era civil war/international conflict in South Africa, Vortex (1991). It also appears in Richard Herman Jr. 's novel, Iron Gate (1996). Similar groups Separatism Documentary films Afrikaner nationalism Afrikaner nationalism ( Afrikaans : Afrikanernasionalisme )
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